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      EGFR抑制劑相關(guān)皮膚不良反應(yīng)研究進(jìn)展

      2018-01-24 08:16:46李鑫汪品嘉綜述姚文秀審校
      腫瘤預(yù)防與治療 2017年6期
      關(guān)鍵詞:皮疹抑制劑皮膚

      李鑫, 汪品嘉 綜述, 姚文秀審校

      530021南寧,廣西醫(yī)科大學(xué) 研究生院(李鑫);610500成都,成都醫(yī)學(xué)院(汪品嘉);610041 成都,四川省腫瘤醫(yī)院·研究所,四川省癌癥防治中心,電子科技大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院 腫瘤內(nèi)科(姚文秀)

      以表皮生長因子受體(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR )為靶點(diǎn)的藥物一般分為兩大類:酪氨酸激酶抑制劑(tyrosine kinase inhibitors,TKIs) 和單克隆抗體(monoclone antibody,mAbs) 。這類藥物對晚期非小細(xì)胞肺癌、結(jié)腸癌、直腸癌以及頭頸部惡性腫瘤均顯示出較好的治療療效,目前已經(jīng)成為多種晚期惡性腫瘤治療的常用治療藥物。EGFR抑制劑不僅延長了惡性腫瘤晚期患者的生存時(shí)間,還提高了惡性腫瘤晚期患者的生存質(zhì)量[1]。EGFR抑制劑在藥物不良反應(yīng)這方面具有特殊的表現(xiàn)[1],最常見的不良反應(yīng)為皮膚毒性,在接受EGFR抑制劑治療的晚期惡性腫瘤患者中平均發(fā)生率大于50%。EGFR抑制劑導(dǎo)致的皮膚不良反應(yīng)對患者的身體、心理均可以造成不良的影響。如果中重度的皮膚不良反應(yīng)得不到及時(shí)正確的治療,不但增加患者的痛苦,還可以直接導(dǎo)致藥物減量或停藥,進(jìn)而影響療效及生存時(shí)間。隨著越來越多的EGFR抑制劑藥物的問世,EGFR抑制劑所致皮膚不良反應(yīng)的治療已成為臨床工作中極為常見的問題,但目前EGFR抑制劑相關(guān)皮膚損害的治療并未形成規(guī)范的方案。本文總結(jié)已發(fā)表的臨床研究,對EGFR抑制劑相關(guān)皮膚損害的臨床表現(xiàn)、不良反應(yīng)分級(jí)、病理生理、治療進(jìn)行了梳理,希望為臨床工作實(shí)踐提供指導(dǎo)?,F(xiàn)就表皮生長因子受體抑制劑相關(guān)性皮膚毒性的研究現(xiàn)況綜述如下:

      1 臨床上常用的EGFR抑制劑及其皮疹發(fā)生率

      臨床上常用的EGFR抑制劑可以引起EGFR介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞信號(hào)異常,它在腫瘤發(fā)生、進(jìn)展、轉(zhuǎn)移的過程中發(fā)揮了十分重要的作用。目前臨床上應(yīng)用的EGFR抑制劑主要為TKIs和mAbs。TKIs是一類經(jīng)口服用的小分子化合物,其作用是通過抑制酪氨酸激酶的磷酸化,從而干擾配基誘導(dǎo)的表皮生長因子受體活化,以阻斷瀑布式的信號(hào)傳遞,多以ATP作為結(jié)合位點(diǎn)[2-3],如Gefitinib(吉非替尼)。mAbs則可以阻斷細(xì)胞外配基與跨膜受體結(jié)合,從而減少“活化瀑布”的效應(yīng)[4],如Cetuximab(西妥昔單抗)。目前臨床上應(yīng)用的EGFR抑制劑主要有吉非替尼、厄洛替尼、西妥昔單抗等,不同的EGFR抑制劑的皮疹發(fā)生率各不相同,mAbs的皮疹發(fā)生率高于TKIs的皮疹發(fā)生率。TKIs中皮疹發(fā)生率最高的是厄洛替尼,皮疹發(fā)生率約為75%,而mAbs中除尼妥珠單抗皮疹的發(fā)生率約為1.43%外,西妥昔單抗、帕尼單抗的皮疹發(fā)生率均高達(dá)85%以上[5],具體如表1。

      表1 臨床上應(yīng)用的EGFR抑制劑及其皮疹發(fā)生率

      2 EGFR抑制劑相關(guān)皮膚不良反應(yīng)的臨床表現(xiàn)及分級(jí)

      EGFR抑制劑相關(guān)皮膚不良反應(yīng)比較常見的有皮膚瘙癢、皮膚干燥、面部色素沉著、皮疹、痤瘡、指甲及甲周改變 (甲溝炎、甲裂 ) 、毛發(fā)生長的調(diào)節(jié)異常 (脫發(fā)、睫毛粗長卷翹、面部多毛 )、毛細(xì)血管的擴(kuò)張等[1,14-16]。這些皮膚不良反應(yīng)均有其不同的臨床表現(xiàn)及其發(fā)生率,具體如表2。但目前最常報(bào)道的皮膚毒性是痤瘡或痤瘡樣皮疹。痤瘡樣皮疹常常出現(xiàn)在面部和/或胸背部,一般在EGFR抑制劑開始治療后的第1周左右出現(xiàn),可以自然消退和也可反復(fù)再現(xiàn),也可隨著藥物治療的終止而消失。皮疹的嚴(yán)重程度在EGFR抑制劑治療的第2周內(nèi)達(dá)到頂峰,接著于隨后幾周內(nèi)穩(wěn)定下來[14,17-22]。皮疹發(fā)生及發(fā)展的過程主要經(jīng)歷以下4個(gè)階段 :第1階段(0~1周),表現(xiàn)為皮膚紅斑及水腫并伴感覺障礙 ;第2階段(1~3周)丘疹膿皰樣皮疹 ;第3階段(3~5周)皮疹結(jié)痂 ;第4階段(5~8周)紅斑毛細(xì)血管擴(kuò)張癥[22]。為全面動(dòng)態(tài)地隨訪皮疹發(fā)生、發(fā)展的過程,需要對EGFR抑制劑相關(guān)皮膚不良反應(yīng)的嚴(yán)重程度進(jìn)行合理的分級(jí),并及時(shí)做出相應(yīng)的處理。目前臨床主要采用NCI-CTCSE標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(4.0版)來進(jìn)行分級(jí),但有研究顯示ESS(the eruption scoring system,ESS)比NCI-CTCSE標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(4.0版)對EGFR抑制劑相關(guān)皮膚毒副反應(yīng)的分級(jí)更詳細(xì)具體[23],它不僅對皮膚毒副反應(yīng)做了分級(jí),還對生活質(zhì)量做了全面評(píng)估。不同臨床研究的皮膚不良反應(yīng)的臨床表現(xiàn)及發(fā)生率各有不同,一篇關(guān)于EGFR抑制劑的系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)中針對EGFR抑制劑相關(guān)皮膚不良反應(yīng)做了全面的總結(jié)。這篇系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)[5]一共納入了19項(xiàng)mAbs臨床研究(其中結(jié)直腸癌10項(xiàng),頭頸部腫瘤4項(xiàng),非小細(xì)胞肺癌4項(xiàng),胰腺癌1項(xiàng))以及21項(xiàng)TKIs臨床研究(其中非小細(xì)胞肺癌16篇,胰腺癌4篇,頭頸部腫瘤1篇)。在上述提到的研究中,有73%的mAbs研究的毛囊炎發(fā)生率在70%以上,相比之下,小分子化合物研究中其毛囊炎發(fā)生率在70%以上的研究只有33%。其中有4項(xiàng)MAbs臨床研究顯示其毛囊炎發(fā)病率低于70%,但痤瘡樣皮疹的發(fā)生率(22%~62%)高于其它mAbs研究。除此之外,有54%的mAbs臨床研究發(fā)生嚴(yán)重毛囊炎(3~4級(jí))的概率大于10%,而TKIs研究中發(fā)生嚴(yán)重毛囊炎概率大于10%的研究只有12%??傮w來說mAbs發(fā)生毛囊炎的幾率大于TKIs,而在TKIs中,厄洛替尼比吉非替尼更容易發(fā)生嚴(yán)重的毛囊炎[5]。

      表2 EGFR抑制劑相關(guān)的皮膚不良反應(yīng)的臨床表現(xiàn)及發(fā)生率[14]

      3 EGFR抑制劑相關(guān)皮膚不良反應(yīng)的病理生理學(xué)

      表皮生長因子受體(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR )是一種由單一多肽鏈組成的跨膜糖蛋白,分子量大小為170kDa,其編碼基因是原癌基因c-erbB1,位于7q22染色體上[24-26]。EGFR在角質(zhì)層、毛囊上皮以及汗腺器官都有表達(dá),尤其是在增生及未分化的角質(zhì)化細(xì)胞內(nèi)表達(dá)最強(qiáng),這種細(xì)胞主要分布在皮膚的基底層 、基底上層以及外毛根鞘[26]。EGFR在表皮中起著至關(guān)重要的作用,它可刺激表皮細(xì)胞的生長 、抑制細(xì)胞分化、抑制炎癥、抵抗紫外線相關(guān)損傷并加速創(chuàng)面的愈合[23]。使用EGFR抑制劑后的痤瘡樣爆發(fā)的病理組織學(xué)表現(xiàn)為真皮層發(fā)生化膿性中性粒細(xì)胞的浸潤,尤其是濾泡層,但皮脂腺通常不受影響[27]。有研究[28]表明使用吉非替尼后最顯著的組織病理特點(diǎn)改變是角質(zhì)層變得更薄、更致密。除此之外,EGFR抑制劑不僅可以抑制上皮細(xì)胞中EGFR 的磷酸化,還可以減少絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinases,MAPK)的表達(dá),從而導(dǎo)致角質(zhì)化細(xì)胞增生、分化、遷移以及黏附的異常,最終引起皮膚毒性的發(fā)生[29]。有研究[30-31]表明EGFR抑制劑除了可以引起上述這些改變,還可以刺激炎癥細(xì)胞釋放化學(xué)趨化物誘導(dǎo)白細(xì)胞的聚集,聚集的白細(xì)胞會(huì)釋放一些酶類化合物,如凋亡蛋白酶,這些酶類化合物會(huì)導(dǎo)致角質(zhì)化細(xì)胞的凋亡。凋亡的角質(zhì)細(xì)胞在皮膚的真皮層下逐漸蓄積 ,引起細(xì)菌或真菌的滋生,從而加劇皮膚的炎癥反應(yīng),進(jìn)一步加重皮膚損傷,目前認(rèn)為這就是引起甲周炎、皮膚觸痛 、丘疹膿皰癥等癥狀的主要原因。有研究[14,30,32-33]對使用EGFR抑制劑后產(chǎn)生的丘疹膿皰進(jìn)行病理學(xué)活檢,免疫組化顯示以:(1)表達(dá)有EGFR的角質(zhì)細(xì)胞上細(xì)胞增殖核抗原的表達(dá)減少,從而阻滯了細(xì)胞的增殖;(2)負(fù)相關(guān)生長調(diào)節(jié)劑p27Kip1表達(dá)增加,這可能導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞生長和損傷的不平衡,從而引起皮膚改變。除此之外,還有研究[22]顯示對于先接受過放療的非小細(xì)胞肺癌EGFR突變陽性患者,隨后使用厄洛替尼治療期間,其接受過放射治療區(qū)域的皮膚往往不出現(xiàn)皮疹,這一現(xiàn)象可能是由于放射野區(qū)域皮膚內(nèi)的毛細(xì)血管結(jié)構(gòu)改變或EGFR陽性細(xì)胞已耗竭所致。但是目前的這些機(jī)制研究仍需進(jìn)一步的探討。

      4 EGFR抑制劑相關(guān)皮膚不良反應(yīng)的管理

      EGFR抑制劑相關(guān)皮膚不良反應(yīng)的管理及治療主要包括3方面,第1:加強(qiáng)患者教育 ,第2:合理的治療,第3:劑量調(diào)整與停藥[34]。

      4.1 患者教育

      醫(yī)護(hù)人員應(yīng)加強(qiáng)與患者之間的溝通交流,在使用EGFR抑制劑前醫(yī)護(hù)人員應(yīng)充分告知患者及患者家屬可能發(fā)生的皮膚不良反應(yīng)。合理解釋皮膚不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生與藥物使用的關(guān)系,指導(dǎo)患者采取正確的預(yù)防及治療措施,并協(xié)同患者家屬給予患者身心支持[22]。現(xiàn)有的患者教育大多數(shù)為個(gè)人臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn),目前還缺乏針對患者教育的臨床研究及指南,需要進(jìn)一步探索。

      4.2 EGFR抑制劑相關(guān)皮膚不良反應(yīng)的治療

      對于EGFR抑制劑相關(guān)皮膚不良反應(yīng)的治療目前缺乏大型的隨機(jī)臨床試驗(yàn)以及治療標(biāo)準(zhǔn),現(xiàn)有的治療指導(dǎo)均來自于已發(fā)表的共識(shí)聲明[35-38]。這類共識(shí)聲明的治療目標(biāo)是預(yù)防或減少EGFR抑制劑相關(guān)皮膚不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生,提高患者的生活質(zhì)量并避免感染并發(fā)癥。現(xiàn)有的治療方式包括:減少劑量或停藥、嚴(yán)格的避光保護(hù)、使用皮膚保濕劑、局部抗炎藥、局部防腐劑和抗生素以及口服半合成四環(huán)素(多西環(huán)素或米諾環(huán)素 )[39-41]。兩項(xiàng)隨機(jī)雙盲臨床試驗(yàn)[42-43]結(jié)果表明,預(yù)防性口服米諾環(huán)素或四環(huán)素雖不能阻止EGFR抑制劑相關(guān)皮疹的發(fā)生,但顯著降低了皮疹的嚴(yán)重程度。除此之外,STEPP[44](skin toxicity evaluation protocol with Panitumumab,STEPP)研究將EGFR抑制劑相關(guān)皮疹的預(yù)防性治療與反應(yīng)性治療進(jìn)行了比較,研究結(jié)果顯示預(yù)防性治療組的中至重度皮膚毒副反應(yīng)的發(fā)生率減少了50%,同時(shí)也延緩了嚴(yán)重皮膚毒性的發(fā)生時(shí)間。

      EGFR抑制劑相關(guān)皮疹需要個(gè)體化的管理治療,目前各大醫(yī)療中心在治療上存在著很大的差異。對于中度皮疹的治療可以采用低中效能的皮質(zhì)類固醇(1%氫化可的松)或局部鈣調(diào)節(jié)神經(jīng)磷酸酶抑制劑(吡美莫司,他克莫司),以及局部殺菌劑和抗生素(甲硝唑,1%~2%紅霉素或克林霉素凝膠或洗劑,每天使用兩次)[17,45]。有研究表明局部使用0.1%的維生素K1(每天2次)不僅可以治療丘疹膿皰性皮疹,還可以預(yù)防丘疹膿皰性皮疹的發(fā)生[46],這主要是由于維生素K1能激活EGFR信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)[47-48]。對于中度和重度皮膚不良反應(yīng)的治療,還有研究推薦口服半合成四環(huán)素(多西環(huán)素每日100mg或米諾環(huán)素每日100mg,至少4周)[5,42-43,49]。這是因?yàn)榘牒铣伤沫h(huán)素除了具有廣譜抗菌作用外,還具有抗炎以及免疫調(diào)節(jié)的作用[31,50]。四環(huán)素可以抑制金屬蛋白酶、影響絲裂原誘導(dǎo)淋巴細(xì)胞增殖[51-52]、抑制嗜中性粒細(xì)胞趨化作用[53-54]、上調(diào)抗炎細(xì)胞因子[55]并減少促炎細(xì)胞因子的產(chǎn)生[56]。預(yù)防性口服四環(huán)素一般是在EGFR抑制劑治療的第1月內(nèi),最多不能超過EGFR抑制劑治療的第2月[41],因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)有的研究數(shù)據(jù)暫不支持預(yù)防性口服四環(huán)素超過2個(gè)月。

      對于嚴(yán)重的皮膚毒性反應(yīng),可以口服短效皮質(zhì)激素治療,因?yàn)樗梢砸种艵GFR抗體介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞毒作用。對于無皮膚毒性反應(yīng)的患者,有研究表明口服低劑量的異維A酸治療(每天10~20毫克)可以預(yù)防EGFR相關(guān)皮疹的發(fā)生并可以增加EGFR抑制劑抗腫瘤的療效[57-58],但需要進(jìn)一步的臨床研究來確定。口服抗組胺藥可以用于減少皮疹伴隨的瘙癢癥狀。對于特別罕見并且非常嚴(yán)重的皮膚毒性反應(yīng),應(yīng)該及時(shí)就診專業(yè)的皮膚科進(jìn)行治療,并永久性地停止使用EGFR抑制劑。

      4.3 劑量調(diào)整與停藥

      EGFR抑制劑的減量或停藥應(yīng)作為重度皮膚不良反應(yīng)治療失敗后的最后選擇,只有皮膚反應(yīng)持續(xù)2~4周且治療無效時(shí)才中斷治療[59-60]。EGFR抑制劑停藥期間,應(yīng)對皮疹進(jìn)行持續(xù)治療,因?yàn)槠ふ畹某掷m(xù)時(shí)間可能很長。部分患者僅需暫時(shí)停用EGFR抑制劑,待皮疹改善后可繼續(xù)用藥。對于EGFR抑制劑聯(lián)合放療所引起的局部皮膚記憶性損害,可在放療期間停止使用靶向治療,待放療結(jié)束后再繼續(xù)使用,并同時(shí)對皮膚毒性進(jìn)行對癥處理[61-63]。

      5 結(jié) 語

      臨床上隨著EGFR抑制劑運(yùn)用于越來越多的實(shí)體腫瘤治療,EGFR抑制劑相關(guān)皮膚損害將會(huì)成為一個(gè)熱點(diǎn)話題。對于皮膚病專家來說,如何區(qū)分EGFR抑制劑相關(guān)的皮膚損害與其他皮膚疾病就更具挑戰(zhàn)性。雖然這些皮膚損害大多為輕度到中度,但它們能夠給患者帶來臨床不適。然而我們目前對EGFR抑制劑相關(guān)皮膚損害的病因、分級(jí)、治療及全程管理尚缺乏更多的循證學(xué)依據(jù)和相關(guān)指南。只有更好地了解EGFR抑制劑所至皮膚毒性的發(fā)生及發(fā)展機(jī)制才能制定出合理地預(yù)防及治療策略,為合理地解決這個(gè)問題我們需要更多的臨床研究提供數(shù)據(jù)支持。

      作者聲明:本文第一作者對于研究和撰寫的論文出現(xiàn)的不端行為承擔(dān)相應(yīng)責(zé)任;

      利益沖突:本文全部作者均認(rèn)同文章無相關(guān)利益沖突;

      學(xué)術(shù)不端:本文在初審、返修及出版前均通過中國知網(wǎng)(CNKI)科技期刊學(xué)術(shù)不端文獻(xiàn)檢測系統(tǒng)學(xué)術(shù)不端檢測;

      同行評(píng)議:經(jīng)同行專家雙盲外審,達(dá)到刊發(fā)要求

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