陳璽宇 馮高科 易欣 陳晶晶 蔣學(xué)俊
成纖維細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子23(fibroblast growth factor-23,F(xiàn)GF23)是一種參與血磷代謝的細(xì)胞因子,于2000年首次被Yamashita等[1]發(fā)現(xiàn)并命名。FGF23是由骨細(xì)胞和成骨細(xì)胞合成和分泌的一種長(zhǎng)30 KDa的蛋白質(zhì),直接作用于腎臟或甲狀旁腺,調(diào)節(jié)鈣、磷和維生素D的代謝,通過增加腎臟尿磷酸鹽的排泄和限制人體25-羥維生素D轉(zhuǎn)換為有活性1,25-二羥維生素D3,低濃度1,25-二羥維生素D3可減少磷酸鹽在腸道的吸收,促進(jìn)繼發(fā)性甲狀旁腺功能亢進(jìn),導(dǎo)致高磷血癥、維生素D缺乏、甲狀旁腺激素水平增高[2,3]。
目前研究表明,F(xiàn)GF23參與血磷代謝的細(xì)胞因子是通過FGF23-Klotho軸發(fā)揮其生物效應(yīng)。FGF23包含與FGF家族的其他因子相同結(jié)構(gòu)域N端。N端是由24個(gè)氨基酸組成,還包含一個(gè)特異性C端,C端是由71個(gè)氨基酸組成。N端片段有成纖維細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子受體(FGFR)結(jié)合位點(diǎn),C端片段有Klotho蛋白的結(jié)合位點(diǎn)[4]。FGF23和Klotho基因敲除的老鼠表現(xiàn)出相同生物學(xué)表現(xiàn),即生長(zhǎng)遲緩、全身性器官萎縮、骨質(zhì)疏松、壽命縮短、皮膚萎縮、動(dòng)脈硬化等早衰的表現(xiàn)。因此可以確定,F(xiàn)GF23和Klotho密切相關(guān)。Klotho蛋白可以同成纖維細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子受體(FGFR)直接結(jié)合,大大增加FGF23與 FGFR的親和力,由此可看出Klotho蛋白是FGF2信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)中其受體的輔助因子[5]。因此,F(xiàn)GF23通過FGF23-Klotho軸調(diào)節(jié)血磷代謝水平,從而參與各種疾病的發(fā)生發(fā)展機(jī)制。
有研究結(jié)果顯示,在一般人群中,礦物質(zhì)的代謝異常與心血管疾病的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是相關(guān)的。例如在體外,高磷水平促進(jìn)動(dòng)脈鈣化[6],在一般人群中高磷水平與冠狀動(dòng)脈鈣化和心血管事件有相關(guān)性[7]。同樣在一般人群中,低濃度的維生素D水平和高濃度的甲狀旁腺激素與心血管事件有相關(guān)性[8,9]。
近年來,血清FGF23濃度被認(rèn)為是慢性腎臟疾病患者一個(gè)新的心血管風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素[10]。慢性腎臟病患者血清FGF23水平提高100~1000倍。Gutiérrez等[11的研究表明,增高的FGF23濃度是初期血液透析患者死亡的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。心血管疾病是慢性腎臟病患者常見的并發(fā)癥和死亡原因,隨著腎功能不斷下降,心衰的發(fā)生率也越來越高,至慢性腎臟?。–KD)5期時(shí)心衰可高達(dá)65%~70%。慢性腎臟疾病患者有多種因素導(dǎo)致心衰,如容量超負(fù)荷、貧血、腎素-血管緊張素系統(tǒng)和交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)等。此外,左心室肥厚(LVH)與心力衰竭密切相關(guān),是死亡率的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[12]。慢性腎臟疾病患者顯著升高的血清FGF23水平與左心室肥厚有明顯相關(guān)性,心臟肥大患者血清FGF23水平升高[13]。CRIC研究顯示,CKD 4~5期患者血清FGF23水平升高是心血管事件發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,特別是心力衰竭,比動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高[14]。CKD患者常出現(xiàn)礦物質(zhì)代謝異常,引起異常鈣化,如冠脈[15]、大動(dòng)脈[16]、心臟瓣膜[17]等部位鈣化。冠脈、大動(dòng)脈、心臟瓣膜鈣化是CKD不良預(yù)后的有效預(yù)測(cè)因素。大量的研究結(jié)果顯示,慢性腎臟疾病患者血清FGF23濃度與心血管疾?。ㄐ牧λソ摺⒆笫曳蚀?、冠脈鈣化等)密切相關(guān)。
由此我們可以明確,慢性腎臟疾病患者血清FGF23濃度與心血管疾病有相關(guān)性。這讓我們提出這樣的質(zhì)疑,是否普通人群的FGF23濃度也可以預(yù)測(cè)心血管事件發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)了FGF23濃度與心血管疾病有相關(guān)性。簡(jiǎn)易的動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)P捅砻鱂GF23直接影響了心室肥厚、心臟收縮功能,并且有潛在的心律失常的可能[13,18]。另外其他研究發(fā)現(xiàn),F(xiàn)GF23可間接產(chǎn)生對(duì)心臟的不利影響,例如激活腎素-血管緊張素系統(tǒng)(RAS系統(tǒng))和促進(jìn)腎臟遠(yuǎn)端小管對(duì)鈉的重吸收[19,20]。目前一些臨床試驗(yàn)與這些觀察結(jié)果相一致,血清FGF23水平與心力衰竭的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)呈正相關(guān)[21],血清FGF23水平升高,增加心力衰竭患兒發(fā)病[22]。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)表明,血清FGF23水平升高是心力衰竭的危險(xiǎn)因素。血清FGF23水平與左心室肥大密切相關(guān)[23]。此外,最近的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),F(xiàn)GF23通過腎臟調(diào)節(jié)血鈉和血壓,從而導(dǎo)致高血壓和心臟肥大[20]。高濃度的FGF23與內(nèi)皮功能障礙有相關(guān)性[24]。Mirza等[25]首次報(bào)道FGF23與體內(nèi)全身動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的關(guān)系、FGF23與動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的嚴(yán)重程度之間的關(guān)系。到目前為止,流行病學(xué)研究已經(jīng)驗(yàn)證,F(xiàn)GF23與心血管疾病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和死亡率有相關(guān)性。
上面研究均表明FGF23與心血管疾病密切相關(guān)。然而,F(xiàn)GF23與冠心病和心肌梗死是否存在明顯的相關(guān)性?Di等[26]的研究表明,高濃度的FGF23與總心血管疾病和心肌梗死呈明顯的正相關(guān),且是心血管疾病和心肌梗死的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。這是第一個(gè)針對(duì)白人的研究,研究表明FGF23與心肌梗死有明顯的相關(guān)性。Xiao等[27]的研究也表明,血清FGF23水平升高與血管造影嚴(yán)重程度和冠狀動(dòng)脈疾病的嚴(yán)重程度呈正相關(guān)。然后,一些流行病學(xué)研究證明FGF23與心血管疾病的終點(diǎn)有相關(guān)性,且高濃度的FGF23可增加心衰的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但并不包括冠心病或心肌梗死。對(duì)于FGF23與心肌梗死的相關(guān)性,研究結(jié)果發(fā)生沖突的原因可能是研究過程存在某方面局限性。比如,在以前的研究中,一些研究選擇試驗(yàn)對(duì)象存在局限性,只選擇老年人或青年健康男性,可能會(huì)限制研究結(jié)果的普遍性。例如Parker等[28]的研究表明,對(duì)于慢性冠脈病變的門診患者,在控制傳統(tǒng)的危險(xiǎn)因素、C-反應(yīng)蛋白和腎功能的情況下,高濃度的FGF23增加了心血管疾病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和死亡率。然而在分層分析中,F(xiàn)GF23與心衰和中風(fēng)有明顯的相關(guān)性,而不是急性心肌梗死。雖然與Taylor等[29]的研究結(jié)果相一致,即FGF23與冠心病發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)沒有明顯的相關(guān)性,這兩項(xiàng)研究值得進(jìn)一步討論其局限性。Parker等[28]的研究中心肌梗死的患者只有88例,其樣本量有限可能會(huì)影響觀察的結(jié)果。Taylor等[29]的研究選取的都是男性患者,研究對(duì)象可能會(huì)限制研究結(jié)果的普遍性。由此我們可知,F(xiàn)GF23與冠心病和心肌梗死的相關(guān)性還需進(jìn)一步的研究,需進(jìn)一步探討其與冠心病和心肌梗死的相關(guān)性,為臨床醫(yī)療決策提供新靶點(diǎn)。
雖然醫(yī)學(xué)在飛速發(fā)展,但心血管疾病在全世界依然有較高的患病率和死亡率,特別是冠心病,因此識(shí)別新的心血管疾病危險(xiǎn)因素是非常必要的。FGF23是我們近年來發(fā)現(xiàn)的心血管疾病危險(xiǎn)因素。在未來的研究中,闡明潛在的FGF23對(duì)心血管疾病直接和間接的機(jī)制是很有必要的,且明確FGF23與冠心病的相關(guān)性也勢(shì)在必行的,從而為冠心病的診斷和治療提供新思路。
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