李祥玉 王蕓 楊麗華
[摘要]肝外膽管癌是一種起源于膽管上皮細胞的惡性腫瘤,發(fā)病隱匿、惡性程度高、預后不良。確定肝外膽管癌部位、范圍及其與周圍臟器的關系是選擇相應治療方法的首要前提,因此早期診斷尤為重要。目前本病診斷主要依靠影像學技術、內鏡檢查、腫瘤標志物和病理檢查,而肝外膽管癌的明確診斷有賴于組織病理學檢查,包括細胞學及組織學。此外,近年來,一些新興的診斷方法也用于肝外膽管癌的診斷。本文旨在對肝外膽管癌的診斷研究進展進行綜述。
[關鍵詞]肝外膽管癌;診斷;影像學;內鏡;血清學;病理學
[中圖分類號] R735.8 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 1674-4721(2018)12(c)-0028-04
[Abstract] Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is a kind of malignant tumor originated from bile duct epithelial cells. It is characterized by incidence of occult, high degree of malignancy, and poor prognosis. To determinate the location and extent of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and its relationship with the surrounding organs is the most important prerequisite for selecting the appropriate treatment method, so early diagnosis is particularly important. At present, the diagnosis relies mainly on imaging techniques, endoscopy, tumor markers, and pathology. The definitive diagnosis of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma depends on histopathological examination, including cytology and histology. In addition, in recent years, some emerging diagnostic methods have also been used for the diagnosis of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. The objective of this study is to review the progress in diagnosis of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.
[Key words] Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma; Diagnosis; Imageology; Endoscopy; Serology; Pathology
膽管癌是一種起源于膽管上皮細胞的惡性腫瘤,是僅次于肝細胞癌的第二大原發(fā)性肝膽系統(tǒng)腫瘤[1]。其預后不良,中位生存期<24個月[2]。根據(jù)發(fā)病部位不同,膽管癌又分為肝內膽管癌和肝外膽管癌,后者又分為肝門部膽管癌和遠端膽管癌[3]。肝外膽管癌占膽管癌的80%~90%,其早期缺乏典型的臨床表現(xiàn)及診斷方法,當患者出現(xiàn)典型癥狀時,基本已進入中晚期,失去根治性手術機會,因此對肝外膽管癌的早期發(fā)現(xiàn)及診斷非常重要。
1影像學在肝外膽管癌診斷的進展
目前,診斷肝外膽管癌常用的影像學檢查方法包括超聲檢查(US)、計算機斷層掃描(CT)、磁共振成像(MRI或MRCP)、經皮經肝穿刺膽管造影(PTC)、經內鏡逆行胰膽管造影(ERCP)等。
1.1腹部B型超聲
腹部B型超聲檢查具有無創(chuàng)傷、簡單、經濟等特點,是膽管癌診斷的首選檢查方法。但是腹部超聲在膽管癌診斷中的準確性差異很大,Hennedige等[4]的研究顯示,B超診斷肝外膽管癌的靈敏度、特異度分別為89%、80%~95%。最近一項針對腹部B超、CT、MRCP及ERCP診斷膽管癌的Meta分析提示B超的靈敏度(75%)及特異度(72%)均偏低,只能作為膽管癌的常規(guī)篩查[5]。
1.2 CT檢查
CT是傳統(tǒng)檢查膽管系疾病的方法之一,與腹部B型超聲檢查比較,CT能更加全面地顯示腫瘤的部位、范圍及周圍臟器受侵犯情況。多排螺旋CT(MDCT)不僅能提供良好的空間分辨率,而且能更好地描述腫瘤與肝動脈、門靜脈的關系[6]。研究顯示,MDCT診斷肝外膽管癌的精確性可達78.6%~92.3%[4]。MDCT膽管造影術無需膽管對比造影劑,診斷膽管癌的靈敏度、特異度均可達84%[6]。
1.3 MRI檢查
MRI檢查是目前用于肝膽系統(tǒng)疾病非侵入性檢查的金標準[1],其在軟組織分辨率及圖像對比度上較CT更有優(yōu)勢。多項研究顯示,MRCP檢查對肝外膽管癌有較高的靈敏度,可明確病變部位[7-8];而梁健[9]的研究提出,磁共振擴散加權成像對肝外膽管癌的診斷效果優(yōu)于磁共振胰膽管水成像。作為一種安全有效的非創(chuàng)傷性影像學檢查技術,MRCP對診斷膽管疾病有重要價值。
1.4 ERCP和PTC檢查
ERCP和PTC作為直接膽管造影檢查方法,具有良好的空間分辨率,可準確了解腫瘤的部位和范圍。ERCP注入造影劑后,可觀察到完整的肝內外膽管全貌,能更好地進行定性、定位診斷。胡曉等[10]的研究顯示,ERCP診斷膽管癌合并膽管梗阻的準確率可達75%。
研究顯示,在PTC明確膽管梗阻后,進一步行PTCD,可改善肝門部膽管癌所致的梗阻性黃疸,且可明顯改善肝功能[11]。Yu等[12]的研究顯示,術前PTCD聯(lián)合膽汁再灌注可提高肝門部膽管癌患者的切除率和安全性。
1.5其他影像學檢查
正電子發(fā)射計算機斷層掃描(PET)是一種無創(chuàng)的影像學檢查方法,對早期發(fā)現(xiàn)惡性病灶及監(jiān)測復發(fā)轉移有明顯優(yōu)勢。Park等[13]的研究顯示,術前PET/CT是否檢出遠處淋巴結轉移與膽管癌患者術后1年復發(fā)率成正相關。
共聚焦激光顯微內鏡技術(confocal laser endomicroscopic,CLE)最初主要用于診斷胃腸道疾病,其亞型pCLE(probe-based CLE)因靈活性好而被用于胰膽管系統(tǒng)疾病的檢查,Giovannini等[14]的研究證實了pCLE用于診斷膽管梗阻病變的可行性,其靈敏度和特異度分別為83%和75%。相信隨著技術的完善,pCLE能進一步提高肝外膽管癌的診斷率。
2內鏡檢查
2.1超聲內鏡(EUS)
目前,超聲內鏡(endoscopic ultrasound,EUS)在評估膽管狹窄和診斷膽管癌方面發(fā)揮著重要作用。Mohamadnejad等[15]發(fā)現(xiàn)EUS對膽管癌診斷敏感度相對更高,與CT(30%)或MRI/MRCP(42%)比較,其檢出膽管癌的比例高達94%。
2.2十二指腸鏡下膽管內超聲檢查(IDUS)
IDUS診斷膽管系統(tǒng)病變比EUS更具優(yōu)勢,可用于判斷膽管癌的位置及評估其切除的可能性。黃平等[16]的研究顯示,ERCP聯(lián)合IDUS有助于早期診斷膽管惡性狹窄,與ERCP比較,IDUS在敏感度及準確度上均有明顯優(yōu)勢(P<0.05)。
2.3 SpyGlass直視系統(tǒng)
近年來,SpyGlass膽管鏡檢查被證實是診斷膽管系統(tǒng)疾病的有效工具。研究顯示,SpyGlass膽管鏡活檢診斷惡性膽管狹窄的靈敏度和特異度分別為60.1%和98.0%[17]。Udayakumar等[18]的研究也指出SpyGlassR膽管鏡檢查與SpyBiteR活檢對惡性膽管狹窄的診斷有中等敏感度。SpyGlass膽管內視技術在膽管癌的診斷及活檢取材上具有一定的優(yōu)勢,但因其活檢器具價格相對昂貴,目前仍無法廣泛應用于臨床。
3血清腫瘤標記物
腫瘤標志物自20世紀90年代開始被廣泛應用于腫瘤學的臨床診斷,其種類繁多,但靈敏度及特異度各異,目前仍缺乏肝外膽管癌的特異性診斷生物標志物。常用的腫瘤標志物包括糖類抗原19-9(CA19-9)、糖類抗原125(CA125)及癌胚抗原(CEA)。
3.1單獨檢測
CA19-9是膽管癌中研究最多的診斷和(或)預后指標,其水平高低與疾病的發(fā)展階段相關[19]。Coelho等[19]的研究顯示,CA19-9水平≥103 U/L可作為膽管癌患者生存和轉移的預測因素。Hu等[20]的研究顯示,血清CA19-9可作為評估肝門部膽管癌可切除性的獨立危險因素。有研究提出對原發(fā)性硬化性膽管炎患者,每6~12個月檢測CA19-9可用于監(jiān)測膽管癌[21]。
目前認為CEA也可用于指導膽管癌的臨床診斷。有研究指出術前血清CEA水平可作為膽管癌患者剖腹探查術后的預后評估因素[22]。Tang等[23]提出CEA在肝外膽管癌的診斷敏感度受腫瘤位置的影響,對膽管中部的膽管癌敏感度較高,而對遠端膽管癌的敏感度僅為15.4%。CEA作為一種廣譜腫瘤標志物,不能單獨用于膽管癌的診斷,通常將其作為觀察臨床效果及術后隨訪的指標。
3.2聯(lián)合檢測
鑒于CA19-9、CA125和CEA單一應用時其敏感度及特異度的局限性,臨床學者主張多項腫瘤標志物聯(lián)合檢測以降低腫瘤漏診率。聯(lián)合檢測≥2種的腫瘤標志物可提高診斷的敏感度和特異度。聯(lián)合檢測CA19-9、CA125、CEA和AFP 4種腫瘤標志物可提高膽管癌和肝癌的診斷率[24]。Franco等[25]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CEA、CA19-9、細胞角蛋白19片段和基質金屬蛋白酶-7聯(lián)合檢測可用于膽管癌的初步篩查。
3.3 microRNAs(miRNAs)
近年來,因miRNAs的生物穩(wěn)定性,其異常表達受到廣泛關注。Wang等[26]對比分析了膽管癌及健康人血清miR-26a水平,發(fā)現(xiàn)膽管癌患者血清miR-26a的濃度顯著高于健康對照者(P<0.01),其與膽管癌的臨床分期、遠處轉移、分化狀態(tài)和低生存率相關,是膽管癌的獨立預后指標,并為膽管癌提供了新的治療靶點。Deng等[27]的研究也顯示血清miR-29a水平與膽管癌的進展相關,是膽管癌患者的獨立預后因素,可作為評估膽管癌患者預后的新型生物標志物。Cheng等[28]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),伴隨血清miR-106a濃度降低,淋巴結轉移風險增加,其表達水平可作為膽管癌患者的有力預后指標。Wu等[29]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-150-5p的高表達抑制了膽管癌細胞的增殖、遷移和侵襲能力,認為miR-150-5p可作為評估膽管癌預后的新型腫瘤標志物。
3.4其他腫瘤標志物
探索新的腫瘤標志物,提高其靈敏度、特異度,有助于肝外膽管癌的早期診斷。糖蛋白的N-糖基化的特定改變被認為是癌癥進展中的關鍵組分,Wang等[30]發(fā)Re現(xiàn)血清N-聚糖(N-glycan)可作為診斷肝外膽管癌的新型腫瘤標志物,其診斷價值高于CA19-9。Verathamjamras等[31]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)蛋白酶體亞單位α型-3(PSMA3)可作為膽管癌的潛在生物標志物。Okada等[32]發(fā)現(xiàn)S-p53-Abs(serum p53 antibody)可用于肝外膽管癌的診斷。最近的一項薈萃分析[33]表明血清MUC5AC可作為膽管癌診斷的替代指標。
4組織病理學檢查
肝外膽管癌的明確診斷有賴于組織病理學檢查。
4.1細胞學檢查
ERCP對肝外膽管癌不僅有影像學的診斷價值,而且可經內鏡進行膽管組織活檢、刷檢及脫落細胞檢查獲取病理學資料。Korc等[34]的研究顯示刷細胞學的特異度接近100%,敏感度為30%~57%。
超聲內鏡下細針抽吸(EUS-FNA)為獲取肝外膽管癌細胞學的另一種方法,Navaneethan等[35]關于膽管癌的薈萃分析指出EUS-FNA診斷細胞學陰性的膽管癌患者的靈敏度為59%,其可提高肝外膽管癌的診斷率。Onda等[36]的研究顯示,超聲引導下細針抽吸細胞學檢查可作為膽管疾病診斷的一線診斷方法,其敏感度和準確度分別為89%和87%。
4.2活檢組織學
組織學診斷特異性強,Chen等[37]的研究顯示,肝外膽管活檢的敏感度和特異度分別為53.85%和100.00%。ERCP取樣技術安全,可以廣泛應用于臨床。如果ERCP操作失敗或存在禁忌證,PTC被認為是獲取組織活檢的替代方法。研究顯示,ERCP和PTC在獲取細胞學/活檢的敏感度差異無統(tǒng)計學意義[38]。
綜上所述,近年來對肝外膽管癌的診斷研究甚多,然而,現(xiàn)階段對肝外膽管癌的診斷及治療仍然是一個復雜的難題,對于那些高度懷疑或者有手術禁忌的肝外膽管癌患者如何診療,如何提高對肝外膽管癌的診斷以及治療將是以后研究的重點方向。
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