薛立飛,朱紅波
(東北師范大學(xué)物理學(xué)院,吉林 長(zhǎng)春 130024)
自從C.M.Bender等人[1-2]提出了PT對(duì)稱(chēng)的概念以來(lái),PT對(duì)稱(chēng)理論的潛在應(yīng)用已經(jīng)吸引了眾多學(xué)者的研究興趣.當(dāng)參數(shù)達(dá)到某一臨界值時(shí),PT對(duì)稱(chēng)的非厄米系統(tǒng)將會(huì)發(fā)生相變,這一臨界值稱(chēng)為異常點(diǎn),也稱(chēng)為自發(fā)的PT對(duì)稱(chēng)斷裂點(diǎn)(EP).[1-3]當(dāng)參數(shù)低于異常點(diǎn)時(shí),非厄米哈密頓量的本征值為實(shí)數(shù);當(dāng)高于異常點(diǎn)時(shí),哈密頓量的本征值部分或全部為復(fù)數(shù),這種現(xiàn)象通常被看做是PT對(duì)稱(chēng)性破缺.PT對(duì)稱(chēng)性破缺將導(dǎo)致一系列有趣的現(xiàn)象.例如,人們已經(jīng)在PT對(duì)稱(chēng)結(jié)構(gòu)中觀察到了非相互作用的單光子傳輸[4-10],并預(yù)測(cè)了由于場(chǎng)局域化而引起的非線性相互作用的加強(qiáng).[11-12]PT對(duì)稱(chēng)系統(tǒng)在各個(gè)領(lǐng)域都有潛在的應(yīng)用,如量子計(jì)算、耗散現(xiàn)象、超聲波光學(xué)混沌等.[13-14]另外,耦合腔系統(tǒng)廣泛應(yīng)用于連續(xù)地控制光子傳輸.在無(wú)限長(zhǎng)耦合腔陣列中,可以引入破缺來(lái)構(gòu)建頻率轉(zhuǎn)換器[15]、單光子開(kāi)關(guān)[16-17]和路由器[18].目前,人們已經(jīng)可以實(shí)現(xiàn)兩體耦合腔的實(shí)驗(yàn),例如狀態(tài)傳輸[19]與相干極化[20].
本文研究了PT對(duì)稱(chēng)的兩體耦合腔系統(tǒng),該體系由對(duì)稱(chēng)的光場(chǎng)增益和耗散的兩腔組成,并且兩腔之間具有線性耦合,構(gòu)成了耦合腔陣列.分析了該體系的PT相變以及PT對(duì)稱(chēng)相和對(duì)稱(chēng)破缺相中的單光子傳輸特點(diǎn).
研究系統(tǒng)是一個(gè)有PT對(duì)稱(chēng)性的兩體耦合腔陣列,2個(gè)單模腔(A和B)中分別有光場(chǎng)的耗散(腔A)和增益(腔B),并且增益腔與耗散腔之間發(fā)生線性耦合,如圖1所示.
A腔有光場(chǎng)的耗散;B腔有光場(chǎng)的增益
對(duì)于這個(gè)兩體耦合腔系統(tǒng),令?=1,體系的哈密頓量可寫(xiě)為
(1)
其中:a1,a2(a1+,a2+)分別是耗散腔A與增益腔B的光場(chǎng)湮滅(產(chǎn)生)算符;ω1,ω2分別是兩腔的諧振頻率;J是兩腔之間的線性耦合系數(shù),其大小可以通過(guò)改變?cè)鲆媲慌c耗散腔之間的距離來(lái)調(diào)節(jié);γ1(γ1>0)是A腔的光子數(shù)耗散率;γ2(γ2>0)是B腔的光子數(shù)增益率.在研究體系PT相變的過(guò)程中,考慮兩腔的諧振頻率相同(ω1=ω2=ω)和光子數(shù)的增益率與耗散率相同(γ1=γ2=γ)的情況下,此時(shí)哈密頓量滿(mǎn)足PT對(duì)稱(chēng)性即[H1,PT]=0.這里P表示空間對(duì)稱(chēng)算符1?2,T表示時(shí)間反演算符it?-it[1].
其中N±是正交歸一化常數(shù),為了方便我們把|E±〉寫(xiě)作兩分量向量,并且
a:E±的實(shí)部隨J/γ變化規(guī)律; b:E±的虛部隨J/γ的變化規(guī)律;c:|a±|隨J/γ的變化規(guī)律圖2 兩體耦合腔的透射率
E±的實(shí)部和虛部隨J/γ的變化規(guī)律及分量的相對(duì)幾率幅絕對(duì)值隨J/γ的變化規(guī)律見(jiàn)圖2(ω=5γ,γ=1).由圖2可以看出,系統(tǒng)的本征值是對(duì)稱(chēng)分布的.在PT對(duì)稱(chēng)相中,增益的光子快速地從增益腔轉(zhuǎn)移到耗散腔,光子在增益腔和耗散腔中對(duì)稱(chēng)分布;當(dāng)J=γ時(shí)系統(tǒng)發(fā)生PT相變,在PT對(duì)稱(chēng)性破缺相中,增益的光子也是從增益腔轉(zhuǎn)移到耗散腔,足夠長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間過(guò)后,光子局域化在耗散腔中.
(2)
(3)
研究單光子在PT對(duì)稱(chēng)相中的傳輸行為.此時(shí)J>γ,首先考慮初始時(shí)刻單光子在耗散腔中的情況,即α(0)=1,β(0)=0.通過(guò)計(jì)算獲得光子分別在兩腔中的概率幅為:
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
a:初始時(shí)刻光子在耗散腔中;b:初始時(shí)刻光子在增益腔中
單光子在PT對(duì)稱(chēng)性破缺相中傳輸,J<γ.首先考慮初始時(shí)刻單光子處于耗散腔,即α(0)=1,β(0)=0,通過(guò)計(jì)算可以明確獲得光子在兩腔中的概率幅為
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
單光子在兩體耦合腔系統(tǒng)PT對(duì)稱(chēng)性破缺相中傳輸?shù)母怕嗜鐖D4(ω=10γ,J=0.5γ,γ=1)所示,分別給出初始時(shí)刻單光子處于耗散腔和增益腔.圖4中所展示的動(dòng)力學(xué)性質(zhì)與上面PT對(duì)稱(chēng)相的情況截然不同.但是,同樣在PT對(duì)稱(chēng)性破缺相中也可以觀察到單向性的現(xiàn)象.如圖4a,當(dāng)單光子初始時(shí)刻處于耗散腔,光子將首先經(jīng)歷耗散,然后在增益腔內(nèi)的增益將補(bǔ)償耗散,隨著時(shí)間的推移,光子處于增益腔內(nèi)的幾率將增大,而在耗散腔中光子的幾率先減小之后也將增大.圖4b是初始時(shí)刻單光子處于增益腔中的情況.在這種情況下,增益效應(yīng)隨著時(shí)間逐漸展現(xiàn)出來(lái),并且在所有腔里找到光子的可能性是隨時(shí)間單調(diào)遞增的,但是在增益腔中增加的更快.所以在PT對(duì)稱(chēng)性破缺相中也表現(xiàn)出了單光子傳輸?shù)膯蜗蛐?
a:初始時(shí)刻光子在耗散腔中; b:初始時(shí)刻光子在增益腔中
研究了有對(duì)稱(chēng)增益和耗散的兩體耦合腔陣列的PT相變.在PT對(duì)稱(chēng)相中所有的本征值都是實(shí)數(shù),對(duì)應(yīng)的本征態(tài)在增益腔和耗散腔中對(duì)稱(chēng)分布;在PT對(duì)稱(chēng)性破缺相中本征值出現(xiàn)復(fù)數(shù),并且出現(xiàn)場(chǎng)局域化現(xiàn)象.隨著PT對(duì)稱(chēng)相變的出現(xiàn),單光子在兩相中的傳輸行為也存在差異.結(jié)果表明:當(dāng)光子由PT對(duì)稱(chēng)相向PT對(duì)稱(chēng)性破缺相傳輸時(shí),周期性的動(dòng)力學(xué)性質(zhì)被破壞,但是光子在兩相中的傳輸都具有單向性.這些研究方法可以推廣到具有PT對(duì)稱(chēng)的三體耦合腔陣列,以及多體耦合腔陣列體系.對(duì)日后基于耦合腔陣列的光學(xué)設(shè)備的研究有一定的幫助.
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