程廣超 楊萍 赫晨
摘要:雌激素受體(ERα)和多巴胺(DA)可參與雌性動(dòng)物動(dòng)情周期調(diào)節(jié),故本研究通過酪氨酸羥化酶(TH)標(biāo)記DA神經(jīng)元,探討了社會(huì)隔離對(duì)雌性動(dòng)情周期及ERα和DA的影響。成年雌性ICR小鼠社會(huì)隔離10 d后,檢測(cè)其動(dòng)情周期變化及動(dòng)情期和動(dòng)情間期中樞ERα-IR和TH-IR神經(jīng)元表達(dá)。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),社會(huì)隔離延長(zhǎng)了雌鼠的動(dòng)情前期和動(dòng)情期(P<0.05),但對(duì)動(dòng)情后期和動(dòng)情間期沒有影響;社會(huì)隔離和動(dòng)情周期均會(huì)顯著影響終紋床核(BNST)、內(nèi)側(cè)視前區(qū)(MPOA)和下丘腦弓狀核(AR)的ERα-IR神經(jīng)元表達(dá)(P<0.05),并對(duì)AR的ERα-IR表達(dá)和中腦腹側(cè)被蓋區(qū)(VTA)的TH-IR神經(jīng)元表達(dá)有交互影響(P<0.05),表現(xiàn)為社會(huì)隔離減少動(dòng)情期AR的ERα-IR表達(dá)(P<0.05),增加動(dòng)情期和動(dòng)情間期TH-IR表達(dá)(P<0.05),且對(duì)動(dòng)情期的影響更明顯。提示社會(huì)隔離會(huì)干擾雌鼠的動(dòng)情周期,ERα和DA在特定腦區(qū)的變化對(duì)此具有重要調(diào)制作用。
關(guān)鍵詞:隔離;雌性小鼠;動(dòng)情周期;雌激素;多巴胺;免疫活性表達(dá)
中圖分類號(hào): Q492 ?文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼: A ?文章編號(hào):1002-1302(2019)14-0197-05
雌性哺乳動(dòng)物的動(dòng)情周期分為動(dòng)情前期(proestrus)、動(dòng)情期(estrus)、動(dòng)情后期(metestrus) 和動(dòng)情間期(diestrus)4 個(gè)階段。在雌性的非妊娠生殖活動(dòng)中,動(dòng)情狀態(tài)呈周期性變化,卵子的形成和性激素的分泌也呈周期性波動(dòng)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),動(dòng)情周期會(huì)影響雌性動(dòng)物的行為和情緒,如配偶選擇[1]、焦慮水平[2]、社會(huì)性學(xué)習(xí)[3]、空間記憶或目標(biāo)識(shí)別[4-5]以及對(duì)成癮藥物的敏感性等[6-7]。內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)紊亂如免疫或炎癥應(yīng)激會(huì)干擾大鼠、母羊和獼猴(rhesus macaques)的排卵周期[8-10]。此外,心理社會(huì)性應(yīng)激也會(huì)抑制促性腺激素分泌。對(duì)獼猴研究發(fā)現(xiàn),心理應(yīng)激增加再結(jié)合其他應(yīng)激源能干擾生殖激素分泌,破壞月經(jīng)周期[11-12];母羊的動(dòng)情周期對(duì)于急性及反復(fù)的心理社會(huì)應(yīng)激具有低抗性[13]。動(dòng)情周期的變化是下丘腦-垂 體- 性腺(hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal,HPG)軸周期變化所致。雌激素α受體(estrogen receptor alpha,ERα)參與對(duì)HPG軸的調(diào)節(jié),在調(diào)制生殖行為中具有關(guān)鍵作用[14-15]。多巴胺(dopamine,DA)也會(huì)影響動(dòng)情周期和排卵[16]。作為一種心理社會(huì)性應(yīng)激,長(zhǎng)期社會(huì)隔離會(huì)影響嚙齒動(dòng)物的行為、情緒和神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌反應(yīng)[17-18]。酪氨酸羥化酶(tyrosine hydroxylase,TH)是DA合成的限速酶,本研究探討了長(zhǎng)期社會(huì)隔離對(duì)雌性小鼠動(dòng)情周期的影響及ERα和TH在動(dòng)情期和動(dòng)情間期的變化,以期探討隔離應(yīng)激對(duì)動(dòng)情周期影響的可能機(jī)制。
1 材料與方法
1.1 試驗(yàn)動(dòng)物
SPF級(jí)ICR雌性小鼠由寧夏醫(yī)科大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心提供,飼養(yǎng)于北方民族大學(xué)生物科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物飼養(yǎng)房,塑料飼養(yǎng)籠(32 cm×21.5 cm×17 cm)飼養(yǎng),飼料和飲水充足。室溫25 ℃,光—暗周期12 h—12 h,食物、飲水充足。2016年5月開始試驗(yàn),小鼠10周齡,共44只,平均體質(zhì)量約32 g,其中22只進(jìn)行單獨(dú)飼養(yǎng)(社會(huì)隔離),另外22只進(jìn)行群居飼養(yǎng)(每籠4~6只)。隔離10 d后,隨機(jī)取隔離和群居鼠各10只檢測(cè)動(dòng)情周期,剩下24只檢測(cè)動(dòng)情期和動(dòng)情間期的ERα和TH表達(dá),共分為4組:隔離動(dòng)情期組(IE,n=6)、隔離動(dòng)情間期組(ID,n=6)、群居動(dòng)情期組(CE,n=6)和群居動(dòng)情間期組(CD,n=6)。
1.2 動(dòng)情周期的檢測(cè)
取小鼠陰道上皮組織涂片進(jìn)行亞甲基藍(lán)染色,根據(jù)上皮細(xì)胞形態(tài)特點(diǎn)確定動(dòng)情周期各階段[19],并記錄各階段的持續(xù)時(shí)間。
1.3 免疫組織化學(xué)試驗(yàn)
動(dòng)物經(jīng)腹腔注射戊巴比妥鈉麻醉。先用4%多聚甲醛進(jìn)行灌注固定;取出腦組織放入4%多聚甲醛后固定過夜(4 ℃),后4 ℃置于30%蔗糖溶液直至組織沉底。用冰凍切片機(jī)將腦作冠狀切,片厚40 μm。用山羊血清封閉液37 ℃濕盒內(nèi)封閉1 h。滴加由抗體稀釋液稀釋的一抗:ERα(1 ∶ 100;sc-542,Santa Cruz,中杉金橋生物技術(shù)有限公司分裝)和TH(1 ∶ 2 000;ab112,Abcam,Hong Kong),4 ℃孵育72 h。0.01 mol/L PBS漂洗5 min/次,共3次。滴加生物素化羊抗兔IgG(博士德生物工程有限公司,武漢),37 ℃濕盒內(nèi)孵育 1.5 h。0.01 mol/L PBS漂洗5 min/次,共3次。滴加SABC試劑(博士德生物工程有限公司,武漢),37 ℃濕盒內(nèi)孵育2.5 h。采用0.01 mol/L的PBS漂洗10 min/次,共4次。DAB顯色劑顯色。常規(guī)乙醇脫水,二甲苯透明,中性樹膠封片。
終紋床核(bed nucleus of the stria terminalis,BNST)、內(nèi)側(cè)視前區(qū)(medial preoptic area,MPOA)、下丘腦腹內(nèi)側(cè)核(ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus,VMH)和下丘腦弓狀核(arcuate hypothalamic nucleus,AR)是ERα的重要分布區(qū)域。中腦腹側(cè)被蓋區(qū)(ventral tegmental area,VTA)、未定帶(zona incerta,ZI)和下丘腦室旁核(paraventricular nucleus,PVN)是TH的重要分布區(qū)域,因此本研究檢測(cè)了這些腦區(qū)的ERα和TH神經(jīng)元表達(dá)。各腦區(qū)參照Paxinos & Franklin的著書以定位[20]。每只鼠選擇3張連續(xù)的切片量化,利用顯微測(cè)微尺,計(jì)算1 mm2內(nèi)單側(cè)腦區(qū)核團(tuán)的陽性神經(jīng)元數(shù)目。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)方法
數(shù)據(jù)用SPSS 19.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn)比較隔離組與對(duì)照組(群居組)的動(dòng)情周期。以隔離和動(dòng)情周期作為2個(gè)固定因素,采用two-way ANOVA分析及post hoc檢驗(yàn)ERα-IR和TH-IR神經(jīng)元數(shù)量的組間差異。
2 結(jié)果與分析
2.1 動(dòng)情周期
3 討論
動(dòng)情周期的規(guī)律性是卵巢生殖功能正常的直接標(biāo)志。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),社會(huì)隔離后雌性ICR小鼠的動(dòng)情前期和動(dòng)情期延長(zhǎng),動(dòng)情后期和動(dòng)情間期沒有變化,總的動(dòng)情周期變長(zhǎng)。動(dòng)情前期和動(dòng)情期是排卵期,動(dòng)情后期是分泌孕酮及黃體形成的時(shí)期,該結(jié)果暗示社會(huì)隔離延長(zhǎng)了排卵時(shí)間。與本試驗(yàn)結(jié)果不同的是, 有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)隔離14 d的成年雌性C57BL/6J小鼠動(dòng)情周期縮短并且腎上腺質(zhì)量增加[21]。有種觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為,在低群體密度下,延長(zhǎng)動(dòng)情期能增加受孕的可能性,這可能是對(duì)隔離應(yīng)激的一種適應(yīng)性反應(yīng)[22]。生殖周期的形成是性類固醇激素通過作用于腦和垂體的正反饋和負(fù)反饋機(jī)制調(diào)制了黃體生成素(luteinizing hormone,LH)和促卵泡激素( follicle stimulating hormone,F(xiàn)SH)分泌產(chǎn)生的,其中雌二醇扮演了關(guān)鍵作用。對(duì)于成年雌性,促性腺激素釋放激素(gonadotropin-releasing hormone,GnRH)的分泌受到性激素正反饋和負(fù)反饋調(diào)節(jié),排卵前高水平的雌二醇通過正反饋使GnRH形成高峰,誘導(dǎo)LH釋放并促進(jìn)排卵[23]。應(yīng)激對(duì)促性腺激素的分泌有損害,皮質(zhì)酮和促腎上腺皮質(zhì)激素釋放因子(corticotropinreleasing factor,CRF)可以干擾促性腺激素對(duì)性激素生成細(xì)胞的刺激作用[24],并且心理社會(huì)應(yīng)激可通過減少GnRH抑制LH的分泌[25]。因此,本試驗(yàn)中小鼠動(dòng)情前期和動(dòng)情期的延長(zhǎng),可能也是一種對(duì)隔離應(yīng)激的適應(yīng),通過延長(zhǎng)動(dòng)情期和動(dòng)情前期補(bǔ)償排卵的下降。
動(dòng)情期隔離組與動(dòng)情期群居組相比,在BNST、MPOA和AR的ERα-IR表達(dá)減少;動(dòng)情間期隔離組與動(dòng)情間期群居組相比ERα-IR表達(dá)僅在MPOA減少,說明社會(huì)隔離在動(dòng)情期和動(dòng)情間期均會(huì)在一定腦區(qū)減少ERα的表達(dá),但動(dòng)情期的影響似乎更廣泛。BNST的活動(dòng)與焦慮和應(yīng)激有關(guān),BNST的差異表明社會(huì)隔離更易引起動(dòng)情期應(yīng)激和情緒的變化。ERα 表達(dá)受到外周雌激素的影響,MPOA區(qū)的雌激素受體mRNA水平在動(dòng)情期比動(dòng)情間期高[26];對(duì)雌性布氏田鼠(Lasiopodomys brandtii)研究表明,動(dòng)情期較動(dòng)情間期和動(dòng)情前期在MPOA有更高的ERα-IR細(xì)胞[27]。動(dòng)情期和動(dòng)情間期的雌二醇的基礎(chǔ)水平不同,這可能是社會(huì)隔離引起ERα 在2個(gè)階段表達(dá)水平不同的一個(gè)重要原因。MPOA主要調(diào)節(jié)性行為,并影響對(duì)異性氣味的偏好[28]。AR可調(diào)節(jié)不同的神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌功能,其功能依賴于內(nèi)在的不同神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌細(xì)胞,其中GnRH 神經(jīng)元分泌GnRH[29],AR的ERα神經(jīng)元對(duì)雌性小鼠動(dòng)情周期和雌激素負(fù)反饋機(jī)制具有關(guān)鍵作用。雌二醇通過
AR細(xì)胞間接、跨突觸地抑制GnRH神經(jīng)元的活動(dòng),從而抑制GnRH分泌進(jìn)入正中隆起(median eminence) [30]。因此,社會(huì)隔離可通過調(diào)節(jié)ERα繼而影響動(dòng)情周期。至于VMH,雖然參與雌性性行為[31],但沒有證據(jù)表明VMH神經(jīng)元參與GnRH神經(jīng)元網(wǎng)絡(luò)[30]。
隔離組的動(dòng)情期和動(dòng)情間期分別與群居組的相比,VTA的TH表達(dá)增加,隔離組的動(dòng)情期與群居組的相比,ZI的TH表達(dá)也有增加。此外,社會(huì)隔離和動(dòng)情周期對(duì)VTA的TH表達(dá)有交互作用,隔離動(dòng)情期組和群居動(dòng)情期組分別與隔離動(dòng)情間期組及群居動(dòng)情間期組相比TH表達(dá)顯著增加。DA能神經(jīng)元的胞體主要位于VTA,TH是DA合成的限速酶,因此,這些結(jié)果說明社會(huì)隔離增加了動(dòng)情期和動(dòng)情間期的VTA的DA合成,且在動(dòng)情期這種影響更明顯。對(duì)八齒鼠(Octodon degus)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),早期親本隔離及斷乳隔離會(huì)增加伏核(NAc)核區(qū)和殼區(qū)的TH-IR神經(jīng)纖維密度[32];大鼠長(zhǎng)期隔離后額葉皮質(zhì)中TH活性也會(huì)增加[33]。從斷乳后至成年的社會(huì)隔離會(huì)引起大鼠在VTA和NAc的DA釋放和攝取增強(qiáng)[34]。DA通過控制黃體生成激素釋放因子(luteinizing hormone releasing factor,LRF)誘導(dǎo)LH釋放[35],并可刺激促卵泡激素釋放因子(follicle stimulating hormone releasing factor,F(xiàn)SF)分泌和LRF釋放[36],LRF可促進(jìn)排卵,而DA水平的改變可以影響動(dòng)情周期的持續(xù)時(shí)間,例如,高水平DA會(huì)延長(zhǎng)大鼠的動(dòng)情期[16]。本研究中,隔離組在動(dòng)情期高水平的TH表達(dá),暗示了更多的DA釋放,這可能是引起動(dòng)情期延長(zhǎng)的重要機(jī)制之一。此外,DA可以調(diào)節(jié)情緒和社會(huì)行為[37],邊緣系統(tǒng)如BNST、MPOA、VMH的ERα也與調(diào)節(jié)社會(huì)行為有關(guān)[38]。因此,隔離應(yīng)激引起的動(dòng)情期和動(dòng)情間期ERα和TH的不同表達(dá),改變動(dòng)情周期,并可能影響到雌性在不同動(dòng)情階段的情緒和行為。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]Zinck L,Lima S Q. Mate choice in mus musculus is relative and dependent on the estrous state[J]. PLoS One,2013,8(6):e66064.
[2]Marcondes F K,Miguel K J,Melo L L,et al. Estrous cycle influences the response of female rats in the elevated plus-maze test[J]. Physiology & Behavior,2001,74(4/5):435-440.
[3]Choleris E,Clipperton-Allen A E,Gray D G,et al. Differential effects of dopamine receptor D1-Type and D2-Type antagonists and phase of the estrous cycle on social learning of food preferences,feeding,and social interactions in mice[J]. Neuropsy Chopharmacology,2011,36(8):1689-1702.
[4]Frick K M,Berger-Sweeney J. Spatial reference memory and neocortical neurochemistry vary with the estrous cycle in C57BL/6 mice[J]. Behavioral Neuroscience,2001,115(1):229-237.
[5]Paris J J,F(xiàn)rye C A. Estrous cycle,pregnancy,and parity enhance performance of rats in object recognition or object placement tasks[J]. Reproduction,2008,136(1):105-115.
[6]Sell S L,Dillon A M,Cunningham K A,et al. Estrous cycle influence on individual differences in the response to novelty and cocaine in female rats[J]. Behavioural Brain Research,2005,161(1):69-74.
[7]Anker J J,Carroll M E. Females are more vulnerable to drug abuse than males:evidence from preclinical studies and the role of ovarian hormones[M]//Biological basis of sex differences in psychopharmacology. Berlin,Heidelberg:Springer:73-96.
[8]Nappi R E,Rivest S. Effect of immune and metabolic challenges on the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neural system in cycling female rats:an evaluation at the transcriptional level[J]. Endocrinology,1997,138(4):1374-1384.
[9]Battaglia D F,Krasa H B,Padmanabhan V,et al. Endocrine alterations that underlie endotoxin-induced disruption of the follicular phase in ewes[J]. Biology of Reproduction,2000,62(1):45-53.
[10]Xiao E,Xia-Zhang L,Barth A,et al. Stress and the menstrual cycle:relevance of cycle quality in the short-and long-term response to a 5-day endotoxin challenge during the follicular phase in the rhesus monkey[J]. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism,1998,83(7):2454-2460.
[11]Xiao E,Linna X Z,F(xiàn)erin M. Inadequate luteal function is the initial clinical cyclic defect in a 12-day stress model that includes a psychogenic component in the rhesus monkey[J]. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism,2002,87(5):2232-2237.
[12]Williams N I,Berga S L,Cameron J L. Synergism between psychosocial and metabolic stressors:impact on reproductive function in cynomolgus monkeys[J]. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism,2007,293(1):270-276.
[13]Wagenmaker E R,Breen K M,Oakley A E,et al. The estrous cycle of the ewe is resistant to disruption by repeated,acute psychosocial stress[J]. Biology of Reproduction,2010,82(6):1206-1215.
[14]Couse J F,Yates M M,Walker V R,et al. Characterization of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in female estrogen receptor knockout mice[J]. Biol Reprod,2002,66:98.
[15]Ogawa S,Eng V,Taylor J,et al. Roles of estrogen receptor alpha gene expression in reproduction-related behaviors in female mice[J]. Endocrinology,1998,139(12):5070-5081.
[16]Uemura H,Kobayashi H. Effects of dopamine implanted in the median eminence on the estrous cycle of the rat[J]. Endocrinologia Japonica,1971,17(6):91.
[17]Berry A,Bellisario V,Capoccia S,et al. Social deprivation stress is a triggering factor for the emergence of anxiety-and depression-like behaviours and leads to reduced brain BDNF levels in C57BL/6J mice[J]. Psychoneuroendocrinology,2012,37(6):762-772.
[18]劉朝寶,王建禮,詹 泊. 斷乳后隔離對(duì)BALB/c小鼠的焦慮水平、社會(huì)行為及血清應(yīng)激激素影響的性別差異[J]. 生命科學(xué)研究,2016,20(4):325-332,357.
[19]Byers S L,Wiles M V,Dunn S L,et al. Mouse estrous cycle identification tool and images[J]. PLoS One,2012,7(4):e35538.
[20]Paxinos G,F(xiàn)ranklin K. The mouse brain in stereotaxic coordinates[M]. 2nd ed. New York:Academic Press,2001:26-109.
[21]Bronson F H,Champman V M. Adrenal-estrus relationship in grouped or isolated mice[J]. Nature,1968,218(5140):483-484.
[22]Shamolina T S,Pivina S G,Ordian N E. Effects of social isolation during puberty on reproductive functions and behavior of prenatally stressed female rats[J]. Rossiiskii Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal Imeni I.M. Sechenova,2010,96(6):598-608.
[23]Moenter S M,Chu Z,Christian C A. Neurobiological mechanisms underlying oestradiol negative and positive feedback regulation of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone neurones[J]. Journal of Neuroendocrinology,2009,21(4):327-333.
[24]Rivier C,Rivest S. Effect of stress on the activity of the hypothalamicpituitary-gonadal axis:peripheral and central mechanisms[J]. Biology of Reproduction,1991,45(4):523-532.
[25]Wagenmaker E R,Breen K M,Oakley A E,et al. Psychosocial stress inhibits gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulses independent of cortisol action on the type Ⅱ glucocorticoid receptor[J]. Endocrinology,2009,150(2):762-769.
[26]Shughrue P J,Bushnell C D,Dorsa D M. Estrogen receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in female rat brain during the estrous cycle:a comparison with ovariectomized females and intact males[J]. Endocrinology,1992,131(1):381-388.
[27]Pan Y,Xu L,Wang Z,et al. Expression of oestrogen receptor alpha in the brain of brandts voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii):sex differences and variations during ovarian cycles[J]. Journal of Neuroendocrinology,2011,23(10):926-932.
[28]Martinez L A,Petrulis,A. The medial preoptic area is necessary for sexual odor preference,but not sexual solicitation,in female Syrian hamsters[J]. Hormones and Behavior,2013,63(1):606-614.
[29]Bouret S G,Draper S J,Simerly R B. Formation of projection pathways from the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus to hypothalamic regions implicated in the neural control of feeding behavior in mice[J]. Journal of Neuroscience,2004,24(11):2797-2805.
[30]Yeo S H,Herbison A E. Estrogen-negative feedback and estrous cyclicity are critically dependent upon estrogen receptor-α expression in the arcuate nucleus of adult female mice[J]. Endocrinology,2014,155(8):2986-2995.
[31]Holder M K,Hadjimarkou M M,Zup S L,et al. Methamphetamine facilitates female sexual behavior and enhances neuronal activation in the medial amygdala and ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus[J]. Psychoneuroendocrinology,2010,35(2):197-208.
[32]Gos T,Becker K,Bock J,et al. Early neonatal and postweaning social emotional deprivation interferes with the maturation of serotonergic and tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive afferent fiber systems in the rodent nucleus accumbens,hippocampus and amygdala[J]. Neuroscience,2006,140(3):811-821.
[33]Toru M. Increased tyrosine hydroxylase activity in frontal cortex of rats after long-term isolation stress[J]. LEncéphale,1982,8(2):315-317.
[34]Yorgason J T,Calipari E S,F(xiàn)erris M J,et al. Social isolation rearing increases dopamine uptake and psychostimulant potency in the striatum[J]. Neuropharmacology,2016,101:471-479.
[35]Kamberi I A,Mical R S,Porter J C. Luteinizing hormone-releasing activity in hypophysial stalk blood and elevation by dopamine[J]. Science,1969,166(3903):388-390.
[36]Kamberi I A,Schneider H P,Mccann S M. Action of dopamine to induce release of FSH-releasing factor(FRF)from hypothalamic tissue in vitro[J]. Endocrinology,1970,86(2):278-284.
[37]王建禮,邰發(fā)道,趙清梅. 社會(huì)互作獎(jiǎng)賞效應(yīng)的多巴胺依賴機(jī)制[J]. 生命科學(xué),2011,23(5):423-428.
[38]Newman SW. The medial extended amygdala in male reproductive behavior. A node in the mammalian social behavior network[J]. Ann N Y Acad Sci,1999,877:242-257.