曹衛(wèi)東，包興國(guó)，徐昌旭，聶 軍，高亞軍，耿明建

（1 中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院農(nóng)業(yè)資源與農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)劃研究所/農(nóng)業(yè)部植物營(yíng)養(yǎng)與肥料重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，北京 100081；2 甘肅省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院土壤肥料與節(jié)水農(nóng)業(yè)研究所，蘭州 730070；3 江西省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院土壤肥料與資源環(huán)境研究所，江西南昌 330200；4 湖南省土壤肥料研究所，湖南長(zhǎng)沙 410125；5 西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)資源與環(huán)境學(xué)院，陜西楊凌 712100；6 華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)資源與環(huán)境學(xué)院，湖北武漢 430070）

中國(guó)綠肥科研60年回顧與未來(lái)展望

曹衛(wèi)東1，包興國(guó)2，徐昌旭3，聶 軍4，高亞軍5，耿明建6

（1 中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院農(nóng)業(yè)資源與農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)劃研究所/農(nóng)業(yè)部植物營(yíng)養(yǎng)與肥料重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，北京 100081；2 甘肅省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院土壤肥料與節(jié)水農(nóng)業(yè)研究所，蘭州 730070；3 江西省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院土壤肥料與資源環(huán)境研究所，江西南昌 330200；4 湖南省土壤肥料研究所，湖南長(zhǎng)沙 410125；5 西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)資源與環(huán)境學(xué)院，陜西楊凌 712100；6 華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)資源與環(huán)境學(xué)院，湖北武漢 430070）

本文梳理了建國(guó)后我國(guó)綠肥生產(chǎn)與科研的發(fā)展歷程，回顧了各時(shí)期的主要工作和成就，提出了綠肥行業(yè)未來(lái)發(fā)展建議。上世紀(jì)50年代中后期至今的60年里，我國(guó)綠肥生產(chǎn)和研究經(jīng)歷了繁榮、蕭條、恢復(fù)三大時(shí)期。二十世紀(jì)50～80年代初的近30年是生產(chǎn)繁榮、科研經(jīng)驗(yàn)累積時(shí)期?？茖W(xué)家對(duì)大量歷史經(jīng)驗(yàn)和科學(xué)成果進(jìn)行了總結(jié)提升，提出了“以磷增氮”、“磷肥治標(biāo)，綠肥治本”、“起爆效應(yīng)”等經(jīng)驗(yàn)、技術(shù)和理論；組建了全國(guó)綠肥試驗(yàn)網(wǎng)。綠肥生產(chǎn)于二十世紀(jì)70年代達(dá)到最高峰，面積最高年份約1300萬(wàn)公頃。二十世紀(jì)80年代至本世紀(jì)初的20多年里綠肥生產(chǎn)蕭條，綠肥面積下降至約200萬(wàn)公頃。綠肥科研方面，全國(guó)綠肥試驗(yàn)網(wǎng)組織了全國(guó)性協(xié)作研究，推動(dòng)了綠肥學(xué)科的系統(tǒng)進(jìn)步；90年代，著眼提升綜合經(jīng)濟(jì)效益開(kāi)展工作，積極尋找綠肥發(fā)展途徑，為我國(guó)的綠肥事業(yè)積累了許多經(jīng)驗(yàn)和資源；研究制訂了中國(guó)綠肥區(qū)劃，整理鑒定了一批綠肥資源，選育出一批豐產(chǎn)性能好的綠肥新品種，評(píng)選出具有綜合效益的綠肥種植利用模式，明確了綠肥提高土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)的效果及其作用條件，出版了一批具有重要價(jià)值的綠肥文獻(xiàn)。2007年以來(lái)，綠肥生產(chǎn)回升，科研快速恢復(fù)。國(guó)家和部分省份實(shí)施了綠肥補(bǔ)貼試點(diǎn)，綠肥科研專(zhuān)項(xiàng)“十一五”、“十二五”期間連續(xù)實(shí)施，國(guó)家綠肥產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系獲準(zhǔn)建設(shè)。通過(guò)綠肥科研專(zhuān)項(xiàng)的實(shí)施，綠肥種質(zhì)資源條件進(jìn)一步完善，綠肥輕簡(jiǎn)化生產(chǎn)水平大大提升，一批生產(chǎn)新方式、新技術(shù)被研發(fā)運(yùn)用，基于綠肥的高產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)及清潔生產(chǎn)技術(shù)體系廣泛推廣。證明了綠肥在有效促進(jìn)作物養(yǎng)分供給、保障作物穩(wěn)產(chǎn)高產(chǎn)、全面改善土壤物理、化學(xué)、生物性狀以及減少溫室氣體排放等方面的作用。60年的實(shí)踐證明，綠肥是農(nóng)作物生產(chǎn)的重要物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)，是綠色農(nóng)業(yè)的有效技術(shù)支撐?！熬G水青山就是金山銀山”的發(fā)展理念將主導(dǎo)今后農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)。未來(lái)，綠肥科研要圍繞種質(zhì)資源利用與創(chuàng)新、輕簡(jiǎn)化高效生產(chǎn)、綠色生產(chǎn)模式構(gòu)建、綠肥供肥與培肥技術(shù)及機(jī)制、綠肥產(chǎn)業(yè)增值增效路徑、宏觀戰(zhàn)略及產(chǎn)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)等綠肥產(chǎn)業(yè)的全鏈條，研發(fā)關(guān)鍵技術(shù)，解決生產(chǎn)難題，夯實(shí)理論基礎(chǔ)，努力形成適應(yīng)新形勢(shì)的綠肥生產(chǎn)技術(shù)與理論體系。

綠肥；科研；回顧；成就；展望

中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)方式正在發(fā)生深刻變革，綠色發(fā)展將是未來(lái)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的主基調(diào)。我國(guó)耕地質(zhì)量較差、面源污染較重、產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量較低等問(wèn)題突出，這些問(wèn)題與綠色發(fā)展背道而馳，必須加以變革，以形成同環(huán)境資源承載能力相匹配、生產(chǎn)生活生態(tài)相協(xié)調(diào)的農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展格局，實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展。

綠肥是培養(yǎng)地力的重要物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)[1]，發(fā)展綠肥是多、快、好、省地解決養(yǎng)地用地和有機(jī)肥源的良好途徑[2]。在生態(tài)環(huán)境十分良好的二十世紀(jì)八十年代，我國(guó)科學(xué)家就提出“我國(guó)在建設(shè)現(xiàn)代化農(nóng)業(yè)的過(guò)程中，必須從建立一個(gè)良好的農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)作為考慮問(wèn)題的起點(diǎn)，發(fā)展綠肥是建立良好農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的一項(xiàng)重要環(huán)節(jié)?！盵2]。綠肥不僅是清潔的有機(jī)肥源，而且能有效提高土壤肥力、改善土壤環(huán)境質(zhì)量、防止水土流失、改善生態(tài)環(huán)境?？梢哉f(shuō)，綠肥是我國(guó)傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)的精華，是生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)的重要組成部分[3]。

雖然綠肥的作用被普遍認(rèn)同，但我國(guó)的綠肥發(fā)展卻經(jīng)歷了不同的歷史起伏階段，綠肥科研也相應(yīng)地經(jīng)歷了大幅波動(dòng)。新形勢(shì)下，綠肥迎來(lái)發(fā)展機(jī)遇，本文梳理了建國(guó)后我國(guó)綠肥生產(chǎn)與科研的發(fā)展歷程，提出了綠肥行業(yè)未來(lái)發(fā)展方向，以期為今后的綠肥科研生產(chǎn)提供借鑒和參考。

1 我國(guó)綠肥生產(chǎn)與科研的60年歷史

新中國(guó)的綠肥科研起步于上世紀(jì)50年代中后期，在約60年歷程中我國(guó)綠肥生產(chǎn)和研究經(jīng)歷了繁榮、蕭條、恢復(fù)三個(gè)歷史時(shí)期。二十世紀(jì)50～80年代初是綠肥生產(chǎn)面積較大、利用較為普遍的時(shí)期；20世紀(jì)90年代到本世紀(jì)初，化肥成為主導(dǎo)肥源，綠肥應(yīng)用迅速滑至谷底；2007年后，綠肥重新進(jìn)入國(guó)家和全社會(huì)視野，其生產(chǎn)科研逐漸恢復(fù)。

1.1 生產(chǎn)繁榮、科研經(jīng)驗(yàn)累積時(shí)期

這一時(shí)期大約經(jīng)歷了近30年，綠肥作為當(dāng)家肥源，為保障我國(guó)糧食安全起到了重要作用。在這段時(shí)期里，綠肥科研工作的階段性特征也十分明顯，五十年代是綠肥科研和生產(chǎn)發(fā)展的起步階段，主要是解決綠肥納入種植制；六十年代是綠肥迅速發(fā)展的階段，主要是突破栽培技術(shù)難關(guān)；七十年代是綠肥發(fā)展的高峰階段，綠肥種植面積發(fā)展很快，是我國(guó)綠肥種植的鼎盛時(shí)期[4]。

陳華癸于1955年系統(tǒng)總結(jié)了水稻田的綠肥耕作制，并對(duì)綠肥科研提出了建設(shè)性意見(jiàn)[6]，顧榮申提出了各地較為適宜的綠肥種類(lèi)[7]。為了應(yīng)對(duì)全國(guó)綠肥生產(chǎn)需要，農(nóng)業(yè)部于1963年組建了全國(guó)綠肥試驗(yàn)網(wǎng)[11](以下稱(chēng)綠肥網(wǎng))。在綠肥網(wǎng)的組織下，各地加快綠肥模式與經(jīng)驗(yàn)總結(jié)，并組織了全國(guó)肥料科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)工作會(huì)議，指出華東[12]、華北[13]、東北和西北[14]、中南和西南[15]均具備大力發(fā)展綠肥的條件。綠肥在水田[8]、棉田[9]、鹽堿地[10]等各類(lèi)農(nóng)田中得到廣泛應(yīng)用?！傲追手螛?biāo)，綠肥治本”[16]的改良中低產(chǎn)稻田的策略提出后，綠肥的運(yùn)用迅速擴(kuò)展，并在上世紀(jì)70年代達(dá)到頂峰。在國(guó)家糧食安全對(duì)肥源需求大、化學(xué)肥料工業(yè)尚不發(fā)達(dá)的背景下，全國(guó)綠肥生產(chǎn)取得了史上最大的發(fā)展，綠肥面積最高時(shí)達(dá)到約1300萬(wàn)公頃[4–5]，全國(guó)涌現(xiàn)了一批綠肥面積超66.7萬(wàn)公頃的省份[5]。

總體來(lái)說(shuō)，早期的綠肥科研工作主要集中在經(jīng)驗(yàn)和效果總結(jié)上，總結(jié)提出了以磷增氮[17]、以田養(yǎng)田、以山養(yǎng)田、以水養(yǎng)田等各類(lèi)綠肥管理實(shí)踐。從科研的角度看，60年代到70年代中期，屬于科研工作的初始階段，主要工作是配合農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)部門(mén)總結(jié)推廣各省發(fā)展綠肥的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，推動(dòng)綠肥的發(fā)展[11]。此時(shí)期，較深入的科學(xué)研究也有少量報(bào)道，如綠肥壓青后土壤中還原性物質(zhì)的動(dòng)態(tài)變化[18]、綠肥防治水稻坐秋的研究[19]等，其中，朱祖祥總結(jié)論述的綠肥起爆效應(yīng)機(jī)制[20–21]對(duì)現(xiàn)代綠肥科研工作的進(jìn)步起到了重要推動(dòng)作用。

1.2 生產(chǎn)蕭條、科研先活躍后停滯時(shí)期

二十世紀(jì)80年代至本世紀(jì)初的20多年里，我國(guó)化肥工業(yè)迅速崛起，農(nóng)作物養(yǎng)分供應(yīng)幾乎完全依賴(lài)化肥；農(nóng)業(yè)承包責(zé)任制全面實(shí)施，綠肥生產(chǎn)的空間多被糧棉油及其他經(jīng)濟(jì)作物取代；加之綠肥沒(méi)有明顯的直接經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，導(dǎo)致綠肥生產(chǎn)幾乎完全被忽略，全國(guó)綠肥生產(chǎn)跌入低谷，綠肥面積下降至200 萬(wàn)公頃[3, 22]。

與綠肥生產(chǎn)不同，此時(shí)期的綠肥科研則相對(duì)系統(tǒng)，并且取得了較好的成效。綠肥網(wǎng)于1977年恢復(fù)活動(dòng)，1981年獲得專(zhuān)項(xiàng)經(jīng)費(fèi)支持，綠肥科研進(jìn)入了有組織的階段，全國(guó)綠肥科研隊(duì)伍和任務(wù)設(shè)置得到了基本穩(wěn)定和保障，綠肥科研進(jìn)入了第一個(gè)黃金十年。綠肥網(wǎng)分成六個(gè)協(xié)作區(qū)，開(kāi)展活動(dòng)和交流經(jīng)驗(yàn)，先后組織了中國(guó)綠肥區(qū)劃、中國(guó)綠肥品種資源收集整理和編目、不同農(nóng)區(qū)綠肥種植利用方式和效益、經(jīng)濟(jì)林園覆蓋綠肥種植和利用、綠肥對(duì)土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)積累的影響及其有效條件等協(xié)作項(xiàng)目，取得了良好的進(jìn)展，鑒定了我國(guó)不同農(nóng)區(qū)綠肥種植利用和效益、果園覆蓋綠肥的種植和利用等高水平科技成果[11]。這十年是綠肥發(fā)展的深化階段，在不利的綠肥生產(chǎn)形勢(shì)下，綠肥網(wǎng)努力開(kāi)辟綠肥種植和利用的新途徑，對(duì)促進(jìn)綠肥科研和生產(chǎn)起到了積極的推動(dòng)作用。

進(jìn)入二十世紀(jì)90年代后，全國(guó)綠肥形勢(shì)依然相當(dāng)嚴(yán)峻，綠肥網(wǎng)積極適應(yīng)社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)需求，主要目標(biāo)為提高綠肥綜合經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，開(kāi)展了綠肥納入農(nóng)作制度提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效益研究和技術(shù)開(kāi)發(fā)、綠肥在高效施肥體系中的地位及配套技術(shù)、農(nóng)區(qū)綠肥飼草種植利用最佳模式及經(jīng)濟(jì)效益、多用途經(jīng)濟(jì)型綠肥品種資源篩選和開(kāi)發(fā)等協(xié)作研究。通過(guò)近10年的協(xié)作研究，進(jìn)一步明確了各地綠肥的適宜發(fā)展方式和提升效益途徑[23]，開(kāi)發(fā)了飼用[24]等多種新途徑，獲得了一大批具有兼用或多用功能的綠肥資源，如富鉀綠肥的提出和深化[25–26]、耐鹽性能的挖掘[27]、多用途綠肥葫蘆巴[28]、耐蔭及飼用藥用資源扁莖黃芪[29]，并積極提出發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)綠肥的對(duì)策[30]。這些工作雖然沒(méi)有得到進(jìn)一步的深入應(yīng)用，但為后來(lái)的綠肥科研提供了重要借鑒和參考，是全國(guó)綠肥行業(yè)的重要遺產(chǎn)。

1.3 生產(chǎn)回升、科研快速恢復(fù)時(shí)期

長(zhǎng)期大量化學(xué)品投入，導(dǎo)致了資源環(huán)境壓力加大、面源污染嚴(yán)重等問(wèn)題。楊紀(jì)珂于1996年指出，如果不慎，由祖輩勞動(dòng)人民辛勤保存的土壤質(zhì)量，很容易在我們這幾代人的手里悄悄地喪失掉，并發(fā)出了“營(yíng)佳壤務(wù)農(nóng)之本，種綠肥生態(tài)之根。歲歲年年存地力，年年歲歲慶豐登?！钡暮粲鮗31]。

進(jìn)入二十一世紀(jì)后，我國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村的一些問(wèn)題更加凸顯，生產(chǎn)與生態(tài)不協(xié)調(diào)、經(jīng)濟(jì)與環(huán)境效益不統(tǒng)一、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展與農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量不匹配等矛盾普遍存在，國(guó)家以及全社會(huì)對(duì)環(huán)境健康、農(nóng)產(chǎn)品健康空前關(guān)注。不僅如此，國(guó)家財(cái)力也得到明顯改善，綠肥獲得了恢復(fù)性發(fā)展機(jī)遇。2006年開(kāi)始，國(guó)家啟動(dòng)了土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)提升補(bǔ)貼試點(diǎn)，綠肥是補(bǔ)貼方向之一，同時(shí)帶動(dòng)江西、浙江、江蘇、福建、湖南、貴州等省也出臺(tái)了綠肥種植補(bǔ)貼政策，全國(guó)補(bǔ)貼綠肥種植面積超過(guò)66.7 萬(wàn)公頃[22]，推動(dòng)了綠肥生產(chǎn)的迅速回升。

隨后，綠肥科研在2008年獲得重大資助，“綠肥作物生產(chǎn)與利用技術(shù)集成研究及示范”項(xiàng)目 (以下稱(chēng)綠肥專(zhuān)項(xiàng)) 開(kāi)始實(shí)施。由于生產(chǎn)科研長(zhǎng)期停滯，綠肥行業(yè)存在綠肥作物種質(zhì)資源退化甚至消失、適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的合理利用模式缺乏、生產(chǎn)利用技術(shù)集成不夠、綠肥作物與主作物間的水肥調(diào)控技術(shù)不明等一系列問(wèn)題，綠肥專(zhuān)項(xiàng)重點(diǎn)從種質(zhì)資源的整理與創(chuàng)新、生產(chǎn)利用技術(shù)及方式的創(chuàng)新研究、不同生態(tài)區(qū)及不同種植制度中的生產(chǎn)利用技術(shù)集成等方面開(kāi)展了全國(guó)聯(lián)合協(xié)作研究，同時(shí)積極探索綠肥產(chǎn)業(yè)化和強(qiáng)化綠肥產(chǎn)學(xué)研隊(duì)伍建設(shè)?！笆濉逼陂g，該項(xiàng)目繼續(xù)滾動(dòng)實(shí)施了五年。兩期綠肥專(zhuān)項(xiàng)的實(shí)施，在資源整理、技術(shù)進(jìn)步、機(jī)制解析、試驗(yàn)示范、人才培養(yǎng)等方面取得了明顯成效，夯實(shí)了綠肥科研基礎(chǔ)。

不僅如此，國(guó)家也在不斷探索科研改革，以農(nóng)作物為主線的產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系取得顯著成效并得到社會(huì)認(rèn)可。經(jīng)過(guò)10年醞釀，綠肥于2016年成為產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系建設(shè)內(nèi)容，2017年綠肥產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系隊(duì)伍組建完成。綠肥體系涵蓋了種質(zhì)資源、病蟲(chóng)害防控、綠肥栽培與土壤及養(yǎng)分管理、綠肥機(jī)械、綜合加工利用和產(chǎn)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)全鏈條。體系的設(shè)立將穩(wěn)定支撐一支高水平的研發(fā)隊(duì)伍，為今后的綠肥發(fā)展搭建了一個(gè)高層次的平臺(tái)。

2 我國(guó)綠肥科研60年的主要成就

縱觀綠肥科研的60年歷史，其活躍期主要體現(xiàn)在兩個(gè)階段或者說(shuō)兩個(gè)十年，一個(gè)是綠肥網(wǎng)獲得經(jīng)費(fèi)支持后的前十年；另一個(gè)是從綠肥專(zhuān)項(xiàng)開(kāi)始實(shí)施后的十年。

2.1 綠肥網(wǎng)的主要成就

綠肥網(wǎng)主要貢獻(xiàn)：總結(jié)歷史經(jīng)驗(yàn)，摸清綠肥家底，確立區(qū)域模式，奠定未來(lái)基礎(chǔ)。陳禮智等對(duì)此階段的成果進(jìn)行了全面梳理總結(jié)，主要包括：

1) 研究制訂了中國(guó)綠肥區(qū)劃把我國(guó)綠肥種植劃分為9個(gè)區(qū)47個(gè)亞區(qū)，提出了綠肥在各區(qū)適宜種植方式、發(fā)展面積等，為各地調(diào)整作物布局、制定綠肥生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃和綠肥種子生產(chǎn)、調(diào)撥等提供了依據(jù)[5, 11]。

2) 整理鑒定了一批綠肥資源，選育出一批豐產(chǎn)性能好的綠肥新品種收集常用綠肥作物916份，整理鑒定歸并為4科20屬26種共617份，篩選出70多個(gè)綜合性狀好、適宜在不同地區(qū)應(yīng)用的綠肥作物[11, 32]。各地選育了適宜本地生產(chǎn)的綠肥主栽品種[11]，代表性的有紫云英 (湘肥3號(hào)、浙紫5號(hào)、閩紫l-6號(hào))[33]，苕子 (內(nèi)蒙毛苕1號(hào)、云南光葉苕)、箭筈豌豆 (6625、蘇箭3號(hào)、大莢箭筈豌豆、333A[34]等)。此外，開(kāi)展了細(xì)綠萍的引進(jìn)和推廣以及紅萍有性繁殖技術(shù)研發(fā)等工作，使得細(xì)綠萍成為當(dāng)時(shí)主要生產(chǎn)用綠肥種類(lèi)，并推廣到云南[35]等地；培育出紅萍實(shí)生苗并在生產(chǎn)上推廣應(yīng)用[36]，標(biāo)志著我國(guó)紅萍研究進(jìn)入世界前列。這些資源和品種，是后來(lái)綠肥恢復(fù)發(fā)展的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)。

3) 篩選出一批具有綜合效益的綠肥種植利用模式主要有復(fù)種指數(shù)高的集約農(nóng)區(qū)發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)綠肥，小麥–玉米二熟制地區(qū)采用行間套種綠肥或豆類(lèi)，西南冬閑旱地發(fā)展節(jié)糧型綠肥飼草生產(chǎn)，北方一熟制玉米間套種草木樨、促進(jìn)糧草雙高產(chǎn)和畜牧業(yè)發(fā)展，北方一熟制麥田復(fù)種豆科肥飼綠肥，半干旱瘠薄地實(shí)行糧肥 (草) 短期輪作[11, 37]，以及通過(guò)在桑園[38]、桔園[39]、落葉果園[40]等經(jīng)濟(jì)林園的協(xié)作研究提出的經(jīng)濟(jì)林園覆蓋綠肥模式[41]。此外，研究了提高綠肥效益的途徑和技術(shù)，評(píng)價(jià)了綠肥作飼草、根茬肥田的效果并取得了綠肥飼料喂畜的有效參數(shù)[23]，同時(shí)還研發(fā)了紫云英青貯等綠肥飼草長(zhǎng)期利用技術(shù)[42]、紫云英一次播種多年繁殖技術(shù)[43]，構(gòu)建了“壟、畦栽稻萍魚(yú)”系統(tǒng)[44–45]。

4) 明確了綠肥提高土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)的效果及其作用

條件在華東[46]、華北[47]、西北[48]、東北[49]等地的17個(gè)省 (自治區(qū))22類(lèi)土壤上通過(guò)定位試驗(yàn)研究表明，每年平均壓入綠肥22.5～30 t/hm2，五年后土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)平均比不壓綠肥的提高0.1%～0.2%，綠肥有機(jī)物積累率為10%～15%，且可改善有機(jī)質(zhì)的品質(zhì)[50]?；觳ァ⑦m當(dāng)推遲翻壓 (以提高C/N值及鮮草產(chǎn)量) 和連年增加新鮮有機(jī)物等都是提高綠肥積累土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)的有效措施[50]，同時(shí)弄清了土類(lèi)、物料、土壤肥力、水分和溫度、翻壓量及翻壓方式與綠肥有機(jī)質(zhì)累積的關(guān)系[51]。

5) 編輯出版了一批具有重要?dú)v史意義的綠肥專(zhuān)著相繼出版了《綠肥栽培與利用》[52]、《中國(guó)綠肥》[53]、《中國(guó)滿江紅》[54]、《中國(guó)紫云英》[55]等著作。其中《中國(guó)綠肥》一書(shū)，系統(tǒng)總結(jié)了中國(guó)長(zhǎng)期利用綠肥的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和科學(xué)研究成果，既有豐富的實(shí)踐應(yīng)用技術(shù)知識(shí)，又涵蓋了大量的科學(xué)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)，是一部在我國(guó)土壤肥料發(fā)展史上文獻(xiàn)價(jià)值極高的綠肥著作。

2.2 綠肥專(zhuān)項(xiàng)的主要成就

綠肥專(zhuān)項(xiàng)主要成就體現(xiàn)在：繼承發(fā)揚(yáng)并舉，突破輕簡(jiǎn)制約，創(chuàng)新方式方法，豐富科學(xué)內(nèi)涵。綠肥專(zhuān)項(xiàng)以人才隊(duì)伍建設(shè)和與新時(shí)期相適應(yīng)的創(chuàng)新研究為抓手，取得了一批重要進(jìn)展。

1) 進(jìn)一步豐富了綠肥種質(zhì)資源建立了綠肥種質(zhì)資源描述規(guī)范和數(shù)據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[56]，挖掘搶救了一批綠肥品種資源，多渠道搜集、引進(jìn)國(guó)內(nèi)外資源，在庫(kù)資源已達(dá)3000多份。在不同區(qū)域開(kāi)展了主要資源的資源性狀評(píng)價(jià)工作，初步建立了綠肥作物種質(zhì)資源性狀數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)、主要性狀的圖像信息數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。加強(qiáng)新品種培育與應(yīng)用，認(rèn)定了紫云英、毛葉苕子、山黧豆、肥田蘿卜等25個(gè)綠肥新品種。

2) 突破了一批綠肥輕簡(jiǎn)化生產(chǎn)共性關(guān)鍵技術(shù) 著重研發(fā)了一批綠肥專(zhuān)用播種、翻壓、種子收獲、開(kāi)溝管理等輕簡(jiǎn)化裝置裝備以及綠肥專(zhuān)用肥及根瘤菌劑、基于綠肥的主作物配套生產(chǎn)條件等關(guān)鍵技術(shù)及產(chǎn)品，在大多數(shù)綠肥生產(chǎn)地區(qū)可實(shí)現(xiàn)綠肥機(jī)械化播種及開(kāi)溝、翻壓、收種的綠肥全程機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)；在南方稻田，通過(guò)水稻機(jī)械化收割留高茬大幅延長(zhǎng)綠肥播種期、保障綠肥安全越冬，進(jìn)一步保證了綠肥種植利用的高效、輕簡(jiǎn)，為以高留茬和綠肥碳氮互濟(jì)為核心的稻田培肥技術(shù)應(yīng)用，解決南方稻田冬閑田多、秸稈環(huán)境問(wèn)題奠定了技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)。

3) 研發(fā)提出了一批綠肥生產(chǎn)新方式、新技術(shù) 在南方稻區(qū)，晚稻留高茬后紫云英遲播土壤生物碳氮調(diào)控技術(shù)[57]，解決了傳統(tǒng)紫云英播種勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度大、效率低的問(wèn)題，同時(shí)，早期能夠保障和促進(jìn)紫云英出苗、保苗和生長(zhǎng)，后期紫云英覆蓋稻草能加速稻草腐解。在京津地區(qū)，形成了冬綠肥—玉米/棉花等種植模式[58–63]，研發(fā)了春玉米全程套播二月蘭等核心技術(shù)，實(shí)現(xiàn)了二月蘭播種的輕簡(jiǎn)化和高效率，可以為華北地區(qū)冬春季節(jié)大面積綠色覆蓋提供技術(shù)途徑，填補(bǔ)了壓減冬小麥產(chǎn)生的巨大空間。在西北實(shí)施的玉米/油葵前期間作豆科綠肥作物技術(shù)[64–65]，可充分利用玉米或油葵前期的生長(zhǎng)特點(diǎn)及栽培要求，在玉米或油葵前期間作豆科綠肥作物，既可保證玉米或油葵產(chǎn)量，又可增收一茬豆類(lèi)，綜合效益十分顯著。

4) 組裝集成了基于綠肥的節(jié)肥高產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)技術(shù)體系在初步形成各地綠肥生產(chǎn)利用技術(shù)規(guī)程[66]的基礎(chǔ)上，發(fā)布了30多項(xiàng)綠肥生產(chǎn)利用技術(shù)規(guī)程，構(gòu)建了以保障作物高產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)能力的綠肥生產(chǎn)利用體系和基于綠肥的主作物清潔生產(chǎn)養(yǎng)分管理等為核心的技術(shù)體系，分別在稻區(qū)、華北、西北、西南得到持續(xù)優(yōu)化應(yīng)用并取得重大社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。通過(guò)5～8年的定位試驗(yàn)，完善了各地種植利用綠肥后的化肥替代技術(shù)，進(jìn)一步明確了在不同種植制度下納入綠肥作物生產(chǎn)后主栽作物的穩(wěn)產(chǎn)高產(chǎn)條件。多年多點(diǎn)聯(lián)合定位監(jiān)測(cè)表明，綠肥配合化肥能實(shí)現(xiàn)作物高產(chǎn) (表1)、節(jié)肥 (表2) 及穩(wěn)產(chǎn)[67]等。種植綠肥并翻壓時(shí)，稻區(qū)較冬閑田減施化肥20%～40%[68–69]，西北、西南、華北較秋閑田或者冬閑田減施化肥 15%～30%[64–65, 70]，主作物產(chǎn)量不低于當(dāng)?shù)爻Ｒ?guī)施肥并穩(wěn)中有升。

5) 深入剖析了綠肥在現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中的貢獻(xiàn)及作用機(jī)制長(zhǎng)期種植利用綠肥與化肥配合能大幅提升作物產(chǎn)量 (圖1)[71]，綠肥能為主作物創(chuàng)造良好的土壤養(yǎng)分[71–73]、生物[69, 74–78]、物理[79–81]環(huán)境，同時(shí)綠肥納入種植制度有利于土壤氮庫(kù)[59, 82–83]及碳庫(kù)[62, 79–80, 82, 84–86]的培育，表明種植翻壓綠肥是作物高產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)的重要物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)和技術(shù)保障。明確了綠肥能減少溫室氣體排放[87–88]以及氨排放[89]。揭示了綠肥高產(chǎn)高效作用的部分關(guān)鍵機(jī)制，其中，綠肥可有效促進(jìn)作物養(yǎng)分吸收利用[60, 90–96]，明確了綠肥養(yǎng)分對(duì)作物養(yǎng)分的供應(yīng)能力[97]及黃土高原夏閑綠肥[83]、華北冬綠肥在養(yǎng)分平衡中的貢獻(xiàn)[63]，初步闡明了稻田紫云英影響土壤氮素轉(zhuǎn)化的分子機(jī)制，綠肥可能有助于銨供給能力的微生物生長(zhǎng)[98]，解析了農(nóng)田綠肥輸入對(duì)土壤可溶性有機(jī)質(zhì) (DOM) 含量和結(jié)構(gòu)[99–101]以及鐵還原[102]的影響。

表 1 多年種植利用綠肥配施化肥的產(chǎn)量效果Table 1 Multi-years’ effects of combinations of green manures and chemical fertilizers on crop yields

表 2 湖南和江西省基于綠肥的水稻減施化肥多年產(chǎn)量效應(yīng)Table 2 Cumulative effects of reduced chemical nutrient inputs on rice yield based on green manure cooperation in Hunan and Jiangxi Provinces

6) 探索了綠肥產(chǎn)業(yè)化路徑促進(jìn)了綠肥種業(yè)發(fā)展，推動(dòng)了紫云英菜用及作為養(yǎng)蜂蜜源、二月蘭菜薹等綜合利用，探索了西北、西南等區(qū)域綠肥飼草加工新途徑，開(kāi)展了南方稻區(qū)利用綠肥發(fā)展綠色有機(jī)稻米的技術(shù)研發(fā)和應(yīng)用。綠肥是清潔肥料，可作為有機(jī)水稻的良好肥源，并且可以達(dá)到耕地用養(yǎng)結(jié)合目的。定位研究表明，在紫云英–單季稻制度下，翻壓紫云英75 t/hm2，稻谷產(chǎn)量與單施化肥的產(chǎn)量水平相近或略高；單季有機(jī)稻米翻壓紫云英的閾值及適宜用量分別為 90 t/hm2、60 t/hm2，基于紫云英唯一肥源的有機(jī)稻米生產(chǎn)適宜的年限為4年[95]。

3 我國(guó)綠肥科研的未來(lái)展望

我國(guó)區(qū)域性、結(jié)構(gòu)性、季節(jié)性閑置耕地多，這些耕地適合發(fā)展綠肥生產(chǎn)。據(jù)估算，全國(guó)綠肥發(fā)展空間約4600萬(wàn)公頃[3, 22]，包括南方冬閑稻田、西南冬閑旱地、西北冬閑及夏秋閑地等，同時(shí)，近些年來(lái)華北地區(qū)冬小麥退出增多、果園面積迅速擴(kuò)大，也為發(fā)展綠肥提供了空間。當(dāng)前的綠肥發(fā)展?jié)摿γ娣e遠(yuǎn)大于二十世紀(jì)的約1900萬(wàn)公頃[103]，可以有更大的作為。

“綠水青山就是金山銀山”的發(fā)展理念將主導(dǎo)今后農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)。今后較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)期內(nèi)，種植業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整、農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染削減、農(nóng)田生態(tài)改善、耕地用養(yǎng)結(jié)合、農(nóng)產(chǎn)品提質(zhì)增效等是我國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)的主要戰(zhàn)略性任務(wù)，綠肥在這些任務(wù)里具有獨(dú)特、有效的作用。綠肥科研要順勢(shì)而為、乘勢(shì)而上，緊緊圍繞綠肥產(chǎn)業(yè)的全鏈條，研發(fā)突破關(guān)鍵技術(shù)，解決重大生產(chǎn)問(wèn)題，提升理論研究水平，努力形成適應(yīng)新形勢(shì)的綠肥生產(chǎn)技術(shù)與理論體系。

圖1 30年種植翻壓綠肥下的早稻產(chǎn)量[71]Fig. 1 Yield of early rice affected by manure cooperation of green manure for 30 years

概括起來(lái)，今后的綠肥科研工作主要包括以下6個(gè)方面：

1) 種質(zhì)資源利用與創(chuàng)新綠肥種質(zhì)基因庫(kù)構(gòu)建與資源共享，種質(zhì)資源鑒定、評(píng)價(jià)、功能挖掘及機(jī)制解析，高效養(yǎng)分截獲、多功能、抗逆、適產(chǎn)等品種定向選育及其高產(chǎn)高效栽培體系構(gòu)建。

2) 輕簡(jiǎn)化高效生產(chǎn)高效根瘤菌劑等專(zhuān)用產(chǎn)品，綠肥高效養(yǎng)分截獲提升路徑，不同經(jīng)營(yíng)規(guī)模下的輕簡(jiǎn)化生產(chǎn)裝備。

3) 綠色生產(chǎn)模式構(gòu)建糧肥復(fù)種模式/制度，林下肥飼養(yǎng)立體模式，綠肥–主作物資源競(jìng)爭(zhēng)機(jī)制及化肥減施等調(diào)控技術(shù)，綠肥與主作物一體化病蟲(chóng)害防控與基于綠肥的病蟲(chóng)害阻斷技術(shù)。

4) 綠肥供肥與培肥技術(shù)及機(jī)制綠肥–土壤–作物養(yǎng)分循環(huán)特征與調(diào)控機(jī)制，土壤生物、化學(xué)、物理性狀對(duì)綠肥的響應(yīng)及調(diào)控手段；綠肥效應(yīng)的指標(biāo)體系構(gòu)建及預(yù)測(cè)模型。

5) 綠肥增值增效基于綠肥的清潔農(nóng)產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)業(yè)化技術(shù)路徑，綠肥綜合利用、開(kāi)發(fā)與價(jià)值提升，綠肥功能性成分發(fā)掘與利用。

6) 宏觀戰(zhàn)略及產(chǎn)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)國(guó)家、用戶(hù)層面的綠肥生產(chǎn)驅(qū)動(dòng)因子；綠肥產(chǎn)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)、生態(tài)經(jīng)濟(jì)分析與預(yù)測(cè)模型；綠肥服務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)與政策體系。

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Reviews and prospects on science and technology of green manure in China

CAO Wei-dong1,BAO Xing-guo2, XU Chang-xu3, NIE Jun4,GAO Ya-jun5,GENG Ming-jian6
(1 Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China; 2 Institute of Soil, Fertilizer and Water Saving, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, China; 3 Institute of Soil &Fertilizer and Resource &Environment,Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China; 4 Soil and Fertilizer Institute of Hunan Province, Changsha 410125, China; 5 College of Resources and Environment, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; 6 College of Resources and Environment,Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China)

The paper summarized the history of production and scientific research on green manure (GM) in China since 1949,reviewed the main activities and achievements of the past 60 years, proposed the future tasks of GM. Since the middle and late 1950s, the production and scientific research of GM have experienced 3periods of prosperity, depression, and recovery. The prosperous period lasted for nearly 30 years from the middle and late 1950s to the early 1980s, marking as the prosperous GM production and accumulations of scientific experiences of GM. Scientists summarized massive historical experiences, and concluded some important practices, techniques and theories, such as “Increasing nitrogen by improving phosphorous”,“Phosphorous works only for symptoms while GM plays the interior roles”, “Priming phenomena of GM”. The National Experiment Network of Green Manure (NENGM) was established at the same time. Driven by the huge demand, the production of GM achieved its summit in the 1970s, the planting area was about 1.3×107hm2in the most popular year. The second period was from the early 1980s to the beginning of this century, the average annual planting area of GM declined to the bottom of about 2.0×106hm2, However, the scientific research during this period had got stable financial support, the NENGM carried out nationwide collaborative research and improved the GM subject systematically in the 1980s. In 1990s, the NENGM focused on improving economic benefits of GM, and made great efforts in expanding GM planting area. During this period, regional planning of GM in China was studied and established, GM genetic plasms were sorted out and evaluated, high yielding cultivars were selected or bred, plantation and utilization patterns with potential comprehensive benefits were evaluated and formulated, effects of GM on soil organic matter as well as conditions were clarified, and a number of historic literatures on GM were published. The third period was from the year of 2007 till now, both the production and research of GM were recovered rapidly. National and some provincial policies of subsidies were implemented for GM plantation, special scientific projects of GM were funded successively from 2008 to 2015, moreover, the China Green Manure Research System for GM got approval in 2016. By the efforts of the special scientific projects, the basis of GM germplasms was improved, lightened and simplified production was enhanced greatly, some new patterns and techniques were developed and applied, systems of GM-based high and stable yield as well as clean production were extended widely. Meanwhile, by the collaborative innovation research, GM was proved to be able to promote the ability of high and stable yield when combined with chemical fertilizers, enhance nutrient supply for crops, improve soil physical, chemical, biological properties,and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Practices of 60 years showed that GM was the important material basis for crop production and was an effective technical support for green agriculture. The develop concept of“Beautiful scenery is gold and silver mine” would guide the agricultural production in future. From now on, the GM scientific research should center around the GM industry chains, i.e., utilization and innovation of germplasms, simplified and effective GM production, construction of green production patterns based on GM,nutrient supplying and soil fertilizing technology by GM and the relative regulation mechanisms, ways for improving values and benefits of GM, macro strategies and industrial economics for GM production, etc., and then develop fundamental technologies, solve production problems, solid theory basis, and finally formulate technical and theoretical systems suitable for new agriculture situation.

green manure; scientific research; review; achievement; prospect

2017–07–31 接受日期：2017–10–23

國(guó)家綠肥產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系（CARS–22）；中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院科技創(chuàng)新工程；現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)人才支撐計(jì)劃資助。

曹衛(wèi)東（1968—），男，安徽貴池人，博士，研究員，主要從事綠肥生產(chǎn)利用技術(shù)與理論研究。E-mail：caoweidong@caas.cn