唐錕 隋璐璐 徐剛 張桐 劉小方
不同姑息減黃方式對晚期惡性梗阻性黃疸病人免疫功能的影響
唐錕 隋璐璐 徐剛 張桐 劉小方
目的對比分析姑息性減黃手術(shù)、經(jīng)皮肝穿刺膽道引流(PTCD)和內(nèi)鏡下膽管內(nèi)引流術(shù)(ERBD)對晚期惡性梗阻性黃疸病人免疫功能的影響。方法晚期惡性梗阻性黃疸病人271例,隨機(jī)分為姑息性減黃手術(shù)組95例、PTCD組92例、ERBD組84例,檢測三組病人術(shù)前1天、術(shù)后第3、7、14天的血清補(bǔ)體C3、C4、免疫球蛋白IgG、IgA、IgM及內(nèi)毒素水平。結(jié)果(1)術(shù)后第7、14天,姑息性減黃手術(shù)組的C3、C4與ERBD、PTCD兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。(2)術(shù)后第3天,姑息性減黃手術(shù)組IgG、IgA、IgM與ERBD、PTCD兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05);術(shù)后第7天,三組比較差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05);術(shù)后第14天,姑息性減黃手術(shù)組與PTCD、ERBD兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。(3)姑息性減黃手術(shù)組內(nèi)毒素術(shù)后與術(shù)前比較差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05);術(shù)后第14天,姑息性減黃手術(shù)組與ERBD、PTCD組比較差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論姑息性減黃手術(shù)組在改善免疫功能方面優(yōu)于PTCD、ERBD兩組,對于晚期惡性梗阻性黃疸病人,能夠手術(shù)治療者首先選用手術(shù)治療;對失去手術(shù)機(jī)會或不能耐受手術(shù)者可行PTCD或ERBD緩解梗阻,改善免疫功能,進(jìn)而延長生存時間和改善生存質(zhì)量。
梗阻性黃疸; 引流術(shù); 免疫功能; 內(nèi)毒素
惡性梗阻性黃疸(malignant obstructive jaundice,MOJ)是由于惡性腫瘤壓迫或者浸潤性生長引起肝內(nèi)外膽管梗阻,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致肝內(nèi)膽汁淤積引起的黃疸[1-2]。膽管的解剖位置特殊及腫瘤周圍組織、血管、神經(jīng)浸潤的特點(diǎn),外科根治性切除率低,預(yù)后差,5年生存率僅為5.0%~8.0%[3]。膽道梗阻造成的高膽紅素血癥不僅損害肝臟功能,而且抑制機(jī)體的免疫功能,尤其是細(xì)胞免疫[4-7]。對于無法行根治性手術(shù)切除的MOJ病人,臨床通常采取姑息性減黃治療以解除膽道梗阻。目前,臨床常采用的姑息性減黃治療主要包括姑息性減黃手術(shù)、經(jīng)皮肝穿刺膽道引流(percutaneous tranhepatic cholangial drainage,PTCD)、內(nèi)鏡下膽管內(nèi)引流術(shù)(endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage,ERBD)。我們對晚期MOJ病人分別行姑息性減黃手術(shù)、PTCD和ERBD,并對三組病人的補(bǔ)體C3、C4、免疫球蛋白IgG、IgA、IgM及內(nèi)毒素的變化進(jìn)行檢測,探討MOJ膽汁內(nèi)外引流對機(jī)體免疫功能的影響。
2011年9月~2015年9月期間收治的晚期MOJ病人271例,其中男性143例,女性128例,年齡41~85歲,平均年齡(67.4±6.3)歲。全部病人均經(jīng)B超、CT、MRI或MRCP檢查明確診斷為肝外膽管惡性梗阻。其中膽管癌92例,胰頭癌85例,壺腹周圍癌78例,胃腸道惡性腫瘤(胃癌、結(jié)腸癌、直腸癌)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移導(dǎo)致梗阻性黃疸14例,淋巴瘤致膽管梗阻2例。術(shù)前總膽紅素為105.2~489.4 μmol/L,平均(231.34±7.13)μmol/L。本研究經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理委員會審批,病人自愿參加并簽訂知情同意書。271例病人隨機(jī)分為三組:A組95例,為姑息性減黃手術(shù)組,男性50例,女性45例,年齡41~75歲,平均年齡(67.1±6.4)歲;B組92例,為PTCD組,男性48例,女性44例,年齡43~85歲,平均年齡(68.3±6.1)歲;C組84例,為ERBD組,男性45例,女性39例,年齡44~84歲,平均年齡(66.8±5.7)歲。研究過程中所有病人未行化療、放療和其他免疫治療,并排除患有免疫系統(tǒng)疾病。
1.標(biāo)本采集:分別于術(shù)前1天、術(shù)后第3、7、14天采集晨起空腹外周靜脈血。采用免疫比濁法測定補(bǔ)體C3、C4、免疫球蛋白IgG、IgA、IgM,采用快速定量動態(tài)比濁法測定內(nèi)毒素。
2.治療方法:(1)姑息性減黃手術(shù)術(shù)式:膽管空腸吻合、膽囊空腸吻合、膽管空腸吻橋式引流、膽管十二指腸橋式引流、經(jīng)膽囊床穿刺支架空腸內(nèi)引流、術(shù)中放置膽道支架等各種外引流。(2)PTCD:B超引導(dǎo)選擇穿刺部位。(3)ERBD:常規(guī)行ERCP術(shù),經(jīng)十二指腸乳頭插管、造影,選擇合適長度的膽道支架。
1.一般狀況比較:所有病人均完成治療,無不良反應(yīng)。A組姑息性減黃手術(shù)組術(shù)前總膽紅素為105.2~391.3 μmol/L,平均(233.15±11.13)μmol/L,直接膽紅素為65.9~288.7 μmol/L,平均(158.22±10.25)μmol/L;B組PTCD組術(shù)前總膽紅素為173.8~489.4 μmol/L,均值(230.54±10.52)μmol/L,直接膽紅素為121.3~354.8 μmol/L,平均(157.34±10.13) μmol/L;C組ERBD組術(shù)前總膽紅素為121.8~418.2 μmol/L,均值(231.23±10.34)μmol/L,直接膽紅素為97.7~319.1 μmol/L,平均(159.29±9.97)μmol/L。三組病人性別、年齡、術(shù)前總膽紅素、直接膽紅素水平等比較差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表1。
表1 三組病人的一般狀況比較
2.三組補(bǔ)體C3、C4水平的變化:引流后三組補(bǔ)體C3、C4比較差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05),其中術(shù)后第3天ERBD組與姑息性減黃手術(shù)組、PTCD組比較差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05);術(shù)后第7、14天,姑息性減黃手術(shù)組與ERBD、PTCD兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表2、表3。
3.三組免疫球蛋白IgG、IgA、IgM水平的變化:引流術(shù)后第3天,姑息性減黃手術(shù)組IgG、IgA、IgM與ERBD、PTCD兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05);術(shù)后第7天,三組比較差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05);術(shù)后第14天,姑息性減黃手術(shù)組與PTCD、ERBD兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表4、表5、表6。
4.各組血清內(nèi)毒素水平的變化:姑息性減黃手術(shù)組內(nèi)毒素術(shù)后與術(shù)前比較差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05);術(shù)后第3天,ERBD組、PTCD組與術(shù)前比較差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05);術(shù)后第7天,ERBD組與姑息性減黃手術(shù)組、PTCD組比較差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05);術(shù)后第14天,姑息性減黃手術(shù)組與ERBD組、PTCD組比較差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.001)。見表7。
表2 三組不同時間血清補(bǔ)體C3表達(dá)水平比較
注:與B組比較,aP<0.05;與C組比較,bP<0.05
注:與B組比較,aP<0.05;與C組比較,bP<0.05
表4 三組不同時間血清免疫球蛋白IgG表達(dá)水平比較正常值7.0~16.0)
注:與B組比較,aP<0.05;與C組比較,bP<0.05
表5 三組不同時間血清免疫球蛋白IgA表達(dá)水平比較正常值0.7~4.0)
注:與B組比較,aP<0.05;與C組比較,bP<0.05
表6 三組不同時間血清免疫球蛋白IgM表達(dá)水平比較正常值0.4~2.3)
注:與B組比較,aP<0.05;與C組比較,bP<0.05
MOJ病人處于嚴(yán)重的免疫應(yīng)激狀態(tài),炎性細(xì)胞因子釋放,免疫因子消耗,導(dǎo)致以細(xì)胞免疫為主的免疫功能下降。臨床上約80%的MOJ病人僅能行姑息性引流治療[8]。通過減黃治療可使病人的免疫功能得到一定程度的恢復(fù),延長生存期[6-7]。不同的姑息性引流治療效果亦不相同[9],而免疫功能的變化是影響治療效果的重要因素之一。
表7 三組不同時間血清內(nèi)毒素表達(dá)水平比較
注:與A組比較,aP<0.05;與B組比較,bP<0.05;與B組比較,cP<0.05;與C組比較,dP<0.05
肝臟巨噬細(xì)胞和淋巴細(xì)胞等是產(chǎn)生C3、C4的主要場所,MOJ病人巨噬細(xì)胞和淋巴細(xì)胞功能明顯降低,這些因素均可使補(bǔ)體生成減少,補(bǔ)體水平下降。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),通過引流解除膽道梗阻后,三組補(bǔ)體C3、C4均有不同程度升高,術(shù)后第7、14天,姑息性減黃手術(shù)組較ERBD、PTCD兩組升高顯著。提示隨著術(shù)后時間的延長,姑息性減黃手術(shù)組補(bǔ)體C3、C4水平較ERBD、PTCD兩組高,其減黃治療對免疫機(jī)制影響的優(yōu)勢逐漸體現(xiàn)。
肝膽系統(tǒng)的免疫屏障作用主要是通過巨噬細(xì)胞和Ig產(chǎn)生細(xì)胞完成。MOJ病人肝臟巨噬細(xì)胞吞噬能力下降,腸內(nèi)Ig急劇減少,腸免疫防御機(jī)能障礙,細(xì)菌和內(nèi)毒素吸收增加,激活體內(nèi)產(chǎn)生大量炎癥介質(zhì)和細(xì)胞因子。Ohshio等[10]報道,在膽道阻塞、膽血屏障通透性增加的情況下,血漿IgA含量明顯增高,而當(dāng)膽血屏障改善后,血IgA含量也有相應(yīng)下降。因此,與膽道梗阻程度顯著正相關(guān)的血清IgA水平則可能作為判斷膽道梗阻程度及手術(shù)引流對免疫功能影響的敏感指標(biāo)[11]。
梗阻性黃疸時腸道膽汁酸、免疫球蛋白等的缺乏可導(dǎo)致腸道革蘭陰性桿菌過度生長,產(chǎn)生大量內(nèi)毒素,引起腸道黏膜損傷和內(nèi)毒素血癥[12]。大量內(nèi)毒素合并高膽紅素血癥可抑制肝臟巨噬細(xì)胞的吞噬功能,使大量內(nèi)毒素?zé)o法清除,直接進(jìn)入體循環(huán)形成全身內(nèi)毒素血癥,加劇全身各臟器損傷。內(nèi)毒素血癥是機(jī)體免疫功能受損的結(jié)果,反過來又加重機(jī)體免疫系統(tǒng)的損害,形成惡性循環(huán)[13]。
本研究比較了姑息性減黃手術(shù)、PTCD、ERBD三種治療方式對MOJ病人血清內(nèi)毒素水平的影響。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),姑息性減黃手術(shù)組術(shù)后內(nèi)毒素逐漸下降,而ERBD組及PTCD組術(shù)后第3天內(nèi)毒素稍有升高,后期均逐漸下降;分別比較三組術(shù)后第7天血清內(nèi)毒素水平發(fā)現(xiàn),ERBD組血內(nèi)毒素水平下降更為明顯,低于姑息性減黃手術(shù)組和PTCD組,考慮與ERCP操作創(chuàng)傷小,手術(shù)時間短,術(shù)中出血少及膽汁內(nèi)引流等有關(guān),具體機(jī)制還需要進(jìn)一步研究[14];PTCD組術(shù)后14天血內(nèi)毒素水平較術(shù)后7天升高,提示長時間的外引流可能會導(dǎo)致內(nèi)毒素血癥的加重,其原因可能與外引流引起膽汁大量丟失進(jìn)而引起水電解質(zhì)、酸堿平衡紊亂和胃腸道吸收功能障礙有關(guān)[15]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),術(shù)后第14天姑息性減黃手術(shù)組內(nèi)毒素水平明顯低于ERBD組和PTCD組。隨著術(shù)后時間的延長,手術(shù)引流效果確切,姑息性減黃手術(shù)組病人術(shù)后免疫功能恢復(fù)的更為完善。
本研究表明,姑息性減黃手術(shù)治療在改善MOJ病人免疫功能方面優(yōu)于PTCD及ERBD。對于無法行根治性手術(shù)切除的MOJ病人,需采取相應(yīng)的減黃治療以解除膽道梗阻,能夠手術(shù)治療的優(yōu)先選用姑息性減黃手術(shù)治療;對失去手術(shù)機(jī)會或不能耐受手術(shù)的可行PTCD或ERBD來解除膽道梗阻,改善免疫功能,進(jìn)而延長生存時間和改善生存質(zhì)量。
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Theeffectsofdifferentpalliativejaundicereducingmethodsonimmunefunctioninpatientswithadvancedmalignantobstructivejaundice
TANGKun,SUILulu,XUGang,etal.
(DepartmentofHepatobiliarySurgery,theaffiliatedYuhuangdingHospitalofYantaicity,theMedicalCollegeofQingdaoUniversity,Yantai264000,China)
ObjectiveTo study the effects of three treatment methods such as palliative surgery for reducing jaundice,percutneous trnsheptic cholngio dringe(PTCD)and endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage(ERBD)on immune function in patients with advanced malignant obstructive jaundice(MOJ).MethodsA total of 271 patients with advanced MOJ were randomly divided into three groups according to biliary drainage methods:group A-underwent palliative surgery for reducing jaundice,group B-underwent PTCD and group C-underwent ERBD.Multi indexes such as complement C3 and C4,immunoglobulin IgG,IgA and IgM and endotoxin of the patients 1 day before operation as well as 3,7 and 14 days after operation were detected.Results(1)The levels of complement C3 and C4 in the group A were increased on the 7th and 14th day after operation,and were significantly different when compared with that of group B and group C(P<0.001).(2)The levels of IgG,IgA and IgM in the group A were increased slightly on the 3rd day after operation when compared with that of pre-operation,there were statistical differences when compared with that of group B and group C(P<0.001); the levels of IgG,IgA and IgM were decreased in the three groups,and there were no statistical differences(P>0.05); on the 14th day after operation,the levels of IgG,IgA and IgM in the group A were significantly decreased than that in group B and group C,and there were significant differences(P<0.001).(3)The level of serum endotoxin in the group A was decreased gradually after operation,and there was statistical difference(P<0.05).On the 14th day after operation,the level of serum endotoxin in the group A was lower than that in group B and group C,and there were significant differences(P<0.001).ConclusionFor patients with MOJ,who can undergo surgical treatment,it is preferable to use palliative surgery for reducing jaundice.For patients with malignant obstructive jaundice,who have lost the opportunity to undergo surgery or cannot tolerate the surgery,it is feasible to carry out PTCD or ERBD to relieve the biliary tract obstruction and improve immunological function,thereby extending the survival time and improving the quality of life.
malignant obstructive jaundice; drainage; immune function; endotoxin
10.3969/j.issn.1005-6483.2017.12.012
山東省自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(No.ER2014HM052);山東省煙臺市科技發(fā)展計劃(2015WS013)
264000 青島大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬煙臺毓璜頂醫(yī)院肝膽胰外科
劉小方,Email:Liu634@263.net
2017-03-24)
楊澤平)