從沒(méi)聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)這個(gè)名叫瓊·迪迪翁(Joan Didion)的女人,只是偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)這本書,關(guān)于“死亡”,一個(gè)多少有些沉重的話題。這本《奇想之年》(The Year of Magical Thinking),被稱作“悼亡文學(xué)”的巔峰之作?!暗客觥敝?,我所熟悉的只有丁尼生(Lord Alfred Tennyson)獻(xiàn)給早逝的大學(xué)摯友的挽歌集《悼念》(In Memoriam A. H. H.),以及哈代(Thomas Hardy)紀(jì)念亡妻的“?,斀M詩(shī)”。與那些相比,這本書就很不同了,書中沒(méi)有多少關(guān)于往日“美好時(shí)光”的追述與懷念,沒(méi)有關(guān)于死亡的哲思以及關(guān)于重生和天堂的遐想;有的只是造化的“無(wú)?!薄⒚鎸?duì)“無(wú)?!蔽覀兊摹安恢搿保约拔覀儗W(xué)著去應(yīng)對(duì)“無(wú)?!钡姆N種徒勞的嘗試。
2003年12月30日,人們都沉浸在圣誕的氣氛中,迪迪翁和丈夫約翰有些煩心事——結(jié)婚不久的女兒昆塔納(Quintana)突患急癥,住進(jìn)了ICU,情況不容樂(lè)觀。夫婦二人剛從醫(yī)院回來(lái),討論著是出去吃點(diǎn)兒東西,還是在家里自己做。生上壁爐的火,坐下,端起一杯威士忌,拿起一本書,從擔(dān)憂中暫時(shí)抽離片刻。兩人有一搭無(wú)一搭地談上幾句。忽然,丈夫不說(shuō)話了,他的身體好像一下子停了工。
電話機(jī)旁當(dāng)然有膠帶黏著的救護(hù)車電話,那是以防萬(wàn)一的,以防“別人的”萬(wàn)一的。
救護(hù)車、醫(yī)院、急救室、停尸房、表格……2004年。
迪迪翁就這樣開(kāi)始了她的“奇想之年”。
根據(jù)《大英百科全書》,所謂“奇想”是指“the belief that ones ideas, thoughts, actions, words, or use of symbols can influence the course of events in the material world. Magical thinking presumes a causal link between ones inner, personal experience and the external physical world. Examples include beliefs that the movement of the Sun, Moon, and wind or the occurrence of rain can be influenced by ones thoughts or by the manipulation of some type of symbolic representation of these physical phenomena.”(某種認(rèn)為人的想法、念頭、行為、語(yǔ)言或符號(hào)可以影響物質(zhì)世界事態(tài)發(fā)展的信仰。奇想認(rèn)為,人內(nèi)部的私人體驗(yàn)與外部的物質(zhì)世界之間有著某種因果聯(lián)系。例如,日、月、風(fēng)或雨的發(fā)生都可能會(huì)受到人的想法或是某種代表物質(zhì)世界現(xiàn)象的符號(hào)操縱的影響。)
像迪迪翁這樣的知識(shí)女性,面對(duì)“無(wú)?!笔遣粫?huì)“簡(jiǎn)單粗暴”地號(hào)啕大哭的。她冷靜地處理著一切,理智地梳理著自己的思緒……然而,不管你曾設(shè)想了何種“得體”的方式,死亡,畢竟是死亡。悲傷,不管你怎樣千萬(wàn)遍地作好準(zhǔn)備,當(dāng)它到來(lái)時(shí),你仍然無(wú)法招架。也許,某些為了“悲傷”而設(shè)置的儀式,比如葬禮,能讓你理所當(dāng)然地宣泄一番,但葬禮之后的日子,當(dāng)與你一同悲痛的人散去了,你又將陷入更深的悲痛?!癢e have no way of knowing that the funeral itself will be anodyne, a kind of narcotic regression in which we are wrapped in the care of others and the gravity and meaning of the occasion. Nor can we know ahead of the fact (and here lies the heart of the difference between grief as we imagine it and grief as it is) the unending absence that follows, the void, the very opposite of meaning, the relentless succession of moments during which we will confront the experience of meaninglessness itself.”(我們不知道,其實(shí)葬禮是一劑止痛藥,是在這個(gè)莊嚴(yán)、肅穆的場(chǎng)合里,在眾人關(guān)懷的包裹下的一劑麻醉針。我們事先也不知道,這之后會(huì)有無(wú)盡的空虛、空白——“意義”的反面——以及我們反復(fù)面對(duì)虛無(wú)的無(wú)盡時(shí)刻。這正是我們?cè)O(shè)想的悲痛與真實(shí)的悲痛之間的區(qū)別。)
迪迪翁是個(gè)極為理性的人,與“奇想”原本毫無(wú)瓜葛?!癆s a child I thought a great deal about meaninglessness, which seemed at the time the most prominent negative feature on the horizon.”(小時(shí)候的我總愛(ài)思考“虛無(wú)”這個(gè)題目;那時(shí),“虛無(wú)”在我看來(lái),就是人生中最大的“負(fù)面”因素。)她所做的一切,大抵都是在對(duì)抗“虛無(wú)”這碼事:從學(xué)術(shù)到信仰,到愛(ài)情,再到家庭生活,所有一切都指向虛無(wú)的反面——“意義”?!癆fter I married and had a child. I learned to find equal meaning in the repeated rituals of domestic life. Setting the table. Lighting the candles. Building the fire. Cooking. All those soufflés, all that crème caramel, and all those daubes and albondigas and gumbos. Clean sheets, stacks of clean towels, hurricane lamps for storms, enough water and food to see us through whatever geological event came our way. ”(結(jié)婚。生孩子。我學(xué)會(huì)在家庭生活日復(fù)一日的儀式中發(fā)現(xiàn)同樣的“意義”。布置餐桌。點(diǎn)燃蠟燭。生起爐火。做飯。蛋奶酥、焦糖布丁、燉肉、肉丸、秋葵湯。干凈床單、一疊一疊的干凈毛巾、暴風(fēng)天里要用的防風(fēng)燈、應(yīng)對(duì)任何地質(zhì)事件的充足的水和食物。)這“日復(fù)一日”,這充足的“準(zhǔn)備”,都是對(duì)“意義”的肯定,對(duì)“恒?!钡亩Y贊。
但是,丈夫的忽然離世,無(wú)疑在她頭腦中掀起了一場(chǎng)暴風(fēng),摧毀了所有“秩序”和“理性”的幻象,也摧毀了所有“意義”:“This is my attempt to make sense of the period that followed, weeks and then months that cut loose any fixed idea I had ever had about death, about illness, about probability and luck, about good fortune and bad, about marriage and children and memory, about grief, about the ways in which people do and do not deal with the fact that life ends, about the shallowness of sanity, about life itself.”(丈夫去世后的那段時(shí)間,幾個(gè)星期,繼而幾個(gè)月,把我曾固守的關(guān)于死亡、疾病、可能性和運(yùn)氣、好運(yùn)或歹運(yùn)、婚姻、孩子、記憶、悲傷、關(guān)于生命終將結(jié)束的事實(shí)人們能應(yīng)對(duì)或是無(wú)法應(yīng)對(duì)、理性的淺薄,以及生命本身的種種想法統(tǒng)統(tǒng)打碎。而這本書,就是我想闡釋那段時(shí)間的一種嘗試。)
迪迪翁夫婦同為作家,家就是工作室,幾十年來(lái)兩人形影不離,已經(jīng)習(xí)慣了“我們”這個(gè)稱呼,而不知道“我”是什么了。實(shí)際上,許多時(shí)候兩人的文學(xué)創(chuàng)作也的確是我中有你,你中有我。丈夫的突然離去,對(duì)瓊來(lái)說(shuō),是無(wú)法想象的“災(zāi)難”;相比之下,女兒的重病反而不算什么了——至少,她有足夠的時(shí)間去適應(yīng)……
漸漸地,她的思想開(kāi)始“奇妙”起來(lái)。
我們往往不相信,世間之事,真的是“無(wú)?!眱蓚€(gè)字可以概括,而總要去回想,回想那些早已出現(xiàn),卻被我們忽視的“征兆”和“警告”?!癝urvivors look back and see omens, messages they missed. They remember the tree that died, the gull that splattered onto the hood of the car. They live by symbols. They read meaning into the barrage(火力攻擊)of spam on the unused computer, the delete key that stops working, the imagined abandonment in the decision to replace it.”(災(zāi)難之后,幸存者回首過(guò)去,總能看到那些被他們忽略的先兆、信息。他們記得,那棵死去的樹,那只撞向汽車引擎蓋的海鷗。他們靠符號(hào)活著。他們?cè)诜N種事件中讀出深意:許久不用的電腦里涌入大量垃圾郵件、刪除鍵失靈、曾想著要替換那鍵盤卻又放棄。)
面對(duì)死亡,或者任何“災(zāi)難”,也許我們都會(huì)產(chǎn)生所謂“appointment in Samarra”*(薩馬拉之約)這樣的思考?如果我們能夠讀懂那些“先兆”,如果當(dāng)初沒(méi)有作出某個(gè)選擇,是否就不會(huì)出現(xiàn)某種結(jié)果?因而就不會(huì)出現(xiàn)某種最終情況?生活中充滿了這樣的“迷局”,可惜沒(méi)有人能夠給你解釋,那些“如果”會(huì)不會(huì)導(dǎo)向某個(gè)更好的結(jié)果。
其實(shí),哪里有什么“預(yù)兆”呢?“災(zāi)難”只是“平?!钡囊徊糠帧_@“平?!保朋w現(xiàn)了死亡乃至生命的殘酷?!癐t was in fact the ordinary nature of everything preceding the event that prevented me from truly believing it had happened, absorbing it, incorporating it, getting past it. ... Confronted with sudden disaster we all focus on how unremarkable the circumstances were in which the unthinkable occurred, the clear blue sky from which the plane fell, the routine errand that ended on the shoulder with car in flames, the swings where the children were playing as usual when the rattlesnake struck from the ivy.”(實(shí)際上,正是丈夫去世前的每件事的平常性,讓我無(wú)法真正相信它已經(jīng)發(fā)生,接納它、承受它、讓它過(guò)去……面對(duì)突如其來(lái)的災(zāi)難,我們總關(guān)注到那無(wú)法想象的事件發(fā)生時(shí)環(huán)境的平常無(wú)奇:飛機(jī)墜毀時(shí)的碧藍(lán)天空,汽車燒毀前的日常瑣事,響尾蛇從藤蔓中突然襲來(lái)時(shí)孩子們平時(shí)玩的秋千。)
當(dāng)然還有“時(shí)間”,我們或許可以在“時(shí)間”上做些什么吧。如果回到某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)上,是不是丈夫還在那里?是不是不去看那不想看到的事情,那事情就不會(huì)發(fā)生?“One day when I was talking on the telephone in his office I mindlessly turned the pages of the dictionary that he had always left open on the table by the desk. When I realized what I had done I was stricken: What word had he last looked up, what had he been thinking? By turning the pages had I lost the message? Or had the message been lost before I touched the dictionary? Had I refused to hear the message?”(某天,我在他的辦公室打電話,無(wú)意間翻動(dòng)了他書桌旁臺(tái)子上那本他翻開(kāi)的詞典。當(dāng)意識(shí)到我干了什么的時(shí)候,我大受觸動(dòng):他當(dāng)時(shí)在查什么詞,又在想什么呢?我翻動(dòng)了書頁(yè),是不是就丟失了他留下的信息?抑或在我碰那本詞典之前,那信息就早已經(jīng)溜走了?我是不是故意不去理會(huì)那個(gè)信息?)
……
“You had to feel the swell change. You had to go with the change. He told me that.”(你要感受到海浪的變化。你要隨之而變化。約翰是這樣告訴我的。)不管思想有多么奇妙,外部的世界依然故我。也許,那些曾經(jīng)的“意義”、“秩序”和“理性”都不過(guò)是“奇想”的一部分吧?!盁o(wú)?!辈攀恰昂愠!?。
據(jù)說(shuō),佛祖是因?yàn)榭吹健吧喜∷馈钡耐纯喽鴽Q定修行,以尋求脫離痛苦之道。在黑塞的小說(shuō)《悉達(dá)多》中,那個(gè)與佛祖同名的悉達(dá)多,經(jīng)歷了人生中諸般快樂(lè)與苦難,最后去河邊做了個(gè)船夫,面對(duì)世人的種種困惑,他可以釋然地說(shuō),“This does not trouble me much.”(這并不會(huì)讓我多么苦惱。)然而,人又怎么可能真的超越痛苦、脫離痛苦呢?這“奇想”的一年,雖然痛苦,但卻如此親切,不過(guò),慢慢地,哪怕是最深切的痛苦,總要淡化,最終消散。
“I realize as I write this that I do not want to finish this account. Nor did I want to finish the year. The craziness is receding but no clarity is taking its place. I look for resolution but find none. I did not want to finish the year because I know that as the days pass, as January becomes February and February becomes summer, certain things will happen. My image of John at the instant of his death will become less immediate, less raw. It will become something that happened in another year. My sense of John himself, John alive, will become more remote, even ‘mudgy, softened, transmuted into whatever best serves my life without him. In fact this is already beginning to happen.”(當(dāng)我寫下這些文字時(shí),我知道自己不想結(jié)束這段講述,也不愿結(jié)束這一年?!隘偪瘛痹跍p退,但并沒(méi)有“明晰”來(lái)代替它。我尋求解決之道,卻一無(wú)所獲。我不愿結(jié)束這一年,因?yàn)槲抑?,隨著時(shí)日流轉(zhuǎn),一月變成二月,二月變成夏天,某些事就會(huì)發(fā)生。約翰離世那一刻的形象在我的腦海中就會(huì)淡化,就不那么痛切,就會(huì)變成另一年發(fā)生的事。約翰,活著的約翰,對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)就會(huì)變得更加遙遠(yuǎn),甚至模糊、弱化,變得讓我更容易接受沒(méi)有他的生活。實(shí)際上,這已經(jīng)在發(fā)生了。)
所謂的“奇想”,最終當(dāng)然并不能改變那已經(jīng)發(fā)生和將要發(fā)生的,丈夫終將漸漸遠(yuǎn)去。瓊的女兒也在經(jīng)歷了短暫康復(fù)之后再次入院,并在不久后離世。
這世上又少了一個(gè)和瓊一起“奇想”的人。
* 薩馬拉之約:巴格達(dá)一商人之仆,在市場(chǎng)上受到“死神”威脅,于是他趕緊去向商人借了一匹馬,要急速逃到遙遠(yuǎn)的薩馬拉去避禍。仆人走后,商人趕到市場(chǎng),去質(zhì)問(wèn)那所謂的“死神”?!八郎瘛薄?一個(gè)著黑衣的女人——說(shuō),她并沒(méi)有威脅那仆人,她只是吃驚,二人原本當(dāng)晚在薩馬拉有個(gè)約會(huì),這般時(shí)分,他為何還在巴格達(dá)。此為古老民間傳說(shuō),后被毛姆改寫為短篇小說(shuō)。
本文作者王偉濱系北京外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué)博士,現(xiàn)任教于河北科技大學(xué)外語(yǔ)學(xué)院。