牛悅 白建平 盧建躍
摘要:胃癌是我國最常見的消化道惡性腫瘤之一,隨著我國社會經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展、人們食物譜的改變,我國的胃癌發(fā)病率呈顯著上升趨勢。人類表皮生長因子受體2(HER-2)是一種原癌基因,在部分胃癌患者中存在高表達(dá),針對HER-2的靶向治療,可使HER-2陽性的晚期胃癌患者獲得顯著的生存收益。ToGA研究是胃癌靶向治療史上的一座里程碑,它首次在大規(guī)模樣本中證實(shí)看聯(lián)合應(yīng)用化療藥及曲妥珠單抗可有效延長患者生存期。本文就HER-2陽性胃癌的研究進(jìn)展作一綜述。
關(guān)鍵詞:人類表皮生長因子受體2;胃癌;靶向治療
中圖分類號:R735.2? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2019.01.015
文章編號:1006-1959(2019)01-0044-03
Progress in Research of HER-2 Positive Gastric Cancer
NIU Yue,BAI Jian-ping,LU Jian-yue
(General Surgery,the 254th Hospital of Chinese PLA,Tianjin 300143,China)
Abstract:Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors of the digestive tract in China. With the development of China's social economy and the changes in people's food spectrum, the incidence of gastric cancer in China has shown a significant upward trend. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) is a proto-oncogene that is highly expressed in some patients with gastric cancer. Targeted therapy against HER-2 can significantly improve HER-2 positive patients with advanced gastric cancer. Survival gains. The ToGA study is a milestone in the history of targeted therapy for gastric cancer. It was first demonstrated in large-scale samples that the combination of chemotherapeutic drugs and trastuzumab can effectively prolong patient survival. This article reviews the research progress of HER-2 positive gastric cancer.
Key words:Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2;Gastric cancer;Targeted therapy
人類表皮生長因子受體2(human epidermal growth factor receptor-2,HER-2)具有酪氨酸激酶活性,在腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展中發(fā)揮著重要作用[1]。生理情況下,HER-2處于非激活狀態(tài),當(dāng)受到某些不良因素刺激后可被異常激活,通過多個(gè)信號通路參與調(diào)控細(xì)胞增殖及凋亡、促腫瘤因子生成、新生血管形成、腫瘤浸潤轉(zhuǎn)移等[2,3]。在乳腺癌中,有近30%的患者存在HER-2過表達(dá),且陽性表達(dá)的患者預(yù)后顯著差于HER-2陰性患者[4]。在胃癌中,HER-2表達(dá)也被認(rèn)為是影響患者預(yù)后的獨(dú)立性危險(xiǎn)因素。本文就HER-2陽性胃癌的研究進(jìn)展作一綜述。
1 HER-2的特性及在胃癌中表達(dá)
1.1 HER-2的特性? HER-2蛋白是表皮生長因子受體家族的成員之一,該家族還包括 HER-1、HER-2、HER-3及HER-4,都有相似的結(jié)構(gòu)基團(tuán),包括胞外結(jié)構(gòu)域、螺旋形跨膜單位及胞內(nèi)酪氨酸激酶域[5,6]。當(dāng)被受體與配體結(jié)合后,多條下游信號通路被激活,形成復(fù)雜的信號調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò)。HER-2定位于人染色體17q21,編碼糖跨膜蛋白參與細(xì)胞信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo),可通過高水平擴(kuò)增使細(xì)胞獲得致癌性[7]。
1.2 HER-2在胃癌中的表達(dá)? 目前的研究表明,HER-2在膀胱癌、卵巢癌、結(jié)直腸癌、肺癌等多種惡性腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展中發(fā)揮著重要作用[8]。例如,在侵襲性乳腺癌中,約15%~36%的患者存在HER-2異常高表達(dá),這類患者患者的預(yù)后也顯著更差[9]。在胃癌中,約11%~28%的患者存在HER-2過表達(dá),但在不同地區(qū)、不同生活習(xí)性的人群中檢出率差異較大。歐洲學(xué)者的報(bào)到率大多低于20%,且以腸型胃癌的檢出率更高[10]。在北美地區(qū),HER-2過表達(dá)的發(fā)生率約為12%,同樣以腸型胃癌的檢出率更高[11]。中國學(xué)者的報(bào)道率大多在14%~25%,王昆宇等[12]報(bào)道稱,與低分化腺癌相比,高-中分化程度腺癌的HER-2陽性明顯更高,腸型胃癌的檢出率明顯高于其他類型。但患者年齡、性別、TNM分期、腫瘤定位對HER-2的表達(dá)狀態(tài)無明顯影響。
2胃癌組織中的HER-2檢測
準(zhǔn)確有效的HER-2檢測對制定進(jìn)一步治療方案、判斷預(yù)后有重要作用。免疫組化法及原位雜交法是目前最主流的檢測方法[13]。胃癌細(xì)胞具有特殊的結(jié)構(gòu),其腫瘤異質(zhì)性明顯,基底染色模式不完整,若采用與乳腺癌、肺癌相似的評判標(biāo)準(zhǔn)判讀染色結(jié)果,會使HER-2陽性率偏低,假陽性率顯著上升,導(dǎo)致后續(xù)治療保守,難以奏效[14]。因此,目前國際上普遍采用HOFMAN等[15]的建議方法,以組織標(biāo)本10%為臨界值,此法也被ToGA試驗(yàn)采納,結(jié)果顯示3803例標(biāo)本中,HER-2陽性率約為為16.6%。2011年中華醫(yī)學(xué)會發(fā)布權(quán)威指南指出[16],免疫組化法是檢測胃癌HER-2表達(dá)的首選方法,根據(jù)染色程度的不同,分為IHC3+、IHC2+、IHC1+及0四個(gè)等級,其中,0與IHC1+級判讀為陰性,IHC3+為陽性,IHC2+需進(jìn)一步加作原位雜交檢測。2016年胃癌HER-2檢測指南進(jìn)行了更新[17],在實(shí)際操作中,有時(shí)需對活檢標(biāo)本進(jìn)行檢測,但目前關(guān)于活檢標(biāo)本的HER-2檢測未被廣泛應(yīng)用,而原位雜交法的檢測效率不高,導(dǎo)致部分IHC2+的患者不能明確診斷HER-2表達(dá)狀態(tài),這在文獻(xiàn)中反映為部分研究者的報(bào)道率差異較大。這也是在實(shí)際臨床中需要進(jìn)一步解決完善的問題。
3 HER-2陽性胃癌中的治療
3.1一線治療? 目前的研究已證實(shí)[1],曲妥珠單抗聯(lián)合聯(lián)合化療藥,如5-氟尿嘧啶、順鉑等對HER-2陽性的晚期患者有顯著療效。HerMES試驗(yàn)[18]對383例HER-2陽性晚期胃癌患者進(jìn)行隨訪后發(fā)現(xiàn),僅有28.7%的患者完整接受了曲妥珠單抗+5-Fu/卡培他濱+順鉑的治療方案,半數(shù)以上的患者接受了如化療聯(lián)合亞葉酸鈣、多西他賽或曲妥珠單抗單藥等方案,全組患者的中位無病生存期為7.73個(gè)月,與ToGA試驗(yàn)的6.7個(gè)月相近。在亞洲國家,S-1+順鉑仍然是治療局部進(jìn)展期胃癌的標(biāo)注方案之一,在HERBIS-1研究中[19],全組患者的中位生存期為16個(gè)月,無進(jìn)展生存期為7.8個(gè)月,疾病進(jìn)展時(shí)間分別為5.7個(gè)月,這表明,對HER-2陽性的轉(zhuǎn)移性胃癌患者而言,曲妥珠單抗聯(lián)合SP方案也有較好的應(yīng)用前景。
3.2二線治療? 曲妥珠單抗在HER-2陽性胃癌的一線治療中顯示出了獨(dú)特優(yōu)勢,基于這些成果,研究者們開始更加關(guān)注其對二線治療患者的效能[20]。紫杉類化療藥物是5-氟尿嘧啶治療失敗后,晚期胃癌患者的備選二線方案之一,在許多研究中,均被選為聯(lián)合化療藥。在一項(xiàng)回顧性研究中,Dai GH等[21]選取了既往行曲妥珠單抗+5-Fu治療失敗的患者為研究對象,在二線治療中應(yīng)用曲妥珠單抗+紫杉類方案,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),無病生存期與總體生存期達(dá)到了可喜的6.8個(gè)月與16個(gè)月,這一結(jié)果在Ⅱ期臨床試驗(yàn)JFMC45-1102中也得到驗(yàn)證[22]。目前,曲妥珠單抗+紫杉醇的聯(lián)合方案是既往未接受曲妥珠及5-FU失敗后的HER-2(+)患者的最佳備選方案。
3.3轉(zhuǎn)化及新輔助治療? 已有許多研究者報(bào)道稱,曲妥珠單抗聯(lián)合化療是十分有效的新輔助化療方案。HER-FLOT研究是一項(xiàng)旨在明確曲妥珠單抗聯(lián)合FLOT化療方案對HER-2陽性的進(jìn)展胃食管腺癌療效的Ⅱ期臨床試驗(yàn),其隨訪發(fā)現(xiàn),4個(gè)周期的新輔助化療后,患者完全緩解率為23%[23]。2015年美國腫瘤臨床學(xué)會發(fā)布了多中心Ⅱ期臨床NEOHX試驗(yàn)的結(jié)果[22],確認(rèn)了曲妥珠單抗+卡培他濱/奧沙利鉑對HER-2陽性可切除胃食管腺癌的療效,約71%的患者生存超過18個(gè)月。這些大規(guī)模的臨床試驗(yàn)都證實(shí)了曲妥珠單抗在HER-2陽性胃-食管腺癌或胃腺癌新輔助化療中的價(jià)值。
4 HER-2與胃癌預(yù)后的關(guān)系
目前,關(guān)于HER-2表達(dá)對患者預(yù)后影響的研究結(jié)論尚未達(dá)成一致。ToGA試驗(yàn)將HER-2(+)患者隨機(jī)分為單純化療組與化療+曲妥珠單抗組,結(jié)果顯示,兩組患者的中位總體生存期分別為11.1個(gè)月與13.8個(gè)月,表明聯(lián)合治療比單純化療更能使患者獲益,HER-2高表達(dá)對規(guī)律治療的患者而言意味著更好的預(yù)后,但試驗(yàn)研究者同時(shí)也指出,HER-2高表達(dá)與患者預(yù)后的關(guān)系仍需要更多的循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù)證明。Bang YJ等[24]研究則指出,HER-2高表達(dá)與胃癌高侵襲性、高轉(zhuǎn)移率密切相關(guān),是預(yù)后不良的信號。在一項(xiàng)Meta分析中[25],研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)HER-2高表達(dá)是胃癌患者預(yù)后不良的強(qiáng)烈信號,且HER-2表達(dá)狀態(tài)及程度與腫瘤分化程度、Bormann分型、勞倫斯分型密切相關(guān)。在中國學(xué)者的諸多研究中也有相似結(jié)論。
但也有研究者提出了不同結(jié)論,Grabsch H等[26]對924例進(jìn)展期手術(shù)胃癌患者進(jìn)行隨訪研究后發(fā)現(xiàn),HER-2高表達(dá)雖然會使患者預(yù)后產(chǎn)生一定的消極影響,但并不是影響預(yù)后的獨(dú)立性危險(xiǎn)因素。Kang YK等[27]對169例原發(fā)性胃腺癌及食管-胃結(jié)合處腺癌患者隨訪后發(fā)現(xiàn),HER-2表達(dá)對患者預(yù)后無任何預(yù)測意義。Satoh T等[28]實(shí)施了一項(xiàng)包含726例胃癌患者的大規(guī)模研究,結(jié)果也認(rèn)為HER-2高表達(dá)不能作為判斷預(yù)后的獨(dú)立性指標(biāo)。
5總結(jié)
在世界范圍內(nèi),胃癌是惡性腫瘤相關(guān)的第三大病因,HER-2是目前胃癌基因分子分型研究中的重要組成。曲妥珠單抗在胃癌的一線、二線以及新輔助化療中均顯示出了獨(dú)特療效,在目前關(guān)于晚期胃癌轉(zhuǎn)化治療、局部進(jìn)展期胃癌的治療也有望發(fā)揮更大作用。但目前包括HER-2狀態(tài)與胃癌預(yù)后關(guān)系等許多問題仍充滿爭議,還需要進(jìn)一步的循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù),才能對HER-2陽性胃癌患者實(shí)施更科學(xué)、更有效的治療管理。
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