李海英 周斌 張力 高申孟
[摘要] 目的 研究地西他濱抑制AML1-ETO+白血病細(xì)胞增殖和誘導(dǎo)凋亡,并初步探討其可能的機(jī)制。 方法 Kasumi-1細(xì)胞常規(guī)培養(yǎng)在含10%胎牛血清的RPMI-1640培養(yǎng)基中,CCK8法檢測(cè)地西他濱抑制Kasumi-1細(xì)胞增殖,流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)Kasumi-1凋亡,Western Blot檢測(cè)相關(guān)蛋白的表達(dá),RT-PCR檢測(cè)AML1-ETO和miR-193a的表達(dá)。結(jié)果 地西他濱可以抑制Kasumi-1細(xì)胞增殖,具有濃度效應(yīng)和時(shí)間效應(yīng);并能誘導(dǎo)凋亡,對(duì)照組、24 h和48 h組細(xì)胞凋亡率分別為(5.29±0.88)%、(9.83±1.71)%和(19.47±1.84)%;地西他濱能減少AML1-ETO蛋白的表達(dá),0.1、0.5和1 μmol/L地西他濱組與對(duì)照組的比值分別為(0.85±0.21)、(0.28±0.06)和(0.10±0.07),24、48 h組AML1-ETO蛋白與對(duì)照組的比值為(0.31±0.21)和(0.24±0.11),但不影響AML1-ETO mRNA表達(dá),24和48 h組與對(duì)照組的比值分別為(0.96±0.19)和(0.84±0.11),統(tǒng)計(jì)分析無顯著性差異(F=1.22,P>0.05);地西他濱能上調(diào)miR-193a,24和48 h分別上升(3.61±0.06)和(6.99±0.74)倍,并減少M(fèi)DM2和Cyclin D1蛋白的表達(dá),MDM2和Cyclin D1蛋白加藥組與對(duì)照組的比值分別為(0.51±0.19)和(0.50±0.10)。 結(jié)論 地西他濱通過上調(diào)miR-193a阻遏AML1-ETO的翻譯,并減少M(fèi)DM2和Cyclin D1蛋白的表達(dá),從而抑制AML1-ETO+白血病細(xì)胞增殖和誘導(dǎo)凋亡。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 地西他濱;AML1-ETO;白血??;miR-193a
[中圖分類號(hào)] R733.7 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2018)15-0004-05
Mechanism of decitabine in inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis of AML1-ETO+ leukemia cells
LI Haiying1 ZHOU Bin1 ZHANG Li2 GAO Shenmeng1
1.Central Laboratory, Wenzhou Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou 325000, China; 2.Department of Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy, Wenzhou Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou 325000, China
[Abstract] Objective To study the decitabine inhibits the proliferation and induces apoptosis of AML1-ETO+ leukemia cells and to explore its possible mechanism. Methods Kasumi-1 cells were commonly cultured in RPMI-1640 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum. The proliferation of Kasumi-1 cells was determined by CCK8 assay. Flow cytometry was used to detect Kasumi-1 apoptosis. Related protein expression was measured by Western Blot. The expressions of AML1-ETO and miR-193a were measured by RT-PCR. Results Decitabine could inhibit the proliferation of Kasumi-1 cells with concentration effect and time effect, and could induce apoptosis. The apoptosis rates of control group, 24 hours and 48 hours group were (5.29±0.88)% and (9.83±1.71)% and (19.47±1.84)%, respectively. Decitabine could decrease the expression of AML1-ETO protein, and the AML1-ETO protein ratios of 0.1, 0.5 and 1 μmol/L decitabine group to the control group were (0.85±0.21), (0.28±0.06) and (0.10±0.07). The ratios of AML1-ETO protein of 24 hours group, 48 hours group to control group were (0.31±0.21) and (0.24±0.11). But decitabin did not affect the expression of AML1-ETO mRNA, and the ratios of AML1-ETO mRNA of 24 hours group and 48 hours group to control group were (0.96±0.19) and (0.84±0.11). The difference was not significant(F=1.22, P>0.05). Decitabine could up-regulate the expression of miR-193a by (3.61±0.06) and (6.99±0.74) fold respectively at 24 and 48 hours, and decreased the expression of MDM2 and Cyclin D1.The protein expression ratios of MDM2 and Cyclin D1 of dosing group and control group were (0.51±0.19) and (0.50±0.10), respectively. Conclusion Decitabine inhibits the proliferation and induces apoptosis of AML1-ETO+ leukemia cells by up-regulating miR-193a to repress the translation of AML1-ETO and inhibiting the expression of MDM2 and Cyclin D1.
[Key words] Decitabine; AML1-ETO; Leukemia; miR-193a特異性AML1-ETO(eight-twenty one)融合基因是由t(8;21)(q22;q22)染色體易位所導(dǎo)致,一般急性髓系白血?。╝cute myeloid leukemia,AML)發(fā)生的比例約12%~20%,但在M2 型中,該比例顯著升高,為40%~80%[1]。世界衛(wèi)生組織將AML伴有t(8;21)(q22;q22)定義為獨(dú)立類型[2]。在各類型AML中,AML1-ETO+預(yù)后較好,患者經(jīng)過大劑量阿糖胞苷化療方案治療后,療效顯著[3]。但近年來有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),并不是所有患者均能取得較好的治療效果,部分AML1-ETO+患者存在難緩解、易復(fù)發(fā)現(xiàn)象,而對(duì)于此類患者的治療,國內(nèi)外相關(guān)研究依然較少。有研究表明,AML1-ETO+細(xì)胞對(duì)去甲基化藥物很敏感,尤其是DNA甲基化轉(zhuǎn)移酶(DNA methyltransferase,DNMT)抑制劑,如地西他濱(decitabine,DAC)和阿扎胞苷[4-8]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)旨在研究地西他濱抑制AML1-ETO+白血病細(xì)胞增殖和誘導(dǎo)凋亡,并初步探討其可能的機(jī)制。
1 材料與方法
1.1 材料
人AML1-ETO+白血病細(xì)胞株Kasumi-1購自ATCC,MicroRNA-193a、U6、AML1-ETO和GAPDH引物合成自上海生工,序列見表1,AML1-ETO抗體購自Cell Signaling Technology,Caspase-3抗體購自Abcam,β-actin抗體購自Merch-Millipore,MDM2、Cyclin D1抗體購自Epitomics,CCK8試劑盒購自日本同仁化學(xué)研究所,Annexin V-FITC/PI購自Becton Dickinson(BD)公司。
1.2 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)
Kasumi-1細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)在含10%胎牛血清的RPMI-1640培養(yǎng)基中,置37℃、5%CO2、飽和濕度培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)。
1.3 CCK8法檢測(cè)地西他濱抑制Kasumi-1細(xì)胞增殖
將Kasumi-1細(xì)胞分為6組,分別加入濃度為0、0.2、0.5、1、3和10 μmol/L的地西他濱,于24、48 h后加入CCK8,測(cè)其吸光度。
1.4 流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)Kasumi-1凋亡
將1 μmol/L的地西他濱加入Kasumi-1細(xì)胞,分別于24 h、48 h收集細(xì)胞,PBS洗3次,重懸于1X的Binding Buffer,調(diào)整濃度至1×106/mL,取100 μL加入5 μL FITC AnnexinⅤ和5 μL PI,輕輕混勻,室溫避光放置15 min,加入400 μL 1X Binding Buffer,采用流式細(xì)胞儀FACS Calibur(Becton Dickinson公司)檢測(cè)。
1.5 Western Blot檢測(cè)相關(guān)蛋白的表達(dá)
將懸浮生長(zhǎng)的Kasumi-1細(xì)胞直接離心,提取蛋白,每孔上樣50 μg進(jìn)行SDS-PAGE電泳,電泳后轉(zhuǎn)膜1 h,5%牛奶封閉2 h,Ⅰ抗孵育4℃過夜,0.1%TBST洗3次,每次10 min,Ⅱ抗孵育1 h,再0.1%TBST洗3次,每次10 min,加入ECL,在Bio-Rad ChemiDoc XRS+化學(xué)發(fā)光成像系統(tǒng)上拍照,GEL PRO 4.0分析軟件分析灰度值。
1.6 RT-PCR檢測(cè)AML1-ETO和MiR-193a的表達(dá)
TRIZOL提取總RNA,用逆轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒(First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit,F(xiàn)ermentas)合成cDNA,用miR-193a和AML1-ETO上下游引物PCR擴(kuò)增,分別以U6和GAPDH為內(nèi)參,SYBR Green熒光染料法相對(duì)定量,使用ABI7500熒光定量PCR儀檢測(cè)。
1.7 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 19.0數(shù)據(jù)分析軟件,計(jì)量資料兩兩比較用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn),多組比較用單因素方差分析,檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn)α=0.05,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 地西他濱抑制Kasumi-1細(xì)胞的增殖
加入地西他濱后,Kasumi-1細(xì)胞的增殖明顯受到抑制,并且具有濃度效應(yīng)和時(shí)間效應(yīng)(表2)。
2.2 地西他濱誘導(dǎo)Kasumi-1細(xì)胞凋亡
加入地西他濱,24 h后Kasumi-1細(xì)胞的凋亡率為(9.83±1.71)%,與對(duì)照組(5.29±0.88)%比較有顯著性差異(t=-4.08,P<0.05);48 h后Kasumi-1細(xì)胞的凋亡率為(19.47±1.84)%,與對(duì)照組比較有顯著性差異(t=-12.05,P<0.01),見封三圖1。
2.3 地西他濱對(duì)AML1-ETO蛋白的影響
加入0.1、0.5和1 μmol/L地西他濱后,48 h后細(xì)胞內(nèi)AML1-ETO蛋白隨著濃度增加而減少,與對(duì)照組的比值分別為(0.85±0.21)、(0.28±0.06)和(0.10±0.07),有非常顯著性差異(F=42.04,P<0.01),見圖1A。加入1 μmol/L地西他濱后,24、48 h后AML1-ETO蛋白與對(duì)照組的比值為(0.31±0.21)和(0.24±0.11),也有非常顯著性差異(F=27.60,P<0.01),見圖1B。但RT-PCR顯示地西他濱(1 μmol/L)并沒有影響AML1-ETO mRNA的表達(dá),24 h和48 h組與對(duì)照組的比值分別為(0.96±0.19)和(0.84±0.11),統(tǒng)計(jì)分析無顯著性差異(F=1.22,P>0.05),見圖1C。
2.4 地西他濱對(duì)Caspase-3蛋白的影響
本文用Western Blot法檢測(cè)不同濃度地西他濱對(duì)Kasumi-1細(xì)胞中Caspase-3蛋白表達(dá)的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)加入地西他濱后0.1、0.5和1 μmol/L組與對(duì)照組的比值分別為(1.14±0.27)、(0.85±0.19)和(1.01±0.38),統(tǒng)計(jì)分析無顯著性差異(F=0.66,P>0.05),說明地西他濱沒有改變Caspase-3的表達(dá)量(圖2A);加入Caspase阻滯劑Z-VAD-FMK,單獨(dú)地西他濱和地西他濱聯(lián)合Z-VAD-FMK組與對(duì)照組細(xì)胞AML1-ETO蛋白的比值分別為(0.23±0.04)和(0.22±0.05),兩組之間無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(t=0.33,P>0.05),說明地西他濱并不是通過Caspase-3來影響AML1-ETO蛋白(圖2B)。
2.5 地西他濱對(duì)miR-193a的調(diào)控
加入地西他濱后,miR-193a出現(xiàn)上調(diào)(圖3A),24 h和48 h分別上升了(3.61±0.06)和(6.99±0.74)倍,各組間有非常顯著性差異(F=149.33,P<0.01)。通過預(yù)測(cè)軟件Target Scan(http://www.targetscan.org)發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-193a與ETO基因有部分互補(bǔ)(圖3B),其可能通過阻滯AML1-ETO基因的翻譯而不影響mRNA的穩(wěn)定性從而減少AML1-ETO蛋白。本研究又檢測(cè)了miR-193a下游的MDM2和Cyclin D1兩個(gè)蛋白,發(fā)現(xiàn)均出現(xiàn)下調(diào)(圖3C),MDM2蛋白加藥組與對(duì)照組的比值為(0.51±0.19)(P<0.05),Cyclin D1蛋白加藥組與對(duì)照組的比值為(0.50±0.10)(P<0.01),說明地西他濱可能正是通過miR-193a來調(diào)控這兩個(gè)蛋白,從而影響細(xì)胞增殖和凋亡。
3 討論
急性髓系白血病是惡性血液病中較常見的一種疾病,規(guī)范化療可達(dá)到60%~80%的緩解率,但長(zhǎng)期生存率僅為10%~15%。近年來,隨著分子生物學(xué)的發(fā)展,發(fā)現(xiàn)了很多白血病伴有特定的染色體異常,其中一些與預(yù)后有密切關(guān)系。t(8;21)是AML中較常見的染色體異常之一,主要出現(xiàn)于FAB分型(French-American-British classification systems)中的M2型AML(發(fā)生率為18%~40%)[9,10],也可見于M1、M4、M5型。t(8;21)AML 是一類異質(zhì)性很大的疾病,雖然部分患者經(jīng)過造血干細(xì)胞移植后能獲得長(zhǎng)期生存,但仍有40%患者化療或移植后復(fù)發(fā),其難治復(fù)發(fā)的原因和機(jī)制尚不清楚,因此此類AML的治療成為血液病領(lǐng)域的難點(diǎn)和熱點(diǎn)。t(8;21)易位產(chǎn)生AML1-ETO蛋白,它能抑制普通AML1蛋白的功能,導(dǎo)致造血細(xì)胞生物學(xué)特性改變,從而在白血病的轉(zhuǎn)化過程中起到關(guān)鍵作用[11,12]。
地西他濱(DAC)是一種可阻止DNA甲基化過程的特異的DNA甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(DNMT)抑制劑,其在高濃度時(shí)可抑制DNA合成,發(fā)揮其細(xì)胞毒作用,進(jìn)而誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞死亡,而低濃度時(shí)可使DNMT失活,發(fā)揮其去甲基化作用,使抑癌基因重新表達(dá)[13]。該藥分別于2006年4月和5月在歐洲及美國上市,主要適應(yīng)證為原發(fā)性和繼發(fā)性的骨髓增生異常綜合征(myelodysplastic syndrome,MDS)。隨后的進(jìn)一步研究表明,其對(duì)急性髓細(xì)胞白血?。ˋML)、慢性粒單核細(xì)胞白血?。╟hronic myelomonocytic leukemia,CMML)等也有療效[14-16],目前國內(nèi)有地西他濱用于治療AML1-ETO+白血病的報(bào)道[17,18],但對(duì)其機(jī)制了解較少。
本文在實(shí)驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn)地西他濱能夠抑制AML1-ETO+白血病細(xì)胞株Kasumi-1的增殖,并且其抑制率隨著濃度和時(shí)間的增加而增加;用流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)1 μmol/L地西他濱作用下,Kasumi-1細(xì)胞凋亡率明顯增加,證明地西他濱能夠有效地抑制AML1-ETO+細(xì)胞的增殖并誘導(dǎo)凋亡。隨后我們又對(duì)其作用機(jī)制進(jìn)行研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)AML1-ETO蛋白隨著地西他濱的濃度和作用時(shí)間的增加而減少,而其mRNA表達(dá)水平并沒有明顯改變。因此我們猜測(cè),地西他濱對(duì)AML1-ETO的調(diào)控應(yīng)該是在轉(zhuǎn)錄水平之后。
Caspase-3是一種蛋白剪切酶,國外有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道Caspase-3能夠剪切AML1-ETO蛋白[19-20]。因此我們懷疑地西他濱是否通過Caspase-3來直接剪切AML1-ETO蛋白從而使之降解,而不影響mRNA的表達(dá)。本文檢測(cè)了不同濃度地西他濱作用下的Caspase-3,發(fā)現(xiàn)并沒有發(fā)生改變;而用Caspase阻滯劑Z-VAD-FMK阻滯Caspase-3的剪切功能,發(fā)現(xiàn)加入地西他濱后,AML1-ETO蛋白依然降低,Z-VAD-FMK沒有起到阻滯作用,因此判斷地西他濱對(duì)AML1-ETO的調(diào)控并不是通過Caspase-3途徑。
本文還發(fā)現(xiàn)地西他濱能夠上調(diào)Kasumi-1細(xì)胞中的microRNA 193a,而miR-193a與ETO基因有部分互補(bǔ),而當(dāng)microRNA與靶基因不完全互補(bǔ)時(shí),其調(diào)控機(jī)制是阻遏翻譯而不影響mRNA穩(wěn)定性,與本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果相符合。本研究又檢測(cè)了miR-193a調(diào)控的Cyclin D1和MDM2蛋白,發(fā)現(xiàn)地西他濱能夠下調(diào)這兩個(gè)蛋白。MDM2是一種泛素蛋白連接酶,其高表達(dá)能抑制抑癌基因P53的激活,而P53基因正是細(xì)胞凋亡的重要調(diào)控基因。Cyclin D1是細(xì)胞周期的正調(diào)節(jié)因子,其過表達(dá)可以加速細(xì)胞G1期向S期轉(zhuǎn)化,促使細(xì)胞增殖,使細(xì)胞處于不斷增殖的類似前體細(xì)胞的狀態(tài)。這兩個(gè)蛋白正與細(xì)胞增殖和凋亡相關(guān)(封三圖2)。
綜上所述,本研究得出結(jié)論,地西他濱可能通過對(duì)CpG島(CpG island)的去甲基化從而上調(diào)miR-193a,miR-193a能夠阻遏AML1-ETO的翻譯,并且miR-193a還下調(diào)Cyclin D1和MDM2,從而抑制細(xì)胞增殖并誘導(dǎo)凋亡。
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(收稿日期:2018-01-15)