吳俊峰
得到他人幫助時真摯的感謝、說錯話做錯事時真誠的道歉是人與人交往中最常見的互動方式。真誠得體的感謝或道歉可以彰顯個人的人格魅力,促進社會的和諧發(fā)展。
一個懂得感謝的人,一定是一個虛懷若谷的人?!癘ur favored attitude should be gratitude.”學(xué)會感謝可以溫暖人的心靈,使生活中充滿更多的歡樂與幸福。一個懂得道歉的人,一定是一個心地澄明的人。學(xué)會道歉,不僅是一種積極的人生態(tài)度,更是一種做人的至高境界。“Its never too late to apologize.”誠懇而及時的道歉能使人們得到更多的善意與寬容。然而道歉若缺乏誠意,往往會引發(fā)信任危機。
無論是對親朋好友,還是素不相識的陌生人,我們的感謝或道歉都要真誠,用真誠的心去換取他人的真誠。學(xué)會感謝與道歉是學(xué)生發(fā)展核心素養(yǎng)中“誠信友善,健全人格,積極交往,有效互動,建立和維持良好的人際關(guān)系”的重要體現(xiàn)。
一、感謝或道歉信的文體特點
感謝信是用于致謝他人的饋贈、款待、幫助的函件。可以分為正式感謝信和非正式感謝信兩種。前者行文得體、語氣禮貌謙恭、用詞正式正規(guī);后者語氣則更加親切熱情。感謝信的主要特點有:感謝對象要確指,表述事實要具體,感情色彩要鮮明。
道歉信語言要誠摯,解釋的理由要真實。道歉語應(yīng)當文明而規(guī)范,道歉應(yīng)當大方而及時。書寫道歉信的基本原則是真誠。從內(nèi)心深處去道歉,不僅能打動對方,取得對方的諒解,還會增進彼此的感情。
二、感謝或道歉信的內(nèi)容結(jié)構(gòu)
三、感謝或道歉信的寫作要領(lǐng)
1. 內(nèi)容真實,評譽恰當
感謝信的內(nèi)容必須真實,不可夸大溢美。感謝信以感謝為主,兼有表揚,評譽對方時要恰當,不能過于拔高,以免給人留下失真的印象。例如因腿傷得到恢復(fù),向康復(fù)中心工作人員的感謝信片段:
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to everyone of you for your patience,professional attitude and genuine concern. It was you who helped me believe in myself and gave me assurance that I could walk again. I will never forget each word you have said to me and the things you have done for me. Forgive me for the times I lashed out at you in frustration, and thank you for understanding me and remaining firm with me. Please never change the beautiful way you work with people. Your help really meant a lot to me. (對于你們每個人的耐心、專業(yè)精神和關(guān)心我表示深深的感謝。是你們使我相信自己能夠站著走路。你們說的每一句話、做過的每一件事我都不會忘記。請原諒我在受挫時對你們大發(fā)脾氣,謝謝你們的理解和對我的嚴格要求。永遠不要改變你們在工作上待人處事的美好方式。你們的幫助對于我而言有著非常重要的意義。)
此段表達感情真摯,措辭得體。語言樸實,如“I will never forget ...”,“Forgive me for ...”, “thank you for ...”。措辭中肯,如“l(fā)ash out at ...”,“never change the beautiful way ...”,“Your help really meant a lot to ...”,字里行間洋溢著感激之情。
2. 用語適度,敘事精練
感謝信的用語要求是精練、簡潔,詳略得當,篇幅不能太長,正所謂話不在多,點到為止。遣詞造句要把握好一個度,不可過分雕飾,否則會給人一種虛偽的感覺。例如因在美國期間受到房東夫婦的熱心幫助,回國后給房東夫婦寫的感謝信片段:
I am now back to China safe and sound. In this letter I would like to convey my heartfelt thanks to you and your lovely children for your kindness and hospitality during my stay in New York. Your generous help and tender care made me feel warmly welcome and made sure that my first American trip will forever be a beautiful memory. (我現(xiàn)在平安地回到了中國。通過這封信,我謹向您二位和你們可愛的孩子們表示衷心的感謝,感謝你們對我在紐約期間的盛情款待。你們慷慨的幫助和溫情的關(guān)懷使我此行備感愉悅,而我的第一次美國之旅也因此將永遠是美好的回憶。)
此段感激之情的表達簡潔而清楚,詞微旨遠,禮貌謙恭,結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。語義連貫的感謝信傳遞著快樂幸福,讓收信人讀起來賞心悅目。
3. 開門見山,直奔主題
一開始就要讓收信人知道這是一封道歉信,好讓他在往下讀之前做好心理準備。不能讓讀道歉信的人一頭霧水,搞不清寫信人的目的所在。
常見的道歉信的開頭(Opening of an apology letter)有:
(1) I am writing to apologize for ... 我寫信的目的是就……向你道歉
(2) I am terribly sorry, but ... 我非常抱歉,但是……
(3) Thank you for ..., but I am sorry to say that… 謝謝您……但是我很遺憾地說……
(4) I regret to inform you that I am unable to do ... 很遺憾地通知您我不能……
4. 陳述錯誤,尊重事實
在道歉信中應(yīng)講明你為何道歉以及犯了什么錯,事情的描述應(yīng)翔實和準確。如果能將所犯錯誤完整地表達出來,受道歉者會明白你已經(jīng)意識到自己的過錯。
例如,2017年4月美國聯(lián)合航空(United Airlines)一班由芝加哥飛往路易斯威爾的國內(nèi)航班,因超額訂票(飛機座位被超額預(yù)訂)而將一名不愿意下機的乘客強行拖走。超額預(yù)訂并不是非法的,給重新安置的改簽乘客相應(yīng)的補償,這種做法對旅客和航空公司都有益,在美國民航界司空見慣。根據(jù)美國運輸部門的規(guī)定,航空公司應(yīng)盡量在要求乘客放棄自己的座位時,不要惹惱乘客。所以這種硬把旅客拖下飛機的做法有點極端。在此事件中,美聯(lián)航的首席執(zhí)行官奧斯卡·穆諾斯(Oscar Munoz)發(fā)表了道歉,但他的道歉信引起了公眾很大的不滿。“This is an upsetting event to all of us here. I apologize for having to re-accommodate these customers. ”(這對所有美聯(lián)航的同事來說都是一個難過的事件。我們對不得不重新安排的乘客們表示歉意。)此處,用“難過”(upsetting)這樣程度比較輕的詞語表達遺憾之情,以及用“重新安排”(re-accommodate)這樣的委婉說法來指代乘客被驅(qū)趕的事實,這種例行公事、敷衍了事的道歉表達,只能使人際關(guān)系惡化、事情更加復(fù)雜。
因此網(wǎng)友建議把 “having to”改成“choosing to”,“having to”是“不得不”的意思,體現(xiàn)了航空公司的無奈,但改成“choosing to”,體現(xiàn)了這種不當行為并不是“無奈之舉”,而是“主動選擇”,要勇于承認錯誤。另外建議把 “re-accommodate”改成 “assault”,“re-accommodate”是一個很友好的詞,有美化自己的意圖,而“assault”是“襲擊、攻擊”的意思,因此改為“I apologize for the assault these customers have suffered at the hands of the airline staff.”(我為這些顧客遭受到航空公司職員的人身攻擊而道歉。)就會顯得尊重事實。當然,這些只是當事人或者網(wǎng)友的一廂情愿,航空公司未必愿意坦誠面對自己的錯誤。
5.承認傷害,敢于擔(dān)當
承認自己已對他人造成傷害,自己也意識到傷害之深,并強調(diào)自己并非有意為之。
例如:伊利諾伊大學(xué)教授Jennifer Robbennolt做了一項研究,讓被試者面對假想的情形——一個騎自行車的人在路上撞傷了一個步行的人。然后給被試者提供兩種騎自行車的人的道歉方式,讓他們判斷作為受傷的一方會不會接受道歉。第一種道歉的方式是:“Im really sorry for hurting you. The accident was entirely my fault, for I rode too fast to properly pay attention to the situation on the road.”(我真的很抱歉讓你受傷了。這次事故完全是我的責(zé)任,是我騎得太快了,沒有仔細看路。)第二種道歉的方式是:“Im sorry to have hurt you, and I sincerely hope you can get better soon.”(很抱歉讓你受傷了,我真心希望你能很快好起來。)結(jié)果是,73%的人都覺得第一種道歉可以接受,因為它充分表露出了悔恨和遺憾,并且勇于將責(zé)任歸在自己身上;而只有35%的人認為第二種道歉會被接受,大部分人覺得這樣的道歉顯得不夠真誠。
6. 提供方案,付諸行動
為了讓道歉更真誠,還需要為以后可能出現(xiàn)的問題提出解決思路,負起相應(yīng)的責(zé)任,拿出切實的行動,不要只是簡單地說句“下不為例”。
例如2016年4月因“婚禮陋習(xí)鬧劇”,韓庚在網(wǎng)上發(fā)布致歉信,不僅表達其歉意,而且誠懇地表示要糾正錯誤:“I appreciate and accept all your criticism of my actions. As a public celebrity, I should have set a good example for society instead of doing the contrary. Therefore, I acknowledge being at fault and I will take full responsibility to rectify my mistakes. ”(我很感激你們的批評和指責(zé)。作為一個公眾人物,我本應(yīng)該為社會樹立一個好榜樣,而不是與社會背道而馳。因此我承認我所有的過錯,并承擔(dān)我的責(zé)任,糾正我的錯誤。)
四、感謝或道歉信的素材積累
【篇首句】
表達感謝之情/道歉之意,并說明原因。
1. 我寫這封信是為了表達我對你所給予的幫助的真誠謝意。
(1) I am writing to extend my sincere gratitude for/ express my deepest thanks for/ show my sincere appreciation for your timely assistance and support.
(2) I would like to convey in this letter my heartfelt thanks to you for your assistance.
2. 我謹代表我全家對你的慷慨表示真誠的感謝。On behalf of my whole family, I would like to extend my sincere gratitude for your generosity.
3. 我真摯地感謝你所做的一切。I want to thank you heartily for what you have done.
【篇中句】
細述并贊賞對方所給予的幫助/解釋出現(xiàn)差錯的原因并提出彌補措施。
1. 是你讓我相信自我和社會的溫暖。It was you who helped me believe in myself and society. (強調(diào)句型)
2. 要不是你的幫助,我不可能獲得成功。But for your assistance /Without your guidance, I wouldnt have achieved a huge success. (虛擬語氣)
3. 約翰對他所做的事情感到很難過,雖然他無法彌補損失,但他說他想在今年秋天為你做院子里的工作來補償你。如果你同意,我認為這對約翰來說是一個很好的教訓(xùn)。 John feels bad about what he did, and although he cannot repair the damage, he says he wants to compensate you by doing yard work for you this fall. If you agree, I think this would be a good lesson for John.
4. 我真的很遺憾,我不能親自去慶祝你的生日,也錯過和老朋友一起享受美好生活的機會。我已經(jīng)為你挑選了一件小禮物,明天會寄給你,以表達我的良好祝愿。 I really regret not being able to celebrate your birthday with you personally and missing the opportunity to spend time with all of our old friends. I have prepared a small gift for you and will send it to you tomorrow to show my best wishes.
5. 彌補損失。cover the relevant cost/ compensate for the loss.
【篇尾句】
再次闡述謝意并表達回報愿望/再次表達歉意并請求原諒。
1. 你的幫助給我和我的家庭帶來重要意義,我?guī)缀蹼y以用言語來表達我誠摯的感謝。再次謝謝!Your help really means a lot to me and my family, and my true gratitude is beyond any words. Thanks again for your generous help!
2. 再怎么感謝都不為過。I cant express too much/ enough gratitude to you for your sacrifice. (“再……也不為過/ 越……越好”的表達can not/never + v. + too +adv. / enough)
3. 是你毫無保留的幫助才使我能夠獲得這個極好的繼續(xù)教育的機會。接下來的兩年我將努力學(xué)習(xí),以優(yōu)異的成績來回報你真誠的幫助和期望。 It is your unreserved help that enables me to obtain this splendid opportunity of further education. For the following two years I will study hard to reciprocate your sincere help and expectations with excellent grades.
4. 我希望你能接受我的歉意,并允許我再一次道歉。I hope you can accept my apologies. Please allow me to say sorry once again.
5. 對于所引起的不便,我再一次表示歉意。Once again, I am sorry for any inconvenience caused.
6. 我對我的行為所造成的問題深表歉意,我希望能努力彌補這一問題。 I deeply apologize for the problems my actions have caused, and I hope I can work to make up for it.
五、感謝或道歉信寫作示范
【優(yōu)秀范文——感謝信】
假如你是某校高三(3)班學(xué)生李越。本學(xué)期就要結(jié)束了,你打算給你的外教David寫封信,主要內(nèi)容包括:1.感謝他的付出; 2. 評價他的教學(xué); 3. 提出新的建議。
注意:1. 詞數(shù)80左右;2. 可以適當增加細節(jié),以使行文連貫。
Dear David,
Im Li Yue, one of your students from Class Three Grade Three. With the semester dropping the curtain, I cant express too much gratitude to you for your dedication and support. Your lively class and humorous teaching style have impressed and inspired us a lot. It is greatly to your credit that you selflessly guide us to navigate our way through adolescence. I sincerely hope that you will give us more insight into English cultures to broaden our horizon, and will continue to carry out new, colorful activities to help us practice speaking English.
Looking forward to seeing you soon.
Yours respectfully,
Li Yue
【優(yōu)秀范文——道歉信】
假定你是李華,你和在上海上學(xué)的英國朋友Tom約好本周末去北京旅游,但你因故不能赴約。請根據(jù)以下要點用英語給他寫一封電子郵件: 1. 表示歉意;2. 解釋原因;3. 另約時間。
注意:1. 詞數(shù)80左右;2. 可以適當增加細節(jié),以使行文連貫。
Dear Tom,
Im really sorry that I cant go on the scheduled trip to Beijing with you this weekend.
Just now, my cousin Li Ming, who went abroad for further education last year, asked me to pick him up at the airport with his parents this weekend. As you know, we havent seen each other for about a year, and Ill have to host him during his stay.
I do hope that you can accept my apologies and understand my situation. I would appreciate it if you allow me to fix another time. Wish you a good time this weekend!
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua