孫美萍

世界各地的咖啡

From the simple Italian espresso shot to traditional Turkish coffee ceremonies， see how people around the world take their cup of coffee. 從簡單的意大利特濃咖啡到傳統(tǒng)的土耳其咖啡儀式，讓我們一起去探索世界各地的人們是如何享用咖啡的。

Italy： Espresso

You’ll surely get an eye roll or two if you order a to-go cup at an Italian cafe， for espresso is the Italians’ version of to-go coffee. This strong brew served in tiny cups is commonly sipped while standing at cafes. Sometimes， a slice of lemon is rubbed around the edge of the cup to give some additional flavor. Also， cappuccino is actually only made in the morning.

Turkey： Türk Kahvesi

A famous Turkish proverb says that coffee should be “as black as hell， as strong as death and as sweet as love.” This thick brew is usually served after meals from a long-handled copper pot called a cezve， accompanied by chewy Turkish candy.

Denmark： Kaffee

Perhaps because of the cold， dark Scandinavian winters， coffee consumption in Denmark has historically been one of the highest. Coffee is such a vital part of the Danish culture that packed cafes can be found on nearly every corner， especially in cities such as Copenhagen.

France： Café au Lait

The French begin the day with their café au lait1—coffee with hot milk， served in a mug wide enough to allow the dunking of baguettes or croissants.

Germany： Kaffee & Kuchen

The Germans love to have their afternoon coffee with cake， called Kaffee & Kuchen， it is also a means to welcome guests， and spend time with family and friends. Coffee houses were so popular， that Johann Sebastian Bach even composed a mini-opera， called Coffee Cantata， which tells the story of a girl’s addiction to coffee.

Cuba： Café Cubano

Cubans like their coffee strong， whether it’s first thing in the morning， after meals or at any chance they get throughout the day. An important part of the social fabric， the Cuban’s strong brew is served in shots and best enjoyed while socializing.

Colombia： Tinto

Colombia， known for its great， versatile coffee beans， likes its coffee black with sugar， in small cups. Called Tinto， it’s often sold in six-ounce cups on the street of Colombia and is typically enjoyed in the late afternoon or after dinner. Interestingly， Colombians themselves are not very fond of it， and prefer aguapanela， a drink made from water and cane sugar.

Brazil： Cafezinho

In the Brazilian city of Sao Paulo， small cafes and local Starbucks stores serve cafezinho， a hot doppio espresso with a touch of sugar. It’s served with a small pastry on the side. The cafezinho is a popular ritual in the afternoon when friends join together in conversation or coworkers connect before heading back to work.

Saudi Arabia： Kahwa

In Saudi Arabia and other Arab cultures， coffee ceremonies follow many rules of etiquette， including always serving the elders first. Saudi coffee （called “kahwa”） is dark， horrendously bitter， and flavored with cardamom. In fact， the coffee is usually served with sweet dates to cut the flavor.

Finland： Kaffeost

Kaffeost， or “coffee cheese，” originated in Finland and can also be found in the north of Sweden near the Finnish border. It’s a relatively firm， mild cheese that takes on a creamier consistency and sweeter flavor when topped with hot coffee made from finely ground beans.

Ireland： Irish Coffee

Coffee meets cocktail with this after-dinner drink. Irish coffee includes hot coffee， Irish whiskey， sugar and the crowd-pleasing whipped-cream2 topper. Irish coffee was actually created in Ireland in the 1940s to warm up American tourists on a cold winter’s night， and it remains as popular as ever today.

Mexico： Café de Olla

If you like cinnamon in your coffee， this is your drink. Spiced café de olla is brewed with cinnamon sticks in earthenware pots， which Mexicans swear brings out the coffee taste.

Ethiopia： Buna

In Ethiopia， the birthplace of coffee， traditional coffee ceremonies are a distinguished part of the culture， with the brewing and serving process lasting up to two hours. Historically， buna， as coffee is called here， was served with salt or butter instead of sugar.

Senegal： Café Touba

Café Touba is made similarly to drip coffee and flavored with Guinea pepper， or djar3， and occasionally cloves. It takes its name from the holy city of Touba. Originally believed to have medicinal value， this sweet and spicy coffee drink is now enjoyed throughout the morning and afternoon in Senegal. Touba stands are found on every street corner in Dakar.

Austria： Mélange

Served in Viennese cafes， Austria’s traditional drink， mélange， is very similar to a cappuccino. It contains espresso and steamed milk and is topped with froth or， sometimes， whipped cream （which is what makes it different from a traditional cappuccino）.

Greece： Frappé

The Greek frappé is a frothy iced drink made with Nescafé instant coffee， cold water， sugar and evaporated milk4. It’s best enjoyed in an outdoor cafe.

Indonesia： Kopi Luwak

Though this might make your skin crawl slightly， there is something in Indonesia called “kopi luwak.” In order to get the right roast and flavor， the kopi beans must first pass through the digestive tract of a civet. Yeah， you read that right. The beans are harvested from the civet’s droppings then roasted. It is absurdly overpriced in Indonesia， but tourists and locals love drinking it up.

Vietnam： Cà Phê Tr?ng

Also known as Vietnamese egg coffee， this caffeinated treat could almost pass for dessert. Egg yolks are whisked together with condensed milk and sugar， creating a custard-like topping that makes this slow-brewed beverage a nationwide favorite. Any dark， strong blend will work， although robusta beans are most commonly used for Cà Phê Tr?ng. Egg coffee can be enjoyed either hot or iced and is an absolute must-try for visitors to Hanoi or Ho Chi Minh City.

意大利：特濃咖啡

如果在一家意大利咖啡館點(diǎn)一杯咖啡帶走喝，你絕對會(huì)受到別人的白眼，因?yàn)樘貪饪Х染褪且獯罄搜壑械耐鈳ЭХ?。這種咖啡很濃郁，裝在非常小的杯子中，通常是站在咖啡館里小口喝完的。有時(shí)拿一片檸檬沿杯子邊緣涂抹一圈，帶來別樣的風(fēng)味。另外，實(shí)際上只有在早上才會(huì)制作卡布奇諾。

土耳其：土耳其咖啡

一句著名的土耳其諺語形容咖啡應(yīng)“黑如地獄，濃如死亡，甜如愛情”。這種濃厚的咖啡通常在飯后搭配土耳其咀嚼糖享用，盛咖啡的容器是一把長柄銅壺，被稱作土耳其咖啡壺。

丹麥：丹麥咖啡

也許是由于斯堪的納維亞的冬天寒夜漫漫，歷史的咖啡消費(fèi)之高可位列世界史上頭幾名。在丹麥文化中，咖啡扮演著重要角色，幾乎每個(gè)角落都能看到擠滿了人的咖啡館，尤其是在哥本哈根這樣的城市。

法國：歐蕾咖啡

法國人的一天始自歐蕾咖啡——把熱牛奶沖入咖啡中，倒入足夠?qū)挼鸟R克杯，以方便浸泡法棍面包或牛角面包。

德國：咖啡和蛋糕

德國人喜愛在喝下午茶時(shí)搭配蛋糕，這種方式被稱作“咖啡和蛋糕”。同樣，這也是一種迎接客人以及和家人朋友消磨時(shí)光的方式。咖啡廳非常受歡迎，約翰·塞巴斯蒂安·巴赫甚至因此創(chuàng)作了一部名為《咖啡康塔塔》的迷你歌劇，講述了一個(gè)女孩沉迷于咖啡的故事。

古巴：古巴咖啡

不管是清早還是飯后，或一天中任何時(shí)候，古巴人都喜歡喝濃郁的咖啡。濃郁的古巴咖啡是社會(huì)架構(gòu)的重要組成部分，小份飲用，在社交中廣受歡迎。

哥倫比亞：純黑咖啡

哥倫比亞因其優(yōu)質(zhì)多樣的咖啡豆而著名，盛行小杯加糖的純咖啡。這種咖啡被稱作純黑咖啡，通常以六盎司杯裝在哥倫比亞大街上售賣，人們通常在傍晚或晚飯過后享用。有趣的是，哥倫比亞人卻沒那么喜歡它，而更鐘情于一種用水及蔗糖做成的飲品——蔗糖水。

巴西：小咖啡

在巴西圣保羅，小咖啡館及當(dāng)?shù)氐男前涂丝Х鹊甓紩?huì)供應(yīng)小咖啡，這是一種加有少許糖的雙倍特濃咖啡，和一小塊油酥點(diǎn)心一起享用。朋友們下午相聚閑聊及同事在工作間隙溝通交流時(shí)一起品用小咖啡非常普遍。

沙特阿拉伯：夸瓦

在沙特阿拉伯及其他阿拉伯文化中，咖啡儀式要遵循許多規(guī)矩禮節(jié)，包括請年長者先用。沙特阿拉伯咖啡（kahwa）味道很重，相當(dāng)苦，用豆蔻調(diào)味。實(shí)際上，人們經(jīng)常用甜棗來緩解它的味道。

芬蘭：芝士咖啡

芝士咖啡，或者說“咖啡芝士”，源于芬蘭，在接近芬蘭邊界的瑞典北部也可以見到。這是一種相對堅(jiān)硬、味道較淡的芝士，當(dāng)澆上用咖啡豆磨成的細(xì)粉制成的熱咖啡時(shí)，便會(huì)擁有更為持久的奶味及更甜的口味。

愛爾蘭：愛爾蘭咖啡

愛爾蘭咖啡是餐后飲品，實(shí)現(xiàn)了咖啡與雞尾酒的結(jié)合。愛爾蘭咖啡包含熱咖啡、愛爾蘭威士忌、糖及摜奶油，頂部的摜奶油廣受喜愛。愛爾蘭咖啡實(shí)際上發(fā)明于20世紀(jì)40年代的寒冷冬夜，為了讓美國的游客們暖和起來，直到今天都很受歡迎。

墨西哥：陶壺咖啡

這種咖啡就是為喜歡在咖啡中放入肉桂的人準(zhǔn)備的。陶壺咖啡是在陶壺里放入肉桂條調(diào)制而成，有香料的味道。墨西哥人堅(jiān)信陶壺可以煮出咖啡的味道。

埃塞俄比亞：布納

埃塞俄比亞是咖啡的發(fā)源地，傳統(tǒng)的咖啡儀式是埃塞俄比亞文化非常重要的組成部分，調(diào)制咖啡及上咖啡的過程可達(dá)兩小時(shí)之久。在歷史上，布納（埃塞俄比亞對咖啡的叫法）不加糖，而是加鹽或黃油。

塞內(nèi)加爾：圖巴咖啡

圖巴咖啡和滴濾咖啡的做法相似，用幾內(nèi)亞胡椒（djar）調(diào)味，有時(shí)也會(huì)用丁香。圖巴咖啡的名字源于圣城圖巴。最初，人們相信它有藥用功效;如今，在塞內(nèi)加爾，人們會(huì)在早上及下午享用這種甜而辛辣的咖啡飲品。在達(dá)喀爾的每個(gè)街角都可以找到圖巴咖啡館。

奧地利：混合咖啡

維也納咖啡館供應(yīng)奧地利的傳統(tǒng)飲品混合咖啡。混合咖啡和卡布奇諾非常相似，包含意大利特濃咖啡及熱蒸奶，頂部會(huì)打上奶沫，有時(shí)也會(huì)打上摜奶油（這正是混合咖啡和傳統(tǒng)的卡布奇諾不同之處）。

希臘：冰咖啡

希臘冰咖啡屬于起泡冰飲，用雀巢速溶咖啡、冷水、糖及淡奶制成，最適合在露天咖啡館享用。

印度尼西亞：貓屎咖啡

雖然這可能會(huì)讓你起雞皮疙瘩，但是在印度尼西亞確實(shí)存在所謂的“貓屎咖啡”。為了獲得良好的烘焙效果及優(yōu)質(zhì)的口味，咖啡豆必須先從麝香貓的消化道中過一遍。是的，你沒有看錯(cuò)。之后，從麝香貓的糞便提取出咖啡豆并進(jìn)行烘焙。在印度尼西亞，貓屎咖啡的價(jià)格高得出奇，但是游客們和當(dāng)?shù)厝讼矚g將它一飲而盡。

越南：蛋咖啡

蛋咖啡也被稱作越南雞蛋咖啡，這種含有咖啡因的飲品幾乎可以充當(dāng)甜品。把蛋黃、煉乳及糖放在一起攪拌，形成類似蛋奶沙司一樣的澆頭。這種飲品調(diào)制起來很慢，在越南廣受喜愛。任何經(jīng)過深度烘培、味道濃郁的咖啡豆都能調(diào)制蛋咖啡，但通常多采用羅布斯塔咖啡豆。無論是熱飲還是冰飲，蛋咖啡都很好喝，同時(shí)這也是游覽河內(nèi)或胡志明市的游客必嘗飲品。? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? □

（譯者為“《英語世界》杯”翻譯大賽獲獎(jiǎng)選手）