江蘇 張祥美

在英語中，句子的謂語動(dòng)詞在人稱和數(shù)上必須和主語保持一致，這就是我們通常所說的“主謂一致”。

◎要點(diǎn)梳理

“主謂一致”一般遵循語法一致、意義一致和就近一致三個(gè)原則。

一、語法一致原則

語法一致原則是指謂語動(dòng)詞要與主語在語法形式上保持一致，即謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式還是復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于主語的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式。

1.在以-s（或-es）結(jié)尾的人名前加定冠詞the用來表示一家人、夫妻兩個(gè)人或同名同姓的若干人作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：

The Whites were having dinner when I arrived.我到達(dá)時(shí)，懷特一家正在吃晚飯。

2.主語為可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式；主語為可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。例如：

Liu Tao often goes to work by car.劉濤常常開車去上班。

We have never been to the Great Wall.我們從未去過長(zhǎng)城。

3.主語的名詞前有three-fifths（3/5）、20%等分?jǐn)?shù)詞修飾時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式應(yīng)依名詞的類別和數(shù)量而定。例如：

Three-fifths of the ground is covered with snow.五分之三的地面都被雪覆蓋著。

4.動(dòng)名詞（短語）、動(dòng)詞不定式（短語）或從句作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式。但若由and連接兩個(gè)動(dòng)名詞（短語）或動(dòng)詞不定式（短語）作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞則用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：

Reading aloud is helpful to learn English.大聲讀對(duì)學(xué)英語是有幫助的。

To say something is one thing，to do it is another.說是一回事，做是另一回事。

What he said has been recorded.他說的話被錄音了。

5.國(guó)家、機(jī)構(gòu)、事件、作品等名稱作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。例如：

One Thousand And One Nightstells people lots of interesting stories.《一千零一夜》給人們講了許多有趣的故事。

6.all、some、several、both、few、many和a number of等作主語或修飾主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：

A number of books have lent out.許多書已經(jīng)被借出去了。

7.a kind of、the number of等與名詞構(gòu)成的短語作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。例如：

The number of workers in the factory is less than 1200.這家工廠里工人的數(shù)量不到1200。

二、意義一致原則

意義一致原則是指從意義上著眼處理主謂一致的關(guān)系，而不僅僅取決于表面上的語法一致。

1.shoes、trousers、gloves、glasses和scissors等成雙成對(duì)的名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式；若這些名詞前用了pair之類的表示計(jì)量單位的單詞時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式則由這些計(jì)量單詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式?jīng)Q定。例如：

The pair of sunglasses is made of plastic.這副太陽鏡是塑料做的。

Here are some new pairs of shoes.這兒有幾雙新鞋。

2.由and或both...and...連接的并列主語，其后的謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：

Both Millie and Sandy were there.米麗和桑迪都在那兒。

3.表示金錢、時(shí)間、距離、重量、數(shù)量等復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。例如：

Eight hours of sleep is enough.八小時(shí)的睡眠就足夠了。

Twenty years stands for a long period in one's life.在人的一生里，二十年意味著是一段很長(zhǎng)的時(shí)期。

4.由some、any、no和every等構(gòu)成的不定代詞以及either、neither、many a等作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。例如：

Neither of my classmates likes sports.我的同班同學(xué)中沒有人喜歡運(yùn)動(dòng)。

Everything begins to grow in spring.春天萬物開始生長(zhǎng)。

5.news、physics、maths和politics等 復(fù)數(shù)形式表示單數(shù)意義的名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)形式。例如：

The good news makes people happy.好消息使人高興。

6.class、family、team、army、club、public、group和police等單數(shù)形式的集合名詞作主語，當(dāng)它們強(qiáng)調(diào)總體概念時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體概念時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞則用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：

People say that the girl is very bright.人們都說那個(gè)女孩很聰明。

Green's family are having lunch.格林一家人正在吃午飯。

三、就近一致原則

就近一致原則是指謂語動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式要與它緊鄰的主語的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式保持一致。

1.neither...nor...、either...or...、not only...but also...以及or等連接兩個(gè)主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該與其最靠近的主語保持人稱和數(shù)的一致。例如：

Not only I but also he wants to go swimming in the river.不僅是我，他也想去河里游泳。

2.在There be...和Here be...句式中，若主語是幾個(gè)并列成分時(shí)，be動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與其最靠近的主語保持?jǐn)?shù)的一致。例如：

Here is a letter and two newspapers for yourfather.這兒有你爸爸的一封信和兩張報(bào)紙。

另外，若主語帶有表示伴隨的介詞或介詞短語，如with...、along with...、together with...和except...等時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式由介詞或介詞短語前的主語的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式來決定。例如：

He with his teachers is going to visit Mount Tai next week.下周他和他的老師們要到泰山觀光旅游。

還要注意，當(dāng)but、except、besides、including、as well as和like等連接兩個(gè)主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞需和前面的主語保持人稱和數(shù)的一致。例如：

Nobody except his parents was there.除了他的父母，沒有其他的人在那兒。

◎真題回放

1.Everyone in my class except Tom and Mary_______to Beijing.

【2018·齊齊哈爾中考題】

A.have been

B.have gone

C.has been

【答案與解析】C根據(jù)句意“除了湯姆和瑪麗之外，我們都去過北京”可知要用have been to。主語為everyone，助動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用has。

2.Playing computer games too often_______bad for us.

【2018·永州中考題】

A.amB.isC.are

【答案與解析】B 動(dòng)名詞短語作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。

3.—Howmany_______doctorsare there in your hospital，David?

—________them_______over one hundred.

【2018·眉山中考題】

A.woman；The number of；is

B.women；A number of；are

C.woman；A number of；is

D.women；The number of；is

【答案與解析】Dwoman doctor的復(fù)數(shù)形式為women doctors；主語the number of...后的謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。

4.Neither Tom nor I_______interested in playing WeChat.

【2018·蘭州中考題】

A.amB.isC.areD.be

【答案與解析】Aneither...nor...連接兩個(gè)主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞在人稱和數(shù)上應(yīng)與其相鄰的主語保持一致。

5.Not only children but also my husband_______crazy about the movieOperation Red Sea（《紅海行動(dòng)》）.

【2018·泰州中考題】

A.isB.areC.amD.be

【答案與解析】Anot only...but also...連接兩個(gè)主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式應(yīng)與后一個(gè)主語的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式保持一致，故用is。

6.Let's save pandas.There_______only about 2，000 pandas living in the forests now.

【2018·吉林中考題】

A.amB.isC.are

【答案與解析】Cthere be句型中be動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式應(yīng)與主語about 2，000 pandas保持一致，故用are。

7.Andy，with his parents， ________Hong Kong，andsomeshopping_______by them.

【2018·安順中考題】

A.have gone to；will do

B.has gone to；will be done

C.have been to；will do

D.has been to；do

【答案與解析】BAndy是主語，with his parents短語作狀語，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。根據(jù)后半句可知，他們?nèi)チ讼愀圻€未回來，用has gone to。再根據(jù)by them可知，第二空用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

8.—David has been away for more than 25 days.

—I miss him very much，25 days_______short.

【2010·黃岡中考題】

A.isB.isn't

C.areD.aren't

【答案與解析】A“25天”是指時(shí)間量，一般看作是一個(gè)整體，謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。由前半句“我很想念他”可判斷，25天不是短暫的。

9.Both Mike and I_______ready for the new high school life.

【2018·新疆中考題】

A.beB.amC.isD.are

【答案與解析】Bboth...and...連接兩個(gè)主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

10.Helenhasgottwobrothers._______of them likes chocolate，but sheloves it.

【2016·安徽中考題】

A.NeitherB.None

C.EachD.Any

【答案與解析】A句意：海倫有兩個(gè)哥哥，他們倆沒有一個(gè)喜歡巧克力的，但她喜歡。根據(jù)句意及謂語動(dòng)詞likes可知，要用neither。

◎貼身小練

根據(jù)句意，從A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出能夠填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。

1.Both Kate and I_______ready for the new high school life.

A.amB.is

C.areD.be

2.Now smart phones_______in many ways in our daily life.

A.are usedB.is used

C.are usingD.is using

3.Maths_______my favorite subject.

A.amB.be

C.isD.are

4.Three days_______too long for us to wait.

A.areB.isC.amD.be

5.Look！A number of students_______football on the playground.

A.are playingB.is playing

C.playsD.will play

6.Not only I but also he_______good at drawing now.

A.am

B.are

C.is

D.be

7.Nobody but you_______the secret.

A.knowB.knows

C.have knownD.is

8.You as well as he_______to blamefor the accident.

A.areB.is

C.haveD.has

9.Thatplaceisnotinterestingat all._______of us_______to go there.

A.Both；want

B.Neither；wants

C.Some；wants

D.All；want

10.The boy with the two dogs_______when the earthquake rocked the city.

A.were sleeping

B.are sleeping

C.is sleeping

D.was sleeping

11.The news he told you_______very wonderful.

A.isB.sound

C.areD.am

12.The rest of milk_______hot.

A.areB.look like

C.isD.am

13.Morethan70%of the students_______the countryside.

A.isB.are

C.is fromD.are from

14.Toplaybasketball andtogo swimming_______useful for charactertraining.

A.wasB.is

C.areD.were

15.Look！The police_______for a thief over there.

A.is searching

B.was searching

C.are searching

D.were searching