賴子梅 王珊
摘要:嬰幼兒血管瘤(IH)是嬰幼兒期最常見(jiàn)的良性腫瘤,大部分病變可自然消退,多以隨訪觀察為主,但對(duì)可引起嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥或功能障礙的中、高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)IH仍主張盡早干預(yù)及治療。普萘洛爾為非選擇性β受體阻滯劑,自2008年開(kāi)始應(yīng)用于IH治療后經(jīng)大量臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)及系列研究療效得到驗(yàn)證,目前已成為IH治療的一線藥物。隨著人們對(duì)IH認(rèn)識(shí)的進(jìn)一步深入及普萘洛爾相關(guān)治療機(jī)制的探索,近年來(lái)其他β受體阻滯劑類藥物治療IH的報(bào)道逐漸增多,其在IH的應(yīng)用范圍逐漸擴(kuò)大,藥物選擇相應(yīng)增多。本文簡(jiǎn)要綜述目前β受體阻滯劑應(yīng)用于IH治療的相關(guān)進(jìn)展,進(jìn)一步探究其療效及安全性,為IH臨床治療提供更多選擇及參考依據(jù)。
關(guān)鍵詞:嬰幼兒血管瘤;β受體阻滯劑;普萘洛爾
中圖分類號(hào):R732.2? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2019.09.018
文章編號(hào):1006-1959(2019)09-0054-04
Abstract:Infantile hemangioma (IH) is the most common benign tumor in infants and young children. Most of the lesions can be resolved naturally. Most of them are followed up, but the medium and high risk IH can cause serious complications or dysfunction. Advocate early intervention and treatment. Propranolol is a non-selective beta blocker. It has been proven in clinical trials and series of studies since IH was applied in 2008. It has become the first-line drug for IH treatment. With the further understanding of IH and the exploration of propranolol-related therapeutic mechanisms, reports of other β-blockers in the treatment of IH have increased in recent years, and their application in IH has gradually expanded. increase. This article briefly reviews the current progress of β-blockers in the treatment of IH, further explores its efficacy and safety, and provides more options and reference for clinical treatment of IH.
Key words:Infantile hemangiomas;β-blockers;Propranolol
嬰幼兒血管瘤(infantile hemangiomas,IH)為血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞異常增殖性病變,是兒童最常見(jiàn)的良性血管性腫瘤,發(fā)病率3%~10%。IH發(fā)病機(jī)制至今尚未完全闡明,大部分研究認(rèn)為其與血管生成關(guān)系密切[1]。因IH具有自然消退特性,多數(shù)主張對(duì)位于非特殊部位且無(wú)嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥的病變采取觀察隨訪,但對(duì)可引起功能障礙、毀容、瘢痕或潰瘍形成等中高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)病變?nèi)孕璺e極干預(yù)及治療[2]。既往糖皮質(zhì)激素口服是IH首選治療方案,但療效個(gè)體差異較大,且嚴(yán)重不良事件發(fā)生率較高。手術(shù)切除有效率雖高但存在完整切除困難、術(shù)后易復(fù)發(fā)等問(wèn)題。介入治療因其較傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷小且療效顯著近年來(lái)逐漸成為輔助治療[3]。2008年,Leaute-Labreze首次報(bào)道了口服普萘洛爾應(yīng)用于IH取得良好療效,此后普萘洛爾逐漸在臨床推廣及大量應(yīng)用,盡管其可能引起低血壓、心動(dòng)過(guò)緩、低血糖和支氣管痙攣等嚴(yán)重不良反應(yīng),但大量文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道證實(shí)上述不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率相對(duì)較低,且經(jīng)嚴(yán)格規(guī)范監(jiān)控及管理可得到有效防范[4,5]。故與糖皮質(zhì)激素及其他治療方式相比,普萘洛爾系統(tǒng)性用藥治療IH療效顯著,且安全性和耐受性更高,逐漸成為IH的一線治療藥物。隨著對(duì)IH病因、病理生理學(xué)特點(diǎn)、病變發(fā)展等認(rèn)識(shí)的進(jìn)一步深入及普萘洛爾相關(guān)治療機(jī)制的研究,β受體阻滯劑在IH的應(yīng)用逐漸擴(kuò)大,近年來(lái)亦有阿替洛爾、納多洛爾等其他β受體阻滯劑用于IH治療獲得滿意療效的研究報(bào)道。結(jié)合近年相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)資料,本文綜述了β受體阻滯劑類藥物治療IH的最新進(jìn)展。
1嬰幼兒血管瘤的發(fā)病特點(diǎn)及病程進(jìn)展
嬰幼兒血管瘤新生兒期患病率約為4%~5%,以女性、白種人居多,其中女性患病率約為男性的2.3~2.9倍[6]。其發(fā)病相關(guān)因素包括:出生體重、胎齡、血管瘤家族史、宮內(nèi)并發(fā)癥如子癇、胎盤異常等,相關(guān)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)IH發(fā)病率隨著出生體重和胎齡的減少而增加,尤其在體重<1000 g的早產(chǎn)兒中發(fā)病率高達(dá)23%[6,7]。IH的自然病程在足月兒和早產(chǎn)兒中無(wú)明顯差異,均可分為增殖期、消退期及消退完成期[8]。其前體病變均為出生時(shí)即存在,部分在新生兒早期就表現(xiàn)出血管收縮的蒼白區(qū)域或毛細(xì)血管擴(kuò)張的紅色斑疹。通常在生后1~3周后開(kāi)始增生,在5~8周生長(zhǎng)速度達(dá)到峰值,約80%的瘤體在前3個(gè)月內(nèi)可快速形成[9]。在經(jīng)歷一段時(shí)間的穩(wěn)定期后病變開(kāi)始逐漸消退,約90%的病例在5歲前可完全消退,對(duì)于面積較大或較深的病變,可能持續(xù)到7歲或8歲。IH消退后仍有50%~70%因殘留病灶中局部毛細(xì)血管擴(kuò)張、纖維脂肪組織過(guò)度增生以及彈性組織破壞等將導(dǎo)致局部皮膚松弛、瘢痕形成或萎縮等后遺癥[10]。病程中亦有10%~15%的IH可引起出血、感染、潰瘍、瘢痕、毀容、功能障礙等不同程度的并發(fā)癥需積極臨床干預(yù)并盡早治療[11]。
2 β受體阻滯劑治療嬰幼兒血管瘤的作用機(jī)制
盡管因普萘洛爾治療IH的效果顯著,其作用機(jī)制也受到廣泛關(guān)注及研究,但目前尚不完全清楚,相關(guān)報(bào)道發(fā)現(xiàn)可能與快速的血管收縮、抑制血管新生、誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡、腎素分泌減少等機(jī)制有關(guān)[12,13]。另有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)普萘洛爾可通過(guò)PI3K、AKT、HIF-1α、FLT1/2、VEGF、VEGF A、FOXF1等相關(guān)細(xì)胞因子、蛋白或通路作用抑制血管腫瘤細(xì)胞再生及誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡[14-16]。Wei L等[17]亦通過(guò)對(duì)人臍靜脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞(human umbilical vein endothelial cells,HUVECs)的研究進(jìn)一步證實(shí),普萘洛爾具有抑制細(xì)胞增殖、促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡的作用。而其他類型β受體阻滯劑應(yīng)用于IH治療的相關(guān)作用機(jī)制則尚未見(jiàn)報(bào)道。
3 β受體阻滯劑應(yīng)用于IH治療的療效及安全性比較
3.1普萘洛爾? 普萘洛爾為目前IH治療的首選藥物,是非選擇性β受體阻滯劑,其推薦使用的目標(biāo)劑量為1~3 mg/(kg·d),目前廣泛接受的治療劑量為2 mg/(kg·d),有效率在60%~97%,達(dá)到穩(wěn)定療效的治療時(shí)間多在6個(gè)月以上[18,19]。鹽酸普萘洛爾口服液(Hemangeol)經(jīng)食品及藥物管理局(Food and Drug Administration,F(xiàn)DA)批準(zhǔn)用于IH增殖期的治療,其濃度為4.28 mg/ml,推薦劑量為3.4 mg/(kg·d),分2次服用[20]。治療期間報(bào)道不良事件包括無(wú)癥狀低血糖、低血壓和低心率,支氣管痙攣,氣喘、一過(guò)性呼吸困難、喘鳴、睡眠障礙、失眠、嗜睡、多汗,胃食管返流,胃腸道癥狀(惡心、嘔吐、腹瀉),輕度的肝功能損害,過(guò)敏性皮疹,增加感染性疾病發(fā)病率等[21,22]。由于大多數(shù)心動(dòng)過(guò)緩和低血壓發(fā)作發(fā)生在治療開(kāi)始或劑量增加期間,因此低起始劑量是更為安全的方法,在首次服藥、藥物劑量增加和達(dá)到目標(biāo)劑量后均需于服藥后1 h和2 h,分別測(cè)量心率、血壓、呼吸、血糖等基礎(chǔ)指標(biāo),對(duì)結(jié)果異常者需連續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè)至達(dá)正常范圍[23]?,F(xiàn)有的指南認(rèn)為門診使用普萘洛爾是安全有效的,但對(duì)于糾正胎齡8周的嬰兒、一般狀況差、需要維持血糖、以及合并心血管或呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病的嬰兒,應(yīng)當(dāng)住院監(jiān)測(cè)[24]。此外,普萘洛爾作為一種親脂性非選擇性β1、β2受體阻滯劑,可以穿過(guò)血腦屏障,其對(duì)嬰幼兒中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)是否具有潛在的長(zhǎng)期有害影響(如睡眠障礙和未來(lái)的記憶缺陷等),目前尚不清楚。
3.2阿替洛爾? 阿替洛爾為親水性選擇性β受體阻滯劑,主要拮抗β1受體,不會(huì)跨越血腦屏障,理論上消除了對(duì)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)潛在影響風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。多項(xiàng)研究對(duì)阿替洛爾及普萘洛爾治療IH的療效進(jìn)行比較發(fā)現(xiàn)兩者療效相近,但阿替洛爾副反應(yīng)發(fā)生率更低,提示普萘洛爾β2受體拮抗作用可能與其副反應(yīng)相關(guān)而與IH療效關(guān)系不顯著。因此,阿替洛爾選擇性拮抗β1受體的特性在保證療效的基礎(chǔ)上,更可進(jìn)一步降低由β2受體拮抗作用引起的支氣管痙攣等不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生率,使其在合并有哮喘等呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病的IH治療中較普萘洛爾安全性更高[25,26]。在Abarzua-Araya A等和de Graaf M等的口服普萘洛爾和阿替洛爾治療IH的臨床對(duì)照試驗(yàn)中,使用藥物劑量分別為 1 mg/(kg·d)和 1~3 mg/(kg·d),結(jié)果證實(shí)兩者療效亦無(wú)顯著差異,但與普萘洛爾相比,較低劑量和低頻次的阿替洛爾(1次/d)能夠顯著提高患者的依從性[27,28]。
3.3納多洛爾? 納多洛爾是一種親水性非選擇性β受體阻滯劑,與阿替洛爾相似,亦不能通過(guò)血腦屏障,故夜驚、夢(mèng)魘等相關(guān)睡眠障礙的發(fā)生率低,與普萘洛爾相比,納多洛爾心肌抑制活性更低且半衰期更長(zhǎng)(12~24 h),血藥濃度更為穩(wěn)定,可有效抑制病灶的復(fù)發(fā)生長(zhǎng),并減少服藥頻率增加依從性[29,30]。Pope E等在一項(xiàng)涉及19例頭頸部IH患者治療的隊(duì)列研究中,比較納多洛爾[劑量為1~4 mg/(kg·d),分2次口服]和普萘洛爾[2~3 mg/(kg·d),分3次口服]的療效差異,治療時(shí)間達(dá)6個(gè)月。結(jié)果顯示與普萘洛爾相比,納多洛爾對(duì)IH療效更好、起效更快,且經(jīng)納多洛爾治療的IH復(fù)發(fā)率更低。在納多洛爾治療期間報(bào)告的不良事件包括低體溫、胃腸道癥狀、睡眠障礙和寒冷引起的喘息,此外亦有部分出現(xiàn)心率減慢現(xiàn)象[31]。上述研究表明納多洛爾治療IH較普萘洛爾療效更佳、且療程更短,在增殖期IH患者中療效更顯著,但其療效及安全性目前尚缺少更為可靠的大量隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)來(lái)證實(shí)。
3.4噻嗎洛爾? 噻嗎洛爾(替莫洛爾)為β腎上腺能受體拮抗劑,作用強(qiáng)度較普萘洛爾更高,但無(wú)選擇性及膜穩(wěn)定作用,無(wú)抑制心肌作用和內(nèi)源擬交感活性,其局部應(yīng)用于病變表淺的小病灶I(lǐng)H能夠有效降低與系統(tǒng)性治療相關(guān)的不良事件的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。Chan H等[32]采用0.1%的噻嗎洛爾治療病變表淺的小病灶I(lǐng)H,在第12和16周時(shí),噻嗎洛爾組和安慰劑組的病灶大小僅有微小的差異,但噻嗎洛爾組的IH稍小。在8周、20周和24周時(shí),噻嗎洛爾治療的患者病灶顯著減小。Chakkittakandiyil A和Chambers CB分別使用0.5%和0.25%的噻嗎洛爾溶液局部外用,均取得了滿意的療效[33,34];Chakkittakandiyil A還指出,噻嗎洛爾外用對(duì)于較淺的IH療效更加滿意,上述研究報(bào)道中,僅1例患者出現(xiàn)睡眠障礙的不良事件[33]。故對(duì)于表淺型尤其是病變較小或局限的IH,局部噻嗎洛爾外用是口服普萘洛爾的良好替代治療,可以作為輔助藥物,以縮短口服治療的時(shí)間和防止復(fù)發(fā),對(duì)于有口服普萘洛爾禁忌證的患者亦可耐受。Wu HW等[35]通過(guò)對(duì)724例表淺型IH經(jīng)噻嗎洛爾與普萘洛爾的對(duì)照治療研究發(fā)現(xiàn)兩者療效無(wú)明顯差異,考慮到療效顯著并可提高安全性等優(yōu)勢(shì),故推薦局部外用噻嗎洛爾作為表淺型IH的一線治療藥物。
4總結(jié)與展望
普萘洛爾作為IH治療使用最早且最廣泛的β受體阻滯劑,其較糖皮質(zhì)激素及其他治療的有效性和安全性更高這一觀點(diǎn)已被廣泛認(rèn)同,近年來(lái)研究報(bào)道顯示其他多種β受體阻滯劑亦逐漸用于IH的治療并取得良好療效,其中選擇性β受體阻滯劑理論上可減少普萘洛爾相關(guān)不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率,因而具有更高的安全性,但目前仍缺少大量臨床隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)和相關(guān)研究來(lái)進(jìn)一步證實(shí),其安全性和有效性尚缺乏亦更為可靠的證據(jù),故目前普萘洛爾的一線治療藥物地位尚未被取代。隨著其他β受體阻滯劑類藥物的使用及推廣、相關(guān)治療機(jī)制及藥物安全性及有效性的進(jìn)一步深入研究,未來(lái)IH的治療或許將會(huì)出現(xiàn)新的轉(zhuǎn)變。
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收稿日期:2019-1-7;修回日期:2019-2-13
編輯/肖婷婷
作者簡(jiǎn)介:賴子梅(1994.5-),女,江西瑞金人,碩士研究生,主要從事兒童腫瘤性疾病方向的研究
通訊作者:王珊(1963.3-),女,天津人,博士,主任醫(yī)師,教授,主要從事兒童良惡性實(shí)體腫瘤方向的研究