廣東

英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的基本目標(biāo)之一是使學(xué)生能用英語(yǔ)流暢地寫作，由于“寫”貫穿了整個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)過程，并涉及聽、說、讀其他語(yǔ)言技能。因此，寫作是比較難處理的教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)。

其實(shí)，只要教師指導(dǎo)學(xué)生回歸教材、重視課本閱讀，學(xué)生寫作則無需洪荒之力。教材是學(xué)生最熟悉的材料，只要教師和學(xué)生回歸教材、重視課本閱讀，就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)一大片廣闊的“寫作素材”天地。以人教版高中英語(yǔ)教材為例，教材的話題廣泛，包括科技 (Unit 2 of Book 7Robots)、地理 (Unit 5 of Book 3Canada—“The True North”)、名人 (Unit 5 of Book 1Nelson Mandela—a modern hero)、 環(huán) 保 (Unit 4 of Book 6Global warming)、自然 (Unit 4 of Book 2Wildlife protection)、健康 (Unit 3 of Book 6A healthy life)、新聞 (Unit 4 of Book 5Making the news)、文化保護(hù)（Unit 1 of Book 2Cultural relics）等。并且教材的內(nèi)容貼近現(xiàn)實(shí)生活，有時(shí)代氣息、視野開闊、信息量大，有利于開闊學(xué)生的文化視野、增強(qiáng)學(xué)生對(duì)英語(yǔ)國(guó)家文化的理解，加深對(duì)祖國(guó)文化的理解和熱愛。

在平時(shí)的英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中，教師回歸教材、重視教材閱讀，能激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣、擴(kuò)大學(xué)生的知識(shí)面、開闊學(xué)生的視野、增加學(xué)生的信息攝入，能引導(dǎo)學(xué)生整理、反饋和提取信息，能幫助學(xué)生更好地表達(dá)自己的思想情感，寫出簡(jiǎn)潔而優(yōu)美的文章。

一、回歸教材，重視閱讀，巧練寫作

在實(shí)際的操作中，教師應(yīng)以教材為中心，在培養(yǎng)學(xué)生英語(yǔ)閱讀能力的同時(shí)，對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行各種有效的寫作訓(xùn)練，從而達(dá)到培養(yǎng)學(xué)生用書面英語(yǔ)進(jìn)行交際的目的。下文以人教版高中英語(yǔ) Unit 1 of Book 1 為教學(xué)案例，分析教材閱讀和寫作妙不可分的關(guān)系。

1.短語(yǔ)、句型訓(xùn)練：由于受教學(xué)交際法的影響，閱讀中有關(guān)短語(yǔ)和句型的操練常被弱化。其實(shí)操練短語(yǔ)和句型是很有必要的，這有助于提高學(xué)生的興趣，也可為學(xué)生提供準(zhǔn)確對(duì)話和寫作的樣本。下面是筆者舉的4個(gè)例子。

（1）短語(yǔ)：be upset about sth.為某事感到心煩。

I am upset about math.我為數(shù)學(xué)感到心煩。

（2）短語(yǔ)：get along/on…with與……相處，進(jìn)展

I am getting along well with a boy in my class.我跟班上的一個(gè)男生相處得很好。

（3）句型：There was a time when...曾經(jīng)有段時(shí)間……

There was a time when Peter was crazy about computer games.曾經(jīng)有段時(shí)間彼得癡迷于電腦游戲。

（4）句型：not…until… 直到……才……

I didn’t go home until I finished my homework.直到我完成作業(yè)才回家。

2.串詞、串句成文：教師指導(dǎo)學(xué)生利用學(xué)過的詞匯、短語(yǔ)和句型串詞、串句成文。學(xué)生通過模仿，形成地道的英語(yǔ)。下文為學(xué)生用教材中的短語(yǔ) be upset about, get along with 和 句 型 there was a time when…, it was the first time that…, not…until…等整合成的一篇優(yōu)美的文章。

There was a time when I was upset about study.I packed up my things and went to Guangzhou.It was the first time that I had been there.One day I happened to meet Li Hua when I was visiting the zoo.I found it easy to get along with him.It was a pleasure to be together with him.Soon we became good friends.This was because I had so good a friend that I didn’t feel lonely any longer.I didn’t realize the value of friendship until then.

3.仿寫、背誦教材：除了串詞、串句成文的模仿，學(xué)生還可以仿寫閱讀中的優(yōu)美文段。閱讀是模仿的前提，學(xué)生必須仔細(xì)地閱讀才能更好地模仿。學(xué)生運(yùn)用閱讀中的詞語(yǔ)、句型和規(guī)范搭配，達(dá)到從模仿寫作到獨(dú)立寫作的目的。如Anne’s best friend日記中的第一段非常精彩，教師可以指導(dǎo)學(xué)生仿寫并背誦此段。

閱讀原文： I wonder if it’s because I haven’t been able to be outdoors for so long that I’ve grown so crazy about everything to do with nature.I can well remember that there was a time when a deep blue sky, the song of the birds, moonlight and flowers could never have kept me spellbound.That’s changed since I was here.

作文仿寫：I wonder if it’s because I haven’t been at home for so long that I’ve grown crazy about everything to do with my hometown.I can well remember that there was a time when my mother’s love and my father’s guidance could have never kept me spellbound.That’s changed since I went to college.

4.利用關(guān)鍵詞，總結(jié)課文閱讀：教師可以在學(xué)生閱讀完文章并找出其關(guān)鍵詞或者主題句后，讓學(xué)生通過連詞造句或者根據(jù)主題句發(fā)揮，寫出文章的簡(jiǎn)短介紹。

Anne’s Best Friend: Anne’s family, Jewish, were forced to hide away to escape from the German Nazis in World War Ⅱ ,during which Anne made her diary her best friend, expressing her feelings and thoughts, especially her craziness about nature.

Using language: Lisa was upset because her classmates gossiped that a boy and she fell in love.Actually, they were good friends.So she asked Miss Wang for advice.Miss Wang asked her to ignore this gossip.Otherwise, she would lose a good friend who helped her with her studies.

5.改寫課文：改變課本的人稱、時(shí)態(tài)，甚至是改變課本的體裁。把對(duì)話改成文章，把文章改成劇本，這樣既可以提高學(xué)生的寫作能力，又可以復(fù)習(xí)閱讀材料，一舉兩得。如Unit 1中的安妮日記，學(xué)生可以把日記改成有關(guān)安妮和日記的對(duì)話。

Diary: I am grateful to you because you make me your best friend.But I am puzzled.Why does your family have to hide?

Anne: My family is Jewish so we have to hide.Or we would be caught by German Nazis.

Diary: It is terrible.You are so crazy about everything to do with nature.Is it because you haven’t been able to be outdoors for so long?

Anne: Yes, it is.I do want to go outside.I can well remember a deep blue sky, the song of the birds and moonlight were so beautiful.

Diary: But you couldn’t go outside.Otherwise, not only you but also your family would be in danger.In the past, you took nature for granted.Now you do value it.As far as I am concerned, what you should value most is your family.

6.續(xù)寫課文：學(xué)習(xí)了人教版高中英語(yǔ) Unit 1 of Book 1的Anne’s Best Friend和 Using Language 中 Lisa 的問題后，要求學(xué)生對(duì)這兩篇文章進(jìn)行續(xù)寫。續(xù)寫課文可以培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的創(chuàng)造性思維，激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣和運(yùn)用課本知識(shí)的能力，還能提升學(xué)生的閱讀和寫作能力。

Anne’s Best Friend的續(xù)寫：One day, Anne went outdoors when seeing there was nobody.She was so scared that her heart beat very fast.The air was very fresh and the sky was blue.Suddenly, a person patted her on the shoulder, making her cry and said, “Let me go.” When turning around, she found it was her father.“It is too dangerous, Anne.You should think highly of others’safety.If Nazis caught you, maybe all of us would be put into prison or even be killed.” Anne nodded and was sorry about what she had done.

Using Language的續(xù)寫：面對(duì)Lisa的問題，回信可如下：

Dear Lisa,

I am sorry you are having trouble in getting along with your classmates.However, the situation is easy to change if you take my advice.The following are my tips.

First, it is nothing wrong to make friends with a boy.Besides, it is possible for a boy and a girl to be good friends.If ending your friendship, you would lose a good friend who helps you with studies.More importantly, you do need to ignore others’ gossip; this is because they can’t understand your friendship with this boy.

I hope you could find my ideas useful.

Yours,

Miss Wang

7.重視教材寫作：教材中的寫作部分既能鞏固話題，又能進(jìn)一步提升學(xué)生的寫作能力。人教版高中英語(yǔ)Unit 1 of Book 1是有關(guān)友誼的話題，合理利用教材第7頁(yè)的Reading and writing部分不僅能提高學(xué)生的寫作能力，而且教師還能教育學(xué)生要珍惜友誼，要做到“A friend in need is a friend indeed”。

教材第7頁(yè)回信范文如下：

Dear Xiao Dong,

I’m sorry you are having trouble in making friends.However, this situation is easy to change if you take my advice.Here are some tips to help you.

Firstly, why not join in some clubs that you like, where you could meet a lot of students.Among them, you can make friends having the common.

Secondly, it would be a good idea to ask your classmates for help if you have some study problems.Through discussing how to handle them, the friendship could be strengthened.

Finally, lending a helping hand to others is a good virtue.When finding others in trouble, you should help them.With your kindness and warm heart, it is not hard to make good friends.Please keep it in mind that a friend in need is a friend indeed.

I hope you will find these ideas useful.

Yours,

Miss Wang

二、回歸教材，緊扣高考，提升能力

巧用人教版高中英語(yǔ)Unit 1 of Book1的好詞佳句，學(xué)生能輕松完成高考作文。以2018年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ高考作文題為例。

2018年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ書面表達(dá)：假定你是李華，你的新西蘭朋友Terry將去中國(guó)朋友家做客，發(fā)郵件向你詢問有關(guān)習(xí)俗。請(qǐng)你回復(fù)郵件，內(nèi)容包括：

1.到達(dá)時(shí)間；

2.合適的禮物；

3.餐桌禮儀。

注意：

1.詞數(shù) 100 左右；

2.可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫。

高考試題分析：2018年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ的書面表達(dá)設(shè)計(jì)嚴(yán)密科學(xué)，情景真實(shí)可信。隨著中國(guó)的飛速發(fā)展，更多的外國(guó)人跟中國(guó)人交朋友，去中國(guó)人的家里做客，所以他們就需了解中國(guó)文化，如拜訪中國(guó)人的有關(guān)習(xí)俗，包括餐桌禮儀。這篇文章讓學(xué)生為祖國(guó)的強(qiáng)大而自豪，也能讓學(xué)生有感而發(fā)。寫作時(shí)，學(xué)生需要注意答卷上已經(jīng)給出了稱呼語(yǔ)Dear Terry及署名（Yours, Li Hua），要列出寫作要點(diǎn)，注意時(shí)態(tài)、高級(jí)句式的使用。

巧用課本，書寫美文：巧用人教版高中英語(yǔ)Unit 1 of Book 1的好詞佳句，學(xué)生可以輕松完成此篇高考作文。

1.好詞佳句：

⑴ be concerned about: ...you are concerned about him/her...（第1頁(yè)）

e.g.你擔(dān)憂在拜訪你的中國(guó)朋友Lily的時(shí)候，你會(huì)犯荒謬的錯(cuò)誤。

You are concerned that you will make some silly mistakes when visiting your Chinese friend Lily.

⑵ in order to: I stayed awake on purpose until half past eleven in order to have a good look at the moon by myself.（第2頁(yè)）

e.g.為了玩得開心，你問我一些有關(guān)怎么做才能表現(xiàn)得好的建議。

In order to have a wonderful time, you ask me to give you some suggestions on how to behave well.

⑶lend a helping hand: I’ll lend a helping hand.（第8頁(yè)）

e.g.很榮幸我能夠幫助你。

I am honored to lend you a helping hand.

⑷ 強(qiáng) 調(diào) 句 It is...that...: it’s because I haven’t been able to be outdoors for so long that I’ve grown so crazy about everything to do with nature.（第 2 頁(yè)）

e.g.你要特別重視餐桌禮儀。

It is table manners that you should think highly of.

⑸ 句型 It is/was the first time that...: it was the first time in a year and a half that I’d seen the night face to face...（第 2 頁(yè)）

e.g.這是你第一次拜訪中國(guó)人。

It is the first time that you have visited Chinese.

⑹ 非謂語(yǔ)：While walking the dog, you were careless...（第1頁(yè)）

e.g.拜訪中國(guó)人的時(shí)候，你應(yīng)該準(zhǔn)時(shí)，以此表示你的禮貌。

When paying a visit to Chinese, you should be on time to display your politeness.

e.g.吃飯的時(shí)候，你不要吃著滿嘴的東西講話。

When having dinner, you are not allowed to talk with mouth full.

e.g.采納了我的建議，你一定會(huì)玩得很開心。

After adopting my tips, you are firmly believed to have great fun.

2.2018 全國(guó)卷Ⅰ范文：

Dear Terry,

In your email, you are concerned about that you will make silly mistakes when visiting your Chinese friend Lily.In order to have a wonderful time, you ask me to give you some suggestions on how to behave well.I am honored to lend you a helping hand.With all things taken into account, I think you should place emphasis on the following things.

First of all, when paying a visit to Chinese, you should be on time to display your politeness.Besides, please take some small presents such as some fruits or a bottle of wine.Actually,tea will win Lily’s heart because Chinese show great fondness for it.Finally and most importantly, as it is the first time that you have visited Chinese, it is table manners that you should think highly of.When having dinners, you are not allowed to talk with your mouth full.Meanwhile, please don’t eat too fast.

After adopting my tips, you are firmly believed to have great fun.

Yours,

Li Hua

3.高考范文點(diǎn)評(píng)：本文要點(diǎn)全面，語(yǔ)言通順，邏輯性很強(qiáng)，亮點(diǎn)突出，提出了寫郵件的目的，講述了去拜訪中國(guó)人需要注意的事項(xiàng)，敘述了餐桌禮儀的重要性。此外，本文巧用人教版高中英語(yǔ) Unit 1 of Book 1 的 in order to，be concerned about，lend sb.a helping hand，It is...that...，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)，It is the first time that...等好詞佳句，是一篇優(yōu)秀的范文。

英語(yǔ)寫作能力的培養(yǎng)和提高不是一蹴而就的。在平時(shí)的教學(xué)中，教師要回歸教材、重視閱讀。因?yàn)榻滩闹袃?nèi)容、結(jié)構(gòu)、程度、分量、活動(dòng)和任務(wù)的設(shè)計(jì)都符合學(xué)生生理和心理發(fā)展的特點(diǎn)，符合他們的年齡特征，能激發(fā)他們的學(xué)習(xí)興趣。教師要充分利用教材，激發(fā)學(xué)生的寫作興趣?？傊?，重拾教材閱讀之根，學(xué)生寫作無需洪荒之力！