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      西安市二級及以下公立醫(yī)療機構污水處理情況調查

      2018-05-14 15:20高思于燕
      中國衛(wèi)生產(chǎn)業(yè) 2018年22期

      高思 于燕

      [摘要] 目的 了解西安市二級以下醫(yī)療機構污水處理情況、排放衛(wèi)生質量與存在問題。方法 采用問卷方式了解全市13個區(qū)縣198家公立二級及以下醫(yī)療機構(其中二級醫(yī)療機構25家,二級以下醫(yī)療機構174家)污水處理情況的現(xiàn)狀。結果 該市的25家二級醫(yī)療機構中建有污水設備的有22家,占88%,全部可以正常運轉;3家無污水處理設備,12%。該市二級以下醫(yī)療機構173家中,79家醫(yī)療機構對醫(yī)療機構污水進行消毒處理,占46%;94家醫(yī)療機構對醫(yī)療機構污水不處理,占54%,其中59家醫(yī)療機構污水直接排放入地標水體,占63%。198家醫(yī)療機構中,52家醫(yī)療機構對污水處理效果進行監(jiān)測,占26%;其中,23家醫(yī)療機構是由環(huán)保部門進行污水排放的監(jiān)測,占44%,19家醫(yī)療機構最近一次污水處理監(jiān)測結果是合格的,占83%;17家醫(yī)療機構由單位自行監(jiān)測污水排放質量,占33%,最近一次污水處理監(jiān)測結果全部合格,占100%;9家醫(yī)療機構是由有資質的專業(yè)機構進行污水監(jiān)測,占17%,最近一次污水處理監(jiān)測結果全部合格;2家醫(yī)療機構是由環(huán)保部門和有資質的專業(yè)機構共同進行污水監(jiān)測,占3.8%,最近一次污水處理監(jiān)測結果均合格;1家醫(yī)療機構是由環(huán)保部門和單位共同進行污水監(jiān)測,占2%,最近一次污水處理監(jiān)測結果合格。198家醫(yī)療機構中,174家醫(yī)療機構設置有檢驗科,其中10家醫(yī)療機構將檢驗科樣本直接倒入下水道,占5.7%;159家醫(yī)療機構將檢驗樣本按醫(yī)廢消毒處理,占91%。198家醫(yī)療機構中,98家醫(yī)療機構由專人管理污水處理工作,占49%;其中44家醫(yī)療機構管理污水處理的工作人員參加過相關培訓,占45%。結論 西安市二級及以下醫(yī)療機構污水處理仍存在一些問題,醫(yī)療機構對污水處理工作不夠重視,應該加強監(jiān)督監(jiān)測,確保污水質量達標。

      [關鍵詞] 醫(yī)療機構污水;污水處理設備;污水排放質量

      [中圖分類號] R197.32 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 1672-5654(2018)08(a)-0154-03

      [Abstract] Objective To know the sewage treatment, sanitary emission quality and existing issues of medical institutions at the second level or below in Xian. Methods The sewage treatment of 198 medical institutions at the second level or below in 13 counties and regions in the whole city were investigated by the questionnaire (25 medical institutions at the second level, 174 medical institution below the second level. Results Of 25 medical institution at the second level, there were 22 with sewage equipment, accounting for 88%, all could operate normally; 3 without sewage treatment equipment, accounting for 12%, of 173 medical institutions below the second level in our city, 79 medical institutions conducted the disinfection treatment of sewage in the medical institutions, accounting for 46%, 94 medical institutions did not conduct the treatment of sewage in the medical institutions, accounting for 54%, including 59 medical institutions directly emitting the sewage to the landmark water body, accounting for 63%. Of 198 medical institutions, 52 medical institutions conducted the monitoring of the sewage treatment effect, accounting for 26%, the sewage treatment of 23 medical institutions was monitored by the environmental protection department, accounting for 44%, the sewage treatment monitoring results of 19 medical institutions recently was qualified, accounting for 83%; the sewage emission quality was monitored by the unit in 17 medical institutions, accounting for 33%, the sewage treatment monitoring results recently was qualified, accounting for 100%, and the sewage of 9 medical institutions was monitored by the qualified professional institutions, accounting for 17%, and the sewage treatment monitoring results recently were qualified, and the sewage monitoring of 2 medical institutions was conducted by the environmental protection department and qualified professional institutions, accounting for 3.8%, and the sewage treatment monitoring results recently were qualified, and the sewage monitoring of 1 medical institution was conducted by the environmental protection department and unit, accounting for 2%, and the sewage treatment and monitoring results recently were qualified, of 198 cases of medical institutions, 174 medical institutions were equipped with the department of clinical laboratory, including 10 medical institutions directly pouring the samples in the department of clinical laboratory into the sewer, accounting for 5.7%; 159 medical institutions giving the test samples the disinfection treatment as the medical waste, accounting for 91%. Of 198 medical institutions, the sewage treatment work was managed by the specially-assigned persons in 98 medical institutions, accounting for 49%; the working staff of managing the sewage treatment of 44 medical institutions participated in the related training, accounting for 45%. Conclusion There are some problems in the sewage treatment in the medical institution at the second level and below in our city, and the medical institutions do not pay enough attention to the sewage treatment work, instead, they should enhance the supervision and monitoring and ensure the sewage quality to reach the standards.

      [Key words] Sewage in the medical institution; Sewage treatment equipment; Sewage emission quality

      醫(yī)療機構的污水是一種特殊的污水,含有很多病毒、病菌和有毒、有害物質,具有極大的危害性,如果不進行消毒處理直接排放,就會成為病原菌擴散的重要途徑,嚴重污染環(huán)境,甚至引起多種傳染性疾病的發(fā)生和流行,嚴重危害人民群眾的身體健康。為了解該市二級及以下醫(yī)療機構污水處理情況,2017年6—9月對西安市13個區(qū)縣的198家二級及以下醫(yī)療機構的污水排放量、污水處理進行調查。

      1 對象與方法

      1.1 研究對象

      西安市13個區(qū)縣198家二級及以下醫(yī)療機構,其中二級醫(yī)療機構25家,二級以下醫(yī)療機構173家。

      1.2 方法

      問卷調查法:向13個區(qū)縣衛(wèi)計局發(fā)放設計好的調查表和填表要求,由區(qū)縣衛(wèi)計局向轄區(qū)醫(yī)療機構發(fā)放和收集調查表。

      2 結果

      2.1 污水處理情況

      25家公立二級醫(yī)療機構中,24家醫(yī)療機構對污水進行消毒處理,占96%;1家醫(yī)療機構對污水不處理。173家二級以下(包括未定級)醫(yī)療機構中,79家醫(yī)療機構對污水進行消毒處理,占46%;94家醫(yī)療機構對污水不處理,其中59家醫(yī)療機構污水直接排入地表水,占62.8%。

      2.2 污水處理設備建有情況

      25家公立二級醫(yī)療機構中,建有污水設備的有22家,占88%;3家無污水處理設備,12%。173家二級(包括未定級)以下公立醫(yī)療機構中,建有污水處理站的有30家,占17%。

      2.3 污水設備運轉情況

      建有污水處理設備的22家二級公立醫(yī)療機構,全部可以正常運轉,占100%;建有污水處理設備的30家二級(包括未定級)以下公立醫(yī)療機構中,可以正常運轉的有26家,占87%。

      2.4 污水處理方式

      建有污水處理設備的52家污水處理設備的醫(yī)療機構中,19家醫(yī)療機構污水處理設備屬于一級污水處理設備設施;15家醫(yī)療機構污水處理設備屬于二級污水處理設備設施;8家醫(yī)療機構污水處理設備屬于簡易生化處理;10家醫(yī)療機構污水處理設備是簡易污水消毒池。

      2.5 醫(yī)院污水處理監(jiān)測結果

      198家醫(yī)療機構中,52家醫(yī)療機構對污水處理效果進行監(jiān)測,占26%;其中,23家醫(yī)療機構是由環(huán)保部門進行污水排放的監(jiān)測,占44%,19家醫(yī)療機構最近一次污水處理監(jiān)測結果是合格的,占83%;17家醫(yī)療機構由單位自行監(jiān)測污水排放質量,占33%,最近一次污水處理監(jiān)測結果全部合格,占100%;9家醫(yī)療機構是由有資質的專業(yè)機構進行污水監(jiān)測,占17%,最近一次污水處理監(jiān)測結果全部合格;2家醫(yī)療機構是由環(huán)保部門和有資質的專業(yè)機構共同進行污水監(jiān)測,占3.8%,最近一次污水處理監(jiān)測結果均合格;1家醫(yī)療機構是由環(huán)保部門和單位共同進行污水監(jiān)測,占2%,最近一次污水處理監(jiān)測結果合格。

      2.6 醫(yī)療機構對檢驗科污水處理情況

      198家醫(yī)療機構中,198家醫(yī)療機構中,174家醫(yī)療機構設置有檢驗科,其中10家醫(yī)療機構將檢驗科樣本直接倒入下水道,占5.7%;159家醫(yī)療機構將檢驗樣本按醫(yī)廢消毒處理,占91%。

      2.7 醫(yī)療機構污水處理管理工作

      198家醫(yī)療機構中,98家醫(yī)療機構由專人管理污水處理工作,占49%;其中44家醫(yī)療機構管理污水處理的工作人員參加過相關培訓,占45%。

      3 討論

      根據(jù)國家環(huán)保總局和國家質量監(jiān)督檢驗檢疫總局發(fā)布的《醫(yī)療機構水污染排放標準》(GB 18466-2005),凡從事疾病診斷、治療活動的醫(yī)院、衛(wèi)生院、療養(yǎng)院、門診部、診所、衛(wèi)生急救站等都是醫(yī)療機構;而從醫(yī)療機構門診、病房、手術室、各類檢驗室、病例解剖室、放射室、洗衣房、太平間等處排除的診療、生活及糞便污水都是醫(yī)療機構的污水。為防止病原微生物二次污染,不同的醫(yī)療機構需要遵循不同的排放標準。本次調查顯示,西安市二級及以下醫(yī)療機構的污水排放還存在很多問題,醫(yī)療機構對醫(yī)療污水處理工作不夠重視,尤其是二級以下醫(yī)療機構,大部分醫(yī)療機構對醫(yī)療污水不進行處理,直接排放;且二級及以下醫(yī)療機構對污水處理的監(jiān)測也不夠,不能確保消毒后的污水能否達標排放。因此,建議監(jiān)管部門和監(jiān)測部門加大監(jiān)督檢測力度,尤其是二級及以下醫(yī)療機構醫(yī)療污水排放情況,按照《醫(yī)療機構污水污染物排放標準》(GB 18466-2005)要求,對污水排放不合格的醫(yī)療機構進行定期、不定期的監(jiān)測,落實污水消毒處理措施,確保達標排放。

      [參考文獻]

      [1] GB 18466-2005醫(yī)療機構水污染物排放標準.

      [2] 李美卉,馬玉梅,何學元.玉溪市中心城區(qū)醫(yī)療機構污水處理情況調查.職業(yè)與健康,2009,25(24):2786-2787.

      [3] 韓佳音,黃仙鐘,黃志堅,等.2007年廣州市13所三級醫(yī)院污水處理方式調查.華南預防醫(yī)學,2008,34(3):79-80.

      [4] 吳家洪,林文禧,黃亞太,等.醫(yī)療機構污水處理現(xiàn)狀調查.環(huán)境與健康雜志,2000,17(4):237.

      [5] 中華人民共和國衛(wèi)生部.消毒管理辦法[S].北京:中華人民共和國衛(wèi)生部,2002.

      (收稿日期:2018-05-07)

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