那延立,張城碩,張佳林*
(1.中一東北國(guó)際醫(yī)院普通外一科,遼寧 沈陽(yáng) 110623;2.中國(guó)醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院肝膽外科暨器官移植科)
原發(fā)性肝癌是我國(guó)最常見(jiàn)的消化系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤之一,2015年我國(guó)肝癌新發(fā)病例及死亡病例分別估計(jì)為46.6萬(wàn)人和42.2萬(wàn)人,位列全部惡性腫瘤第四位和第三位[1]。在原發(fā)性肝癌中,近91.5%為肝細(xì)胞癌,因此,不斷深入研究并發(fā)現(xiàn)肝細(xì)胞癌重要的分子標(biāo)志物及關(guān)鍵生物治療靶點(diǎn),對(duì)于提高肝細(xì)胞癌綜合療效具有重要的臨床意義。肝細(xì)胞癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展是由于基因變異及其表觀遺傳改變共同導(dǎo)致的異質(zhì)性疾?。?]?;蛲蛔儭⑥D(zhuǎn)位、缺失以及異常擴(kuò)增等基因變異已被廣泛證實(shí)可引起腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展[3]。而表觀遺傳作為一個(gè)關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)在腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展以及相應(yīng)的細(xì)胞功能上發(fā)揮著重要作用。
微小核糖核酸(microRNAs,miRNAs)是一類(lèi)長(zhǎng)度約為19~23個(gè)核苷酸的非編碼小分子RNA,由具有發(fā)夾結(jié)構(gòu)、約70~90個(gè)堿基大小的單鏈RNA前體經(jīng)過(guò)Dicer酶加工生成,主要通過(guò)與 靶 基 因 mRNA 3′非 翻 譯 區(qū)(3′untranslated region,3′UTR)的完全或不完全配對(duì),引起mRNA降解或翻譯抑制,在轉(zhuǎn)錄后水平調(diào)節(jié)基因的表達(dá),從而在功能上通過(guò)調(diào)控下游基因的表達(dá)來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞的生物學(xué)功能。人類(lèi)基因中3%的基因可編碼miRNAs,已有超過(guò)1 500種miRNAs被預(yù)測(cè)或證實(shí)在細(xì)胞功能中發(fā)揮作用[4-5]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)miRNAs在細(xì)胞增殖、分化、轉(zhuǎn)移、凋亡、免疫調(diào)節(jié)及腫瘤發(fā)生等方面起著重要作用[6]。Morishita等[7]的研究證實(shí)miRNAs可能成為肝細(xì)胞癌的生物標(biāo)志物。本文擬對(duì)近些年幾種常見(jiàn)miRNAs在肝細(xì)胞癌中的作用進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)要綜述,以期為今后相關(guān)研究提供經(jīng)驗(yàn)借鑒與創(chuàng)新思路。
miR-122是一個(gè)含有22個(gè)核苷酸的非編碼RNA,其在肝臟組織中特異性表達(dá),且占到肝臟miRNAs總量的70%[8]。Chang等[9]通過(guò)動(dòng)態(tài)觀察小鼠肝臟,發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-122在肝臟發(fā)育過(guò)程中特異性表達(dá),該研究說(shuō)明miR-122參與肝臟發(fā)育的變化過(guò)程。Deng等[10]研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)適當(dāng)增加miR-122的表達(dá)可通過(guò)miR-122-FoxA1-HNF4a正反饋通路調(diào)節(jié)增殖與分化之間的平衡,促進(jìn)肝臟細(xì)胞的分化與成熟。此外,miR-122在肝細(xì)胞癌中也發(fā)揮重要作用:研究發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-122在肝細(xì)胞癌組織和細(xì)胞中表達(dá)下降,其表達(dá)水平與腫瘤大小、血管浸潤(rùn)程度及腫瘤AJCC分期密切相關(guān)。低表達(dá)miR-122的肝細(xì)胞癌患者其腫瘤更易復(fù)發(fā),總生存時(shí)間更短。體外相關(guān)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)過(guò)表達(dá)miR-122 可 通 過(guò) 抑 制 ZEB1/2、Snail1/2、N-cadherin、Vimentin和E-cadherin等蛋白調(diào)控上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)以及通過(guò)抑制Wnt/β-catenin通路影響肝細(xì)胞癌的生物學(xué)行為[11-12]。也有研究通過(guò)生物信息學(xué)軟件預(yù)測(cè),發(fā)現(xiàn)2個(gè)與肝臟腫瘤發(fā)生密切相關(guān)的miR-122靶基因cyclin G1基因和N-myc基因[13-14]。有研究利用TAT轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)肽表面修飾的MS2噬菌體病毒樣顆粒(bacteriophage virus-like particles,VLPs)作為遞送載體,將其攜帶的miR-122運(yùn)送到肝細(xì)胞癌細(xì)胞內(nèi),該載體攜帶的miR-122可明顯地在體外抑制肝細(xì)胞癌細(xì)胞的增殖、侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移,促進(jìn)細(xì)胞的凋亡,明顯降低腫瘤在體內(nèi)的形成[15]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),miR-122通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)cyclin G1影響p53蛋白的穩(wěn)定性和轉(zhuǎn)錄活性,降低肝細(xì)胞癌細(xì)胞的侵襲力,同時(shí)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在肝細(xì)胞癌切除患者中,miR-122水平下降與患者復(fù)發(fā)期短相關(guān)[16]。綜上所述,miR-122與肝細(xì)胞癌的發(fā)生密切相關(guān),其可能作為肝細(xì)胞癌治療靶點(diǎn),在未來(lái)的肝細(xì)胞癌治療中發(fā)揮作用。
miR-101是一個(gè)抑癌基因,miR-101在肝細(xì)胞癌組織及細(xì)胞中表達(dá)下降,其可通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)下游靶基因發(fā)揮抗腫瘤作用。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)抗凋亡BCL-2家族中MCL-1為miR-101靶基因[17]。Cao等[18]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-101通過(guò)靶基因Girdin抑制肝細(xì)胞癌增殖、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移等生物學(xué)行為。Sheng等[19]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)乙肝病毒通過(guò)抑制miR-101啟動(dòng)子活性而降低miR-101表達(dá),下調(diào)miR-101可通過(guò)其靶基因Rab5a的異?;罨龠M(jìn)肝細(xì)胞癌的增殖和轉(zhuǎn)移。此外,Wei等[20]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)與正常癌旁組織相比,miR-101在乙肝病毒相關(guān)性肝細(xì)胞癌組織中表達(dá)下降,其在肝細(xì)胞癌的表達(dá)情況與DNMT3A呈負(fù)相關(guān),在肝細(xì)胞癌發(fā)生過(guò)程中,下調(diào)miR-101可增加DNMT3A的表達(dá),誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞異常甲基化。Xu等[21]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-101通過(guò)直接作用于EZH2抑制肝細(xì)胞癌細(xì)胞的進(jìn)展,并增加細(xì)胞對(duì)化療藥物的敏感性。Shen等[22]研究則證實(shí)miR-101通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)異常表達(dá)的NLK活性而發(fā)揮抑癌作用。有報(bào)道稱(chēng)自噬可以促進(jìn)病毒復(fù)制,而miR-101可以通過(guò)抑制自噬來(lái)抑制病毒的復(fù)制。Xu等[23]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-101在肝細(xì)胞癌HepG2細(xì)胞中可以通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)RAB5A、STMN和ATG4D等基因表達(dá)抑制細(xì)胞自噬。Li等[24]利用TCGA數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)對(duì)353例肝細(xì)胞癌患者miR-101表達(dá)水平進(jìn)行分析,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤組織中miR-101低表達(dá)可作為肝細(xì)胞癌診斷和預(yù)后評(píng)估的重要標(biāo)志物,其低表達(dá)與腫瘤分化差、分期晚、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移及AFP值高密切相關(guān)。綜上所述,目前研究發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-101不但可以作為監(jiān)測(cè)肝細(xì)胞癌進(jìn)展的分子標(biāo)記物,還可作為肝細(xì)胞癌潛在預(yù)后評(píng)估及靶向治療的作用位點(diǎn)。
miR-124是一種在腦組織中豐富表達(dá)的miRNAs,其在原腸胚形成及神經(jīng)發(fā)育過(guò)程中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用[25]。在肝細(xì)胞癌中,F(xiàn)uruta等[26]研究首次證實(shí)miR-124為抑癌miRNAs,其在肝細(xì)胞癌形成過(guò)程中表達(dá)沉默。Xu等[27]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-124在肝細(xì)胞癌組織和細(xì)胞中表達(dá)下降,降低肝細(xì)胞癌細(xì)胞miR-124的表達(dá)可以促進(jìn)其啟動(dòng)子甲基化;過(guò)表達(dá)miR-124可以抑制細(xì)胞體內(nèi)外增殖,其可通過(guò)抑制靶基因CASC3進(jìn)而抑制MAPK通路來(lái)影響腫瘤的生物學(xué)行為。Zheng等[28]研究證實(shí)過(guò)表達(dá)miR-124可以通過(guò)調(diào)控EMT及靶基因ROCK2和EZH2抑制肝細(xì)胞癌細(xì)胞在體外的遷移和侵襲能力,在體內(nèi)可以抑制腫瘤的肝內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)移及肺轉(zhuǎn)移,該結(jié)果說(shuō)明miR-124可抑制肝細(xì)胞癌細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)移。進(jìn)一步研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-124在肝細(xì)胞癌組織及細(xì)胞中表達(dá)均下降,miR-124表達(dá)降低往往與肝細(xì)胞癌患者病情進(jìn)展快及預(yù)后差密切相關(guān)。Wu等[29]研究指出miR-124在肝細(xì)胞癌中低表達(dá),其可通過(guò)下游靶基因KLF4的激活來(lái)影響腫瘤進(jìn)展。Lang等[30]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-124通過(guò)抑制靶基因PIK3CA的表達(dá)進(jìn)而抑制腫瘤形成。Lu等[31]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-124在肝細(xì)胞癌中通過(guò)靶向抑制STAT3的表達(dá)進(jìn)而發(fā)揮抑癌基因作用。以上結(jié)果表明miR-124通過(guò)與靶基因結(jié)合從而抑制肝細(xì)胞癌的發(fā)生與發(fā)展,miR-124在調(diào)節(jié)肝細(xì)胞癌侵襲及轉(zhuǎn)移等分子機(jī)制中發(fā)揮重要作用,可作為評(píng)價(jià)預(yù)后及分子治療的關(guān)鍵miRNAs。
let-7家族共含有13個(gè)成員,位于人類(lèi)9號(hào)染色體中,其首先在秀麗隱桿線蟲(chóng)中被發(fā)現(xiàn),且其功能在人和蠕蟲(chóng)中相對(duì)保守[32]。最近,很多研究確認(rèn)let-7在肝細(xì)胞形成過(guò)程中發(fā)揮重要作用。Zhu等[33]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)let-7在肝細(xì)胞癌組織中表達(dá)下降,其低表達(dá)與組織低分化密切相關(guān)。Xue等[34]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)增加let-7表達(dá)可通過(guò)調(diào)控靶基因STAT3增加肝細(xì)胞癌細(xì)胞對(duì)化療藥物的敏感性。Shimizu等[35]通過(guò)芯片分析發(fā)現(xiàn)let-7負(fù)性調(diào)節(jié)Bcl-xL基因的表達(dá)并可通過(guò)靶向干擾Mcl-1基因表達(dá)誘導(dǎo)肝細(xì)胞癌細(xì)胞凋亡。也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)let-7g可通過(guò)COL1A2進(jìn)而抑制肝細(xì)胞癌的轉(zhuǎn)移[36],let-7含有的包括DNA復(fù)制、凋亡及細(xì)胞分化等功能產(chǎn)生一種綜合的抑制肝細(xì)胞癌進(jìn)展的效應(yīng)。因此,在let-7缺失的肝細(xì)胞癌細(xì)胞中增加let-7的表達(dá)是未來(lái)肝細(xì)胞癌治療的一種可行方式。
Li等[37]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)血清miR-221的表達(dá)水平與腫瘤大小、肝硬化程度及腫瘤分期密切相關(guān);Kaplan-Meier生存分析發(fā)現(xiàn)高miR-221表達(dá)組的總體生存時(shí)間明顯低于低miR-221表達(dá)組,說(shuō)明肝細(xì)胞癌患者血清miR-221表達(dá)水平可為預(yù)后評(píng)估提供一種手段。miR-221在腫瘤發(fā)生中的促進(jìn)作用可能是由于miR-221可靶向干擾某些抑癌基因。miR-221是高侵襲性肝細(xì)胞癌中主要上調(diào)的miRNAs之一,miR-221可靶向調(diào)控抑癌基因CDKN1C/p57、 CDKN1B/p27、 PTEN、DDIT4 和Caspase-3等表達(dá)[38-40]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在移植肝細(xì)胞癌小鼠模型中抑制miR-221的表達(dá)可改善小鼠生存,說(shuō)明該靶點(diǎn)可能改善進(jìn)展期肝細(xì)胞癌患者的預(yù)后[41]。最近有研究利用轉(zhuǎn)鐵蛋白標(biāo)記的負(fù)電荷脂質(zhì)體給藥系統(tǒng)將反義寡核苷酸antimiR-221轉(zhuǎn)入肝細(xì)胞癌細(xì)胞中,其可更加有效地抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞內(nèi)miR-221的水平,增加PTEN等抑癌基因的表達(dá)[42]。鑒于此,使用miR-221抑制劑或許可以成為將來(lái)治療肝細(xì)胞癌的有效手段之一。
miR-21的異常表達(dá)是通過(guò)人膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤miRNAs芯片篩查首次發(fā)現(xiàn)的[43]。與腫瘤癌旁組織及正常細(xì)胞系相比,miR-21在肝細(xì)胞癌組織及肝細(xì)胞癌細(xì)胞系中表達(dá)上調(diào)[44]。Meng等[45]通過(guò)miRNAs芯片也發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-21在肝細(xì)胞癌組織及細(xì)胞系中過(guò)表達(dá)。miR-21的表達(dá)上調(diào)與腫瘤增殖、遷移及浸潤(rùn)能力密切相關(guān),上調(diào)miR-21可能導(dǎo)致抗腫瘤蛋白表達(dá)的降低,最終促進(jìn)肝細(xì)胞癌的發(fā)生;抑制miR-21在肝細(xì)胞癌中的表達(dá)可增加抑癌基因PTEN、PDCD4等表達(dá),抑制細(xì)胞增殖、遷移及浸潤(rùn)能力[46]。在人類(lèi)及鼠肝細(xì)胞癌細(xì)胞系中,特異性沉默miR-21的核苷酸類(lèi)似物可降低肝細(xì)胞癌細(xì)胞的增殖及克隆形成能力[47]。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)意味著沉默miR-21的核苷酸類(lèi)似物可作為肝細(xì)胞癌大有前景的治療途徑。
近年來(lái),外泌體miRNAs日益成為最受關(guān)注的一類(lèi)可能作為腫瘤診斷、預(yù)后評(píng)估及靶向精準(zhǔn)治療的生物分子,這是由于脂質(zhì)的包裹作用使得外泌體不易被RNA酶降解從而能穩(wěn)定存在于細(xì)胞外液中,但目前相關(guān)研究尚處在起步階段,其轉(zhuǎn)化價(jià)值尚需時(shí)日加以評(píng)估。此外,雖然部分miRNAs已發(fā)展為肝細(xì)胞癌等疾病潛在的重要分子標(biāo)志物與治療靶點(diǎn)[6,16],但目前的研究大多局限于尋找肝細(xì)胞癌組織與正常組織中差異表達(dá)的miRNAs,進(jìn)而研究其功能,卻往往忽視了探尋導(dǎo)致這些miRNAs異常表達(dá)的原因。如果能更進(jìn)一步闡明肝細(xì)胞癌中miRNAs變化的具體機(jī)制,將其作為靶點(diǎn)來(lái)逆轉(zhuǎn),那么可能將會(huì)為肝細(xì)胞癌的臨床治療提供一種全新的思路。
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沈陽(yáng)醫(yī)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)2018年3期