宋云峰

一、美國(guó)漫威漫畫公司和漫威影業(yè)（About Marvel Comics and Marvel Studio）

Marvel started in 1939 as Timely Comics， and by the early 1950s， it had generally become known as Atlas Comics. The Marvel branding began in 1961， the year that the company launched Fantastic Four and other superhero titles created by Steve Ditko， Stan Lee， Jack Kirby and many others.

Marvel counts among its characters such wellknown superheroes as Spider-Man， Iron Man， Captain America， Thor， the Hulk， Captain Marvel， Black Panther， Deadpool， Doctor Strange， Wolverine， Daredevil， Ghost Rider and the Punisher， such teams as the Avengers， X-Men， Fantastic Four， Inhumans and Guardians of the Galaxy， and antagonists（反派）including Thanos， Doctor Doom， Magneto， Red Skull， Green Goblin， Ultron， Doctor Octopus， Loki， and Kingpin.

美國(guó)漫威漫畫公司（Marvel Comics）是與DC漫畫公司（Detective Comics）齊名的漫畫巨頭，創(chuàng)建于1939年，于1961年正式定名為Marvel（漫威），舊譯為“驚奇漫畫”，曾用名有“時(shí)代漫畫”（Timely Comics）、阿特拉斯漫畫（Atlas Comics）。

1939年4月，公司在《電影連環(huán)畫周刊》創(chuàng)刊號(hào)上創(chuàng)造出了世界上第一位變種人超級(jí)英雄——海王納摩，這是漫威的第一位超級(jí)英雄，他比公司的成立還要早半年。同年 10月，公司在《驚奇漫畫》第1期上創(chuàng)造出世界上第一位生化人超級(jí)英雄——初代霹靂火，并將納摩引入其中，這水與火的雙重合作，打出了漫威歷史上的第一拳。漫威旗下?lián)碛兄┲雮b、鋼鐵俠、美國(guó)隊(duì)長(zhǎng)、雷神托爾、綠巨人、驚奇隊(duì)長(zhǎng)、黑豹、死侍、奇異博士、金剛狼、超膽俠、惡靈騎士、懲罰者、蟻人、黃蜂女、黑寡婦、鷹眼、杰茜卡·瓊斯、盧克·凱奇、鐵拳、刀鋒戰(zhàn)士、野蠻人柯南等超級(jí)英雄，復(fù)仇者聯(lián)盟、X戰(zhàn)警、神奇四俠、異人族、銀河護(hù)衛(wèi)隊(duì)、捍衛(wèi)者聯(lián)盟、光照會(huì)等超級(jí)英雄團(tuán)隊(duì)，以及滅霸、毀滅博士、萬磁王、紅骷髏、綠魔、奧創(chuàng)、章魚博士、邪神洛基、金并等超級(jí)反派。

Marvel Studio was established in 1993. In 2009， The Walt Disney Company acquired Marvel Entertainment， Marvel Studios parent company. Marvel Studio has brought the stories of their comic heroes on the screen again since 2008. So far， Marvel Studio has created dozens of heroes， big and small， as well as charming villains. Marvel Universe has formed a very grand IP network， and its business model has become the role model of many film and television companies to emulate.

漫威影業(yè)成立于1993年，是漫威娛樂的子公司，在2009年后成為迪士尼公司的子公司。自2008年起，漫威影業(yè)開始拍攝漫威電影宇宙系列，將漫畫中的故事再次搬上熒屏。至今，漫威影業(yè)已打造出大大小小幾十位英雄和充滿魅力的反派角色。漫威電影宇宙已經(jīng)形成非常宏大的IP網(wǎng)，商業(yè)模式成為很多影視公司效仿的對(duì)象。

二、靈魂人物斯坦·李（Stan Lee）

In 1941， Stanley Lieber， 16， a cousin of Marvels founder Goodmans wife， joined Marvel. He is now well-known for his pen name， Stan Lee. Most of Marvels heroes were written by Stan Lee alone， and such a heavy workload was unimaginable. Sometimes even Stan Lee himself didnt remember the characters he wrote. For the convenience of memory， he deliberately chose the same initials for the names of his characters—Peter Parker， Bruce Banner， Matt Murdock.

1941年，漫威的創(chuàng)辦者古德曼的妻子的表弟——16歲的斯坦利·利伯——加入了漫威。如今他的筆名更加有名——斯坦·李。漫威的大部分英雄都靠斯坦·李一個(gè)人來編寫，這樣繁重的工作量是常人難以想象的。有時(shí)甚至連斯坦·李自己都不記得寫過的人物，為了方便記憶，他在為筆下人物取名時(shí)故意把姓和名都選取相同的首字母——彼得·帕克、布魯斯·班納、馬特·默多克等。

Stan Lee has invented the “Marvel style of creation”：

Step 1： Writers and editors discuss the story outline；

Step 2： When the artist receives the outline， he decides the pace and focus of the story and draws a comic with a specified number of pages；

Step 3： After the writer gets the pencil sketch of the artist， he uses it as a guide to write the final script， including character dialogue and title；

Step 4： Type， line and color the comic.

In this approach， writers only provide ideas， while artists have enough space in creation， and then the editors add script to comics. It relieves the work of the writers， and increases the work of the artists. Therefore it is particularly important for artists to cooperate with writers.

With a large number of outstanding figures， by 1968， Marvel had caught up with or even surpassed DC， becoming another giant in the comic industry. At the same time， the comic industry had finally come out of the predicament and developed at a high speed.

斯坦·李發(fā)明了“漫威式創(chuàng)作法”：

第一步：編劇和編輯討論，提出故事梗概和大綱；

第二步：畫家接到大綱后，決定故事的步調(diào)和重心，畫成指定頁數(shù)的漫畫；

第三步：編劇拿到畫家鉛筆稿后，以其作為指導(dǎo)，撰寫最終的劇本，包括人物對(duì)話和標(biāo)題；

第四步：描字、上墨線和上色的工序。

這種做法相當(dāng)于編劇們只提供創(chuàng)意，由畫家們發(fā)揮自己的創(chuàng)造性進(jìn)行創(chuàng)作，然后編劇再來“看圖說話”，減輕了編劇的勞動(dòng)，而增加了畫家的工作，所以畫家同漫威的編劇們配合好就尤為重要。

靠著這一大批出色的人物角色，到了1968年，漫威已經(jīng)追上甚至超越了DC，成為漫畫業(yè)的又一巨頭。同時(shí)，漫畫行業(yè)也終于走出了困境，迅速發(fā)展起來。

三、重要英雄團(tuán)隊(duì)（Major Heroes）

漫威創(chuàng)造了包括X教授、鐳射眼、金剛狼等在內(nèi)的X戰(zhàn)警，美國(guó)隊(duì)長(zhǎng)、鋼鐵俠、雷神等在內(nèi)的復(fù)仇者聯(lián)盟，星爵、格魯特等在內(nèi)的銀河護(hù)衛(wèi)隊(duì)，神奇先生、霹靂火等在內(nèi)的神奇四俠。下面就簡(jiǎn)要介紹一下這些主要的英雄團(tuán)隊(duì)。

1. 神奇四俠（Fantastic Four）

As Marvels pioneering work in the revival of the 1960s， the story tells that four scientists acquired four different superpowers due to the variation of radiation. From then on， a team was formed to fight crime， to carry out scientific exploration， and to solve all kinds of strange problems. This team was actually a family with open membership and it was widely welcomed by the world. The couple was the first mainstream heroes who got married and had children. Fantastic Four created a period of prosperity for modern heroes with good images. Other heroes， including the Avengers， regarded them as role models.

《神奇四俠》是漫威在20世紀(jì)60年代復(fù)興時(shí)的開山之作，講述了四位科學(xué)家由于受到宇宙射線輻射而變異，獲得四種不同的超能力，從此成立了一個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)，既打擊犯罪，也進(jìn)行科學(xué)探險(xiǎn)，解決各種離奇的問題。這支隊(duì)伍實(shí)際上是一個(gè)家庭，成員身份公開，廣受世人歡迎。他們中間的一對(duì)戀人是主流英雄中最早結(jié)婚并有孩子的。神奇四俠以良好的形象開創(chuàng)了現(xiàn)代英雄興旺的時(shí)期，其他的英雄，包括復(fù)仇者聯(lián)盟這樣的隊(duì)伍，都視他們?yōu)榭！?/p>

2. 復(fù)仇者聯(lián)盟（The Avengers）

Labeled “Earths Mightiest Heroes，” the Avengers originally consisted of Ant-Man， the Hulk， Iron Man， Thor， and the Wasp. Ant-Man created the Avengers. Then the original Captain America was discovered trapped in ice. He joined the group after they revived him. A rotating roster has become a hallmark of the series， although one theme remains consistent： The Avengers fight “the foes no single superhero can withstand.” The team， famous for its battle cry of “Avengers Assemble，”features humans， mutants， inhumans， androids， aliens， supernatural beings， and even former villains.

復(fù)仇者聯(lián)盟最初由蟻人、綠巨人、鋼鐵俠、雷神和黃蜂女組成，被稱為“地球上最強(qiáng)壯的英雄”。聯(lián)盟最初由蟻人建立，隨后美國(guó)隊(duì)長(zhǎng)被發(fā)現(xiàn)困在冰中，被救活之后他加入了這個(gè)聯(lián)盟并成為了領(lǐng)袖。雖然復(fù)聯(lián)的成員一直在變更，并且這已成為該系列的一個(gè)標(biāo)志，但有一個(gè)主題始終保持不變：以團(tuán)結(jié)之力對(duì)抗單個(gè)英雄無法抵御的重大威脅。這個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)以它的戰(zhàn)斗口號(hào)“復(fù)仇者集合”而聞名。復(fù)聯(lián)成員包括人類、變種人、異人族、機(jī)器人、外星人、超自然生物，甚至以前的反派。

3. X戰(zhàn)警（X-Men）

Professor X established the Mutant School to train young mutants to use their abilities correctly and to protect the world from the evil mutants. The story began with the arrival of the new student Jean Gray at the school. The original team of X-men had other four members including Cyclops， Beast， Angel and Iceman. Their first opponent was Magneto.

At that time， X-Men were all very young and wore uniform. However， compared with other teams， their biggest feature was that their leader did not participate in the actual combat. Professor X always sat in the wheelchair. The story introduced the idea of “l(fā)earning and controlling superpower，” which was different from the consistent concept of other superheroes.

由X教授建立的變種人學(xué)院，一方面是為了訓(xùn)練年輕的變種人正確運(yùn)用自己的能力，一方面也是為了保護(hù)世界不被邪惡一方的變種人侵害。故事從新生瓊·格雷來到學(xué)院開始。除她之外，X戰(zhàn)警最初的隊(duì)伍還有鐳射眼、野獸、天使和冰人，一共五名成員。他們一開始的對(duì)手便是萬磁王。

那時(shí)的X戰(zhàn)警成員都非常年輕，身著統(tǒng)一的制服，不過比起別的戰(zhàn)隊(duì)，其最大的特色是有一位并不參與實(shí)戰(zhàn)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)——輪椅上的X教授。漫畫引入了“學(xué)習(xí)和控制超能力”的思想，這與其一貫的超級(jí)英雄概念有所不同。

4. 銀河護(hù)衛(wèi)隊(duì)（Guardians of Galaxy）

In 2005， Marvel launched Annihilation， a major event， followed by a number of derivative cartoons and sequels， which packaged a number of original roles of Marvel cosmic system， such as Star Lord， Drax， Camorra， Rocket Raccoon， Groot， Ronan and Nova， with a more contemporary sense.

The father of Star-Lord was the king of Spartacus， but before he succeeded， his spaceship had landed on the earth. He had an affection with a woman on Earth and had a son， Peter Quill， the Star-Lord. He was rather awkward， a bit ruffian and humorous.

漫威在2005年推出大事件“星際湮滅”（Annihilation），其后陸續(xù)出了若干衍生漫畫和續(xù)集，把星爵、德拉克斯、卡魔拉、火箭浣熊、樹人格魯特、羅南、新星等一批漫威原有的宇宙系角色包裝得更具時(shí)代感。

星爵的父親是外星球“斯巴達(dá)克斯”的國(guó)王，但在尚未繼位的時(shí)候，他的飛船曾迫降在地球，他和一個(gè)地球上的女人產(chǎn)生了感情并有了兒子彼得·奎爾，也就是星爵。他的性格比較別扭，有點(diǎn)痞氣，又有點(diǎn)搞笑。

四、漫威電影宇宙發(fā)展歷史（Adapting Comics to Movies）

1. 早期的一些漫改影視?。‥arlier Movies & TV Series）

The Marvel films we know now are not the presentation of the original images of these superheroes. Because of the limitation of special effects technology， the early movies and TV plays were more like a cosplay show.

我們現(xiàn)在所熟知的漫威電影其實(shí)并不是這些超級(jí)英雄的最初形象。由于特效技術(shù)有限，早期的影視劇更像是一場(chǎng)大型化裝舞會(huì)。

In this period， some of the comic movies were more inclined to heroes individual show. And the chosen heroes were random. Although movies like Daredevil， Ghost Rider and Blade had gained good box office， there was obviously no special influence.

這個(gè)時(shí)期的一些漫改作品更傾向于以個(gè)人為中心的英雄單人秀，人物選擇上也很隨意。《超膽俠》、《惡靈騎士》、《刀鋒戰(zhàn)士》等雖然也收獲了不錯(cuò)的票房，但顯然沒有什么特別的影響力。

2. 發(fā)展時(shí)期（Developing Period）

During this period， Marvel began to sell some of its comics to film and television companies. Some well-known and box-buster mature films were made， such as SpiderMan series， X-Men series and Fantastic Four.

在這個(gè)時(shí)期，漫威開始打包出售自己的一部分漫畫給影視公司，一些叫好又叫座的成熟電影進(jìn)入市場(chǎng)，如：《蜘蛛俠》系列、《X戰(zhàn)警》系列、《神奇四俠》等。

The problem expansion brought about was confusion of copyright ownership. Marvel therefore decided to set up its own film and television company， hoping to unify the superheroes in the same universe.

擴(kuò)張帶來的問題是版權(quán)歸屬混亂。因此漫威決定成立自己的影視公司，希望將超級(jí)英雄們統(tǒng)一在同一個(gè)宇宙中。

3. 成熟時(shí)期（Mature Period）

During this period， Marvel Studio was acquired by Disney Company. With abundant financial support， it successfully developed a series of movies， including The Avengers series， X-Man new generation， and Guardians of the Galaxy. They have made Marvel Universe gradually complete.

在這一時(shí)期，漫威影業(yè)被迪士尼公司收購(gòu)，在充沛的資金支持下，成功開發(fā)了系列電影，包括《復(fù)仇者聯(lián)盟》系列、《X戰(zhàn)警前傳》、《銀河護(hù)衛(wèi)隊(duì)》等。這使得漫威宇宙逐漸擴(kuò)大。

五、漫威電影宇宙構(gòu)建的成功經(jīng)驗(yàn)（Factors Behind the Successful Marvel Cinematic Universe）

漫威影業(yè)如何后來者居上，取代了DC在漫改影視作品里的霸主地位？

1. 漫威宇宙的統(tǒng)一性（Characters Are in the Same Universe）

Most of Marvels fictional characters operate in a single reality known as the Marvel Universe， with most locations mirroring real-life places； many major characters are based in New York City. Such an approach makes the characters cordial and humane， and at the same time facilitates the interaction of roles in different works.

大多數(shù)漫威的人物角色被安排在同一個(gè)時(shí)空里，也就是和我們現(xiàn)實(shí)世界相仿的漫威宇宙。其中的很多角色都駐扎在紐約市。這樣的做法使得角色親切而富有人情味，同時(shí)也方便不同作品中的角色之間進(jìn)行互動(dòng)。

2. 劇情改編簡(jiǎn)潔明了（Good Story Adaption）

As comic works， there is a lot of space to describe characters and background in detail. However， the film needs to tell a concentrated story in a limited two hours. Marvel Studio therefore has made great changes when adapting the original stories to films. Therefore the movies are smooth， compact in rhythmic， and have nonstereotypical characters.

漫畫作為原作有很多空間可以對(duì)人物刻畫、故事背景進(jìn)行詳細(xì)描繪，然而電影卻需要在有限的兩小時(shí)內(nèi)講述濃縮的劇情。漫威影業(yè)因此對(duì)電影劇情進(jìn)行了大刀闊斧的改編，使得電影劇情流暢，節(jié)奏緊湊，角色刻畫不死板。

3. 演員魅力（Charm of the Actors）

Marvel movies have created many successful roles because of the correct casting and the personal charm of the actors themselves. For example， because of Hugh Jackman， the original supporting role of Wolverine has become very popular. Therefore Marvel even launched Wolverines personal films.

漫威電影塑造了很多成功角色，這離不開正確的選角以及演員的個(gè)人魅力。比如狼叔休·杰克曼，其個(gè)人魅力使得本來是配角的金剛狼人氣大漲，漫威因此推出了金剛狼的個(gè)人電影。

4. 電影特效（Special Effects）

Marvel studio uses a variety of special effects technologies， including previsualization， motion capture and 3D printing techniques to present the comic world vividly.

漫威影業(yè)使用了包括動(dòng)畫預(yù)覽、動(dòng)作捕捉、3D打印等多種特效技術(shù)，逼真地還原了漫畫世界。

5. 暗藏彩蛋（Hidden Easter Eggs）

Marvel Studio likes to hide Easter Eggs in its movies. These eggs imply the existence of other superheroes in the Marvel Universe and they are important parts of the plot. In addition， Stan Lee also likes appearing in his movies.

漫威影業(yè)非常喜歡在電影中暗藏彩蛋。這些彩蛋暗示漫威宇宙中其他超級(jí)英雄的存在，是銜接劇情的重要部分。另外，斯坦·李也非常喜歡出現(xiàn)在自己的電影中。

以上這些都是漫威電影宇宙構(gòu)建成功的重要因素。