規(guī)劃設(shè)計:陳同濱
“良渚遺址”(距今5300 ~4300 年)是中國長江下游地區(qū)極為重要的新石器時期考古遺址。1996年由國務(wù)院公布為第三批全國重點文物保護(hù)單位;2019 年以“良渚古城遺址”申報世界遺產(chǎn)成功,成為世界矚目的偉大遺產(chǎn),被認(rèn)為“改寫了人類歷史”?;仡櫾撨z址的保護(hù)歷程,從1994 年列入《預(yù)備名單》到2019 年世界遺產(chǎn)大會通過,在25 年的時間里,良渚遺址經(jīng)歷了一個堪稱“艱巨而偉大”的保護(hù)歷程。其中僅它的保護(hù)規(guī)劃編制與實施過程,在中國的世界文化遺產(chǎn)和大遺址保護(hù)方面就頗有突出的代表性。
本所從2000 年開始受理良渚項目,在近20 年的時間中,一共主持編制或指導(dǎo)編制過3 套規(guī)劃,用于指導(dǎo)全國重點文物保護(hù)單位“良渚遺址”的保護(hù)管理及其“良渚古城遺址”的申遺過程:其一是主持編制了啟動于2000 年的《良渚遺址保護(hù)總體規(guī)劃2008-2025》(以下簡稱《總規(guī)》);其二是主持編制了啟動于2012 年的《良渚古城遺址保護(hù)管理規(guī)劃2017-2050》(以下簡稱《管規(guī)》);其三是指導(dǎo)編制了遺產(chǎn)區(qū)的一系列專項規(guī)劃,包括《土地利用專項規(guī)劃》《村落控制性詳細(xì)規(guī)劃》《道路交通專項規(guī)劃》《基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施專項規(guī)劃》《水系保護(hù)專項規(guī)劃》等。這3 套規(guī)劃形成了一個有機(jī)的關(guān)聯(lián)序列,分別規(guī)劃了良渚遺址在總規(guī)、控規(guī)和詳規(guī)3 個層面的保護(hù)管理工作目標(biāo),完整體現(xiàn)了中國大遺址保護(hù)規(guī)劃的主要技能——以分級分類的空間管控為抓手的大遺址保護(hù)規(guī)劃基本策略。
《總規(guī)》的規(guī)劃對象是全國重點文物保護(hù)單位“良渚遺址”,規(guī)劃范圍111.29km2。在空間規(guī)劃方面采用了下列3 個步驟:
1 良渚遺址保護(hù)總體規(guī)劃保護(hù)區(qū)劃圖
(1)設(shè)立并劃定保護(hù)范圍、建控地帶和環(huán)境控制區(qū)3 個控制層級,區(qū)劃范圍分別對應(yīng)于遺址本體的分布區(qū)、遺址環(huán)境要素與可能分布有遺存的分布區(qū),以及基本完整的視線空間范圍。邊界的劃定除了完整包含相關(guān)要素之外,主要考慮了地形地貌的基本輪廓,并進(jìn)一步結(jié)合歷史水系現(xiàn)狀河流與道路等現(xiàn)狀地標(biāo)劃定。這3 個層級的保護(hù)區(qū)劃設(shè)定,以及制定相應(yīng)的建設(shè)控制與土地利用管理規(guī)定,基本奠定了完整保護(hù)遺址及其環(huán)境的空間管控格局。
(2)進(jìn)一步針對遺產(chǎn)地高速發(fā)展的城鎮(zhèn)化、工業(yè)化進(jìn)程,結(jié)合區(qū)劃設(shè)定明確提出保護(hù)規(guī)劃策略:保護(hù)范圍內(nèi)遏制城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程、保護(hù)范圍外強(qiáng)化城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程。前者包含了削減建設(shè)用地、控制并削減居住人口、搬遷廠礦企業(yè)、限止過境交通、保持農(nóng)業(yè)用地、保護(hù)生態(tài)環(huán)境等規(guī)劃措施與要求,后者包含了安置搬遷居民、擴(kuò)大城鎮(zhèn)建設(shè)用地、設(shè)立工業(yè)新區(qū)、提升基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、加強(qiáng)城市道路系統(tǒng)建設(shè)、調(diào)整經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)等規(guī)劃措施與要求。這一策略憑借不同空間的功能布局形成“堵”與“導(dǎo)”的組合,對遺產(chǎn)地的保護(hù)與發(fā)展進(jìn)行統(tǒng)籌,兼顧協(xié)調(diào)了不同利益方的訴求。
(3)針對規(guī)劃目標(biāo)實施的可操作性和有效性,在3 級區(qū)劃中進(jìn)一步開展分級分類的地塊劃定——在保護(hù)范圍內(nèi)劃出重點保護(hù)區(qū)和一般保護(hù)區(qū)、在建控地帶依據(jù)不同強(qiáng)度的建設(shè)控制力度劃出4 類區(qū)塊、在環(huán)境控制區(qū)按照不同要求的環(huán)境協(xié)調(diào)程度劃出2類區(qū)塊。這一區(qū)劃手法不僅為區(qū)分管控力度與管理內(nèi)容設(shè)立了界面,也為實施規(guī)劃措施的分期分批提供了依據(jù)。
《管規(guī)》的規(guī)劃對象是世界遺產(chǎn)申報項目“良渚古城遺址”,規(guī)劃范圍114.14km2,規(guī)劃范圍包含了考古新發(fā)現(xiàn)的外圍水利系統(tǒng)。在空間規(guī)劃方面主要采用了下列3 個步驟:
(1)依照申報文本的價值要素,劃國保單位“良渚遺址”的大部分重點保護(hù)區(qū)與省保單位“外圍水利系統(tǒng)”的保護(hù)范圍為世界遺產(chǎn)的申報區(qū),即遺產(chǎn)區(qū),保護(hù)管理規(guī)定按照文物保護(hù)單位重點保護(hù)區(qū)規(guī)劃要求執(zhí)行。
(2)將國保單位“良渚遺址”其余的保護(hù)范圍與建控地帶與省保單位“外圍水利系統(tǒng)”的建控地帶整合為世界遺產(chǎn)的緩沖區(qū),其中各個區(qū)塊的管理規(guī)定按照文物保護(hù)單位保護(hù)規(guī)劃的相應(yīng)規(guī)定分別執(zhí)行。
(3)繼續(xù)貫徹落實《總規(guī)》的保護(hù)規(guī)劃策略“保護(hù)范圍內(nèi)遏制城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程、保護(hù)范圍外強(qiáng)化城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程”,在《管規(guī)》中細(xì)化為遺產(chǎn)申報區(qū)和緩沖區(qū)的具體措施,指導(dǎo)整個保護(hù)管理工作的行動計劃。
(4)結(jié)合申遺目標(biāo),部分調(diào)整《總規(guī)》分期計劃:將申報區(qū),即遺產(chǎn)區(qū)的主要規(guī)劃措施列為近期和中期重點實施項目;將緩沖區(qū)的規(guī)劃措施實施期限往后推。
由此,不僅世界遺產(chǎn)的保護(hù)區(qū)劃與文物保護(hù)單位的保護(hù)區(qū)劃達(dá)成有效銜接,操作條理清晰;遺產(chǎn)申報的規(guī)劃措施分期與國保單位的規(guī)劃措施分期也在空間界定的基礎(chǔ)上獲得可操作的調(diào)整與銜接。
這套專項規(guī)劃包括《土地利用專項規(guī)劃》《村落控制性詳細(xì)規(guī)劃》《道路交通專項規(guī)劃》《基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施專項規(guī)劃》《水系保護(hù)專項規(guī)劃》等。作為對《總規(guī)》的保護(hù)規(guī)劃策略“保護(hù)范圍內(nèi)遏制城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程、保護(hù)范圍外強(qiáng)化城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程”的實質(zhì)性貫徹落實,系列專項規(guī)劃依據(jù)《管規(guī)》提出的各項規(guī)劃具體要求進(jìn)行詳細(xì)編制,落實到各類項目的可實施深度,最終為規(guī)劃執(zhí)行者提供了操作手冊與任務(wù)書。同時,系列專項規(guī)劃與《管規(guī)》在編制過程中也進(jìn)行了互動的密切銜接,確保了理念的貫徹與措施的可操作。
尤為值得一提的是,在上述3 級規(guī)劃的編制過程中,在落實以分級分類的空間管控為抓手的大遺址保護(hù)規(guī)劃基本策略時,這類大型遺址的規(guī)劃編制必須具備足夠的深度,要與遺產(chǎn)所在地的規(guī)劃部門形成密切的合作,否則往往流于“概念規(guī)劃”深度,無法實施。良渚遺址的3 套規(guī)劃在編制與銜接過程中,明顯得益于杭州市規(guī)劃院的鼎力支持與投入:與良渚遺址的《總規(guī)》與《管規(guī)》直接關(guān)聯(lián)的《杭州城市總體規(guī)劃》、《良渚古城外圍水利系統(tǒng)保護(hù)區(qū)劃》以及全套良渚遺址保護(hù)系列專項規(guī)劃,全部由杭州市規(guī)劃院承擔(dān),多個團(tuán)隊在院領(lǐng)導(dǎo)與總工們的積極支持與直接組織下積極投入,并在工作過程中都展現(xiàn)出優(yōu)良的敬業(yè)精神與忘我拼搏的工作態(tài)度,為整個良渚遺址的保護(hù)管理和申遺工作做出了不可或缺的顯著貢獻(xiàn)?!?/p>
Archaeological Ruins of Liangzhu (5300-yearold to 4300-year-old) is an important neolithic archaeological site in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. In 25 years from its inclusion in the Tentative Listin 1994 to its inscription in World Heritage List in 2019, Archaeological Ruins of Liangzhu has undergone a "arduous and great" conservation process. In terms of the compilation and implementation process of its conservation plan, it is quite representative in the conservation of world cultural heritage and major site in China.
2 良渚古城遺址保護(hù)管理規(guī)劃遺產(chǎn)區(qū)劃銜接圖
3 良渚古城遺址保護(hù)規(guī)劃專項規(guī)劃系列文件
The Master Conservation Plan for the Archaeological Ruins of Liangzhu (Liangzhu Ruins in short) formulated regulations on the construction control and management of 111km2, including the urban restricted construction area of 42km2. By containing the urbanisation process within the conservation scope of Liangzhu Ruins, the master plan of the conservation of Liangzhu Ruins realised a win-win relationship that benefits cocal residents from the conservation of the heritage, and made the heritage safer after eliminating the construction activities. In particular, deductions should be made within the scope of conservation, which includes population reduction, the control of construction activities, prohibition of industrial development, elimination or reduction of transit traffic, etc; while additions should be made outside of the conservation area, such as to develop new industrial district and increase the urban construction land in land use planning, to boost the construction of traffic system and supporting facilities of intercity or the outskirt of the site area, including "three supplies and one leveling" and so on. It should help form obvious environmental advantages, attract interests, and create conditions for residents within the scope of conservation to make voluntary decision and seek better living atmosphere and development conditions, instead of their house steads being forcibly expropriated.
To achieve the effective conservation of the heritage, the fundamental approach of the master plan is to put forward the space control strategies of the site area. This is embodied in the set of level 3 conservation division (the scope of conservation, the construction control area, and the environment control area). The master plan also formulated a series of measures for conservation demand, and put forward a series of urban and rural development suggestions for development needs, according to the principle of "within the scope containing the urbanisation, and outside the scope accelerating the urbanisation". In addition to the space control, it further promoted the effective connection between heritage conservation planning and urban development planning, and realised the transfer of land use functions and the reduction of transit traffic load by combining with the urban planning of Hangzhou City. Moreover, in the planning process of the conservation of Liangzhu site, the city's decision makers and administrators played their due role, published the master plan of conservation, and proposed land economic policies, which contributes to the first batch of relocation process of the planning.□ (Text by PANG Lingbo)