張洋 夏舫 李長霖

公園是城市綠地系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分，在維持城市生態(tài)環(huán)境、塑造城市景觀風(fēng)貌、提供公眾休憩空間等方面具有重要作用。近年來中國城市人均公園綠地面積呈現(xiàn)不斷增長的趨勢，預(yù)計(jì)2020年，人均公園綠地面積將達(dá)到14.6 m2[1]，其在城市中的重要性也日益凸顯。隨著5G、物聯(lián)網(wǎng)、大數(shù)據(jù)等新一代信息技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展，公園的管理和服務(wù)需求呈現(xiàn)多元化發(fā)展的趨勢，傳統(tǒng)公園已經(jīng)越來越難以滿足新的需求，并暴露出諸多問題。對于公園而言，“智慧化”是在傳統(tǒng)公園模式上的升級，不僅是信息技術(shù)發(fā)展的必然趨勢，也是公園未來建設(shè)的重要方向。

1 智慧公園的建設(shè)背景

1.1 智慧城市興起推動智慧公園建設(shè)

2009年，IBM公司首次提出“智慧城市”的理念，即以物聯(lián)網(wǎng)為重要基礎(chǔ)，賦予各類物品感知功能，使各類物品產(chǎn)生“智慧”，為人所用，實(shí)現(xiàn)更全面的物與物、物與人、人與人的互聯(lián)互通和相互感知，更有效的數(shù)據(jù)整合，更好的業(yè)務(wù)協(xié)同和更強(qiáng)的創(chuàng)新發(fā)展能力的城市[2]?！笆濉币詠?，中國眾多城市將建設(shè)智慧城市作為轉(zhuǎn)型發(fā)展的戰(zhàn)略選擇，掀起了智慧城市的建設(shè)熱潮[3]。截至2018年初，中國95%的副省級城市、83%的地級城市，總計(jì)超過500個城市均在規(guī)劃或正在建設(shè)智慧城市[4]，并在交通、醫(yī)療、能源等領(lǐng)域得到了良好的進(jìn)展，而智慧公園作為智慧城市重要的子系統(tǒng) （圖1），應(yīng)該為智慧城市提供生態(tài)環(huán)境、動植物資源、公眾游憩行為等方面的專業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)，但目前來看，公園在智慧化方面的建設(shè)明顯滯后于其他行業(yè)，因此，智慧城市的興起必然會推動智慧公園的建設(shè)。

1.2 傳統(tǒng)公園在管理和服務(wù)方面存在的問題

1）以人工為主的粗放式管理模式，精細(xì)化程度偏低。傳統(tǒng)公園在灌溉、照明、養(yǎng)護(hù)、安防等方面的管理，主要依賴于管理者的主觀經(jīng)驗(yàn)，而不是基于客觀數(shù)據(jù)，容易造成管理的實(shí)時性和準(zhǔn)確性不高。例如公園中植物的日常灌溉主要根據(jù)管理者經(jīng)驗(yàn)，進(jìn)行定期定量澆灌，往往會忽視土壤的實(shí)際干濕度以及不同植物類型的真實(shí)需水量，這種模式既不利于植物的生長，也易造成水資源的浪費(fèi)；而且，傳統(tǒng)管理方式中，數(shù)據(jù)的手工統(tǒng)計(jì)方式已不能滿足園林綠化日常管理的需求，手工數(shù)據(jù)查詢難度大、更新困難、不便于共享[5]，也無法有效應(yīng)用；另外，有些公園的管理團(tuán)隊(duì)由于管理經(jīng)驗(yàn)不足，出現(xiàn)管理目標(biāo)不清晰、任務(wù)分工不明確、考核機(jī)制不完善等問題，無法實(shí)現(xiàn)高效集約化管理。

2）景觀服務(wù)設(shè)施缺乏互動性，游憩體驗(yàn)不佳。傳統(tǒng)公園設(shè)計(jì)偏重于通過景觀空間的營建，為游客提供欣賞自然風(fēng)景的場所，人們的活動也隨之被限制在所提供的現(xiàn)有景觀空間當(dāng)中，變成一種相對“靜態(tài)”的游園方式，無法與公園中的景觀要素進(jìn)行互動，不能獲得深度游園的體驗(yàn)。同時，現(xiàn)有服務(wù)設(shè)施的智能化程度偏低，無法提供人性化的服務(wù)。例如公園中大多數(shù)的導(dǎo)覽系統(tǒng)采用平面標(biāo)識牌的形式，功能較為單一，只能提供園內(nèi)道路的基礎(chǔ)信息，無法為游客提供實(shí)時定位、個性化游園線路規(guī)劃和公園景點(diǎn)信息介紹等必要的導(dǎo)覽服務(wù)功能。

1.3 智慧化技術(shù)在公園中的應(yīng)用

在一些發(fā)達(dá)國家，信息化、集成化管理正應(yīng)用于公園的設(shè)計(jì)、建造、運(yùn)營維護(hù)、服務(wù)等各個階段。例如，德國公園綠地管理數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)，基于公園自然生態(tài)要素的動態(tài)發(fā)展以及社會功能的彈性更新，通過多層級的數(shù)據(jù)更新、錄入和維護(hù)，實(shí)現(xiàn)多端口的更新和統(tǒng)計(jì)分析功能，直接支持公園自然要素及其設(shè)施生態(tài)效能管理與保護(hù)的決策操作，也進(jìn)一步作為養(yǎng)護(hù)與公共經(jīng)費(fèi)投入的決策依據(jù)[6]。英國倫敦奧林匹克公園從綜合集成系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)、免費(fèi)wifi建設(shè)、生物多樣性保護(hù)、應(yīng)用程序（App）開發(fā)等幾個方面，實(shí)現(xiàn)公園的智慧化管理服務(wù)[7]。

近年來，中國城市公園建設(shè)中也開始嘗試引入一些智慧化的理念和技術(shù)，如北京朝陽公園引進(jìn)智能停車管理系統(tǒng)，增設(shè)收費(fèi)數(shù)據(jù)實(shí)時核算、實(shí)時統(tǒng)計(jì)、實(shí)時分析、電子支付、線上線下和客戶端多渠道交易等功能，提高停車收費(fèi)過程和財(cái)務(wù)管理的自動化程度，同時開通線上購票服務(wù)，為游客提供了便利。上海植物園于2019年開展安保技防設(shè)施升級完善項(xiàng)目（一期），基于數(shù)字化技術(shù)搭建視頻監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)，并在園區(qū)布置覆蓋重要景點(diǎn)、設(shè)施和建筑的光纖數(shù)據(jù)傳輸網(wǎng)絡(luò)，推進(jìn)公園的科學(xué)化管理[8]。深圳香蜜公園通過空間分析技術(shù)、4G移動網(wǎng)絡(luò)、物聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)，探索園區(qū)視頻監(jiān)控、智能照明、停車管理等多項(xiàng)智能系統(tǒng)的集成管理[9]。總體而言，智慧化技術(shù)在中國公園中的應(yīng)用還處于起步摸索階段，缺乏整體性和系統(tǒng)性建設(shè)。

2 智慧公園建設(shè)框架

智慧公園是指在公園中運(yùn)用“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)+”的思維和物聯(lián)網(wǎng)、大數(shù)據(jù)云計(jì)算、移動互聯(lián)網(wǎng)、信息智能終端等新一代信息技術(shù)，對服務(wù)、管理、養(yǎng)護(hù)過程進(jìn)行數(shù)字化表達(dá)、智能化控制和管理，實(shí)現(xiàn)與游人互感、互知、互動的公園[10]。從公園服務(wù)對象層面劃分，智慧公園建設(shè)的核心構(gòu)架應(yīng)該包括1個平臺——智慧綜合信息平臺，2個子系統(tǒng)——智慧管理系統(tǒng)和智慧服務(wù)系統(tǒng)（圖2）。

2.1 智慧綜合信息平臺

智慧綜合信息平臺相當(dāng)于公園的“大腦”，主要將感知層采集到的海量數(shù)據(jù)信息，通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)傳輸層傳輸至智慧綜合信息平臺，進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)的儲存、分析和可視化，將以往分散的各類數(shù)據(jù)整合到一個“底圖”上，打破傳統(tǒng)公園中各系統(tǒng)之間的“信息孤島”和“孤立狀態(tài)”，實(shí)現(xiàn)多源、多尺度、多維度的數(shù)據(jù)信息資源共享和聯(lián)動，為公園的智慧管理系統(tǒng)和智慧服務(wù)系統(tǒng)提供數(shù)據(jù)支撐。

2.2 數(shù)據(jù)驅(qū)動的精細(xì)化智慧管理系統(tǒng)

智慧管理系統(tǒng)主要面向公園管理者，應(yīng)用于公園的日常管理和維護(hù)，包括智慧生態(tài)監(jiān)測、智慧管養(yǎng)、能耗管理、智慧交通、智能照明、智慧安防、智慧保潔、公園人員和資產(chǎn)管理等方面。智慧管理系統(tǒng)可以使管理不再拘泥于管理者的主觀經(jīng)驗(yàn)，而是利用大數(shù)據(jù)信息、智能算法、人工智能等手段，對公園的各項(xiàng)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行深層次的動態(tài)挖掘處理，自動計(jì)算生成智能化的管理策略，為公園的日常管理和突發(fā)事件決策提供信息和技術(shù)支持，有助于實(shí)現(xiàn)管理的精準(zhǔn)化、精細(xì)化、科學(xué)化，以提升公園的生態(tài)效益和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。

2.3 以人為本的參與性智慧服務(wù)系統(tǒng)

智慧服務(wù)系統(tǒng)主要面向游客，應(yīng)用于游客游憩過程中的服務(wù)，包括智能導(dǎo)覽、景觀互動設(shè)施、智慧健身、智能科普、智能服務(wù)設(shè)施等方面。智慧服務(wù)系統(tǒng)可以有效提升公園的服務(wù)質(zhì)量，基于物聯(lián)網(wǎng)將公園中的物與物、人與物、人與人相互連接，并通過賦予物體“感知”功能，形成交叉性的互感、互知、互動網(wǎng)絡(luò)，增強(qiáng)游客對公園中景觀要素的感知體驗(yàn)，拓展游客對公園物理空間甚至虛擬空間的感知范圍，提高游客的參與性和互動性，激發(fā)游客潛在的戶外活動方式和社交行為。同時，智慧化的服務(wù)設(shè)施可以為游客提供更加友好、便捷、人性化的服務(wù)，提高游客的幸福感和滿足感，提升公園的社會效益。

3 北京海淀公園智慧化改造

北京海淀公園建于2003年，位于北京市西北四環(huán)萬泉河立交橋的西北角，占地面積約34 hm2，其前身是昔日皇家園林“三山五園”之一的暢春園。與其他建成時間較久的公園一樣，面臨管理和服務(wù)方式提升的問題。公園于2018年11月完成第一輪智慧化改造，2019年9月完成第二輪智慧化改造，經(jīng)過兩輪提升改造，系統(tǒng)性構(gòu)建了公園的智慧化系統(tǒng)，基本實(shí)現(xiàn)公園的自我感知和智慧化控制。

3.1 智慧綜合管理平臺

公園搭建了智慧綜合管理平臺——公園之芯”，其作為全園的“智慧大腦”，可以對采集的環(huán)境數(shù)據(jù)、人流量數(shù)據(jù)、動植物數(shù)據(jù)等各類數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析，并反饋給公園中的智慧化設(shè)施，如智慧生態(tài)監(jiān)測設(shè)施、智慧交通設(shè)施、智能灌溉設(shè)施等，進(jìn)行智能管理與聯(lián)動，而且管理者也可以通過“公園之芯”的可視化管理平臺，實(shí)時監(jiān)控公園的動態(tài)數(shù)據(jù)指標(biāo)，進(jìn)行公園智慧化設(shè)施的遠(yuǎn)程管理。

3.2 智慧管理系統(tǒng)

公園主要從智慧生態(tài)監(jiān)測、智慧管養(yǎng)、智慧能耗管理、智慧照明管理、智慧交通、智慧安防6個層面，構(gòu)建了智慧管理系統(tǒng)。

1）智慧生態(tài)監(jiān)測。公園通過在中心草坪等區(qū)域安裝環(huán)境監(jiān)測設(shè)備，在水體的上、中、下游分別安裝水質(zhì)監(jiān)測設(shè)備，實(shí)時采集空氣質(zhì)量、溫濕度、水位水質(zhì)等環(huán)境數(shù)據(jù)（圖3），形成公園的環(huán)境感知網(wǎng)絡(luò)。例如，環(huán)境監(jiān)測設(shè)備可監(jiān)測各區(qū)域空氣中PM2.5、CO2、NO2、負(fù)氧離子濃度等數(shù)據(jù)，自動對空氣質(zhì)量進(jìn)行綜合評價，并通過公眾平臺、APP、官方網(wǎng)站等途徑發(fā)布信息，引導(dǎo)游客適宜的活動時間和區(qū)域[11]；水質(zhì)監(jiān)測設(shè)備可監(jiān)測水體的酸堿度、溶解氧量、濁度等數(shù)據(jù)，對水質(zhì)情況進(jìn)行判斷和實(shí)時告警，并根據(jù)污染程度提供不同的解決措施，當(dāng)水質(zhì)濁度較高時，平臺會預(yù)警并建議開啟水循環(huán)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行水質(zhì)凈化。

2）智慧管養(yǎng)。公園從智能灌溉和病蟲害監(jiān)測2個方面，對植物的生長環(huán)境和健康程度進(jìn)行精準(zhǔn)化管理。以往植物灌溉采用自動噴灌結(jié)合人工漫灌的方式，改造后的智能灌溉通過將土壤墑情傳感器與灌溉系統(tǒng)聯(lián)動，實(shí)時監(jiān)測土壤干濕度、周邊環(huán)境小氣候等數(shù)據(jù)，并結(jié)合不同植物預(yù)先設(shè)定的需水指標(biāo)，自動或遠(yuǎn)程控制灌溉（圖4），而且可以選擇夜間灌溉，減少蒸發(fā)量的同時也避免影響游客的日間活動（表1）。既實(shí)現(xiàn)了植物的精細(xì)化管養(yǎng)，又提高了水資源的利用率。在病蟲害監(jiān)測方面，主要通過遙感和視頻監(jiān)測技術(shù)，結(jié)合圖像識別，將采樣點(diǎn)植物枝葉的變化情況與數(shù)據(jù)庫儲存的植物樣本進(jìn)行比對，并配合人工巡檢鎖定病蟲害的發(fā)生區(qū)域，及時采取病蟲害防治措施。

表1 北京海淀公園傳統(tǒng)灌溉方式與智能灌溉對比Tab. 1 Comparison of traditional irrigation and smart irrigation in Beijing Haidian Park

3）智慧能耗管理。主要對公園各種設(shè)備設(shè)施的耗水、耗電情況進(jìn)行監(jiān)測和管理。通過安裝智能電表和智能水表，對道路照明、水景、辦公區(qū)、廁所等區(qū)域的能耗數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析和統(tǒng)計(jì)，實(shí)現(xiàn)能耗的合理調(diào)配和故障報警，并通過加裝感應(yīng)設(shè)備和網(wǎng)絡(luò)控制模塊，實(shí)現(xiàn)園區(qū)水、電設(shè)備的智能開關(guān)和遠(yuǎn)程控制（圖5）。例如，當(dāng)用水量監(jiān)控發(fā)現(xiàn)異常，會自動啟動故障報警，可快速定位跑水、冒水、滴水、漏水點(diǎn)，節(jié)省人工成本。通過監(jiān)測用電設(shè)備的實(shí)時功率，可以快速找到照明故障點(diǎn)并及時進(jìn)行處理，方便后期管理維護(hù)。

4）智慧照明管理。普通路燈存在耗電量大、開關(guān)控制方式單一、故障排查困難等問題。公園將普通路燈換為低能耗、多途徑控制、亮度可調(diào)節(jié)的智能路燈。智能路燈采用階梯遞減的照明模式，可依據(jù)光照強(qiáng)度按需開啟照明，借助紅外感應(yīng)裝置根據(jù)人流密度調(diào)節(jié)照明亮度，在游客量較大的時段自動啟用高亮度照明，在游人量較少的時段自動啟用低亮度照明，在沒有游客經(jīng)過時，亮度則自動降為正常亮度的10%。智能路燈的開關(guān)控制方式由原來的定時器控制，變?yōu)樽詣痈袘?yīng)光照控制和遠(yuǎn)程控制（管理平臺或手機(jī)移動端）結(jié)合的方式，方便管理的同時達(dá)到節(jié)能的目的。另外，當(dāng)路燈出現(xiàn)故障會自動報警并精準(zhǔn)定位，縮短維護(hù)人員故障排查周期，節(jié)省人工成本（表2）。

表2 北京海淀公園傳統(tǒng)路燈與智慧路燈對比Tab. 2 Comparison of traditional street lamp and smart street lamp in Beijing Haidian Park

5）智慧交通。公園的智慧交通包括自動駕駛無人巴士和智能停車。無人巴士預(yù)設(shè)的運(yùn)行線路在海淀公園西門至兒童樂園之間，巴士借助車身的激光雷達(dá)、單目和雙目攝像頭以及多種傳感器，結(jié)合AI技術(shù)可精確識別路況、車輛、周邊行人，保障其在不同的路況條件下安全運(yùn)行。而且巴士的往返頻率和時間，可以根據(jù)游客情況實(shí)時調(diào)度。智能停車是利用GPS定位技術(shù)、視頻監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)，對停車場的使用情況進(jìn)行實(shí)時監(jiān)控（圖6），具備自動計(jì)費(fèi)收費(fèi)、剩余停車位數(shù)量統(tǒng)計(jì)和定位，各時段和歷史數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)對比等功能，實(shí)現(xiàn)停車場的無人化管理，提高停車場的使用率。

6）智慧安防。利用游客手機(jī)移動信號捕捉和高清攝像機(jī)等監(jiān)控設(shè)備，對公園游客分布和安全進(jìn)行實(shí)時監(jiān)控（圖7），對可能出現(xiàn)的突發(fā)事件和安全隱患進(jìn)行及時預(yù)警，加強(qiáng)公園安防的實(shí)效性和精準(zhǔn)性。例如，當(dāng)公園某一區(qū)域的游客密度超過預(yù)設(shè)值時，平臺會自動預(yù)警，管理人員可以及時調(diào)度安保人員進(jìn)行人流疏導(dǎo)，減少和避免危險的發(fā)生。

3.3 智慧服務(wù)系統(tǒng)

公園主要從智能導(dǎo)覽、景觀互動設(shè)施、智慧跑道、智能科普、智能設(shè)施5個層面，構(gòu)建了智慧服務(wù)系統(tǒng)。

1）智能導(dǎo)覽。公園在東門和西門分別設(shè)置了智能多媒體觸摸屏，基于公園的真實(shí)信息數(shù)據(jù)建立互動性的虛擬場景。游客可以通過語音或手勢交互的方式，查詢公園的精細(xì)化地圖、主要景點(diǎn)和服務(wù)設(shè)施介紹等內(nèi)容，還可以規(guī)劃個性化的游覽線路。同時游客結(jié)合手機(jī)等移動端設(shè)備，可以進(jìn)行AR虛擬游園導(dǎo)覽，通過AR實(shí)景導(dǎo)航前往目的地，游覽過程中導(dǎo)覽系統(tǒng)提供實(shí)時定位、路徑規(guī)劃、信息推送等服務(wù)，獲得定制化的游覽體驗(yàn)，實(shí)現(xiàn)人—機(jī)之間交互性的智慧導(dǎo)覽。

2）景觀互動設(shè)施。公園設(shè)計(jì)了多種類型的景觀互動設(shè)施，通過對游客行為的及時反饋，形成人與景觀之間有趣的互動，提升場地的活力。雨水花園展示區(qū)設(shè)置感應(yīng)交互水景裝置（圖8），游客可以通過手勢動態(tài)感應(yīng)的方式，控制噴泉的高度。隨著游客手勢高度的上升，噴泉的高度也會隨之上升。兒童樂園區(qū)的互動自行車裝置，根據(jù)游客騎行的速度轉(zhuǎn)換為不同頻率的電信號，控制景觀水景的高度?；愉撉傺b置則通過感應(yīng)設(shè)備實(shí)時感應(yīng)游客的位置，當(dāng)踩踏鋼琴鍵時，對應(yīng)琴鍵的燈光就會亮起并發(fā)出聲音，游客可以以互動的方式演奏音樂。

3）智慧跑道。公園將圍繞中心草坪的跑道改造為智慧跑道（圖9），在跑道的起點(diǎn)、中間和終點(diǎn)3個位置設(shè)置了人臉識別器，實(shí)時記錄游客跑步的單圈速度、最快速度、累計(jì)運(yùn)動時長、累計(jì)運(yùn)動里程以及卡路里消耗等數(shù)據(jù)，而且跑道設(shè)置了博爾特速度、大學(xué)生速度、小學(xué)生速度等競速模式，游客可以根據(jù)需要選擇不同的競速模式，跑道兩側(cè)的互動燈帶會感應(yīng)位置進(jìn)行競速引導(dǎo)，提高跑步的科學(xué)性和趣味性。

4）智能科普系統(tǒng)。海淀公園建于“三山五園”之一的暢春園遺址上，在未來空間展廳中，基于虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)（Virtual Reality）技術(shù)對暢春園進(jìn)行虛擬重建，使游客身臨其境地沉浸在歷史場景中虛擬漫游（圖10）。借助古建筑交互式搭建互動體驗(yàn)，科普古建筑榫卯結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)造原理，并植入暢春園交互式的歷史文化信息，增加歷史文化科普的豐富性和可讀性。后期還會開發(fā)基于增強(qiáng)現(xiàn)實(shí)（Augmented Reality）技術(shù)的植物科普系統(tǒng)，游客使用手機(jī)掃描植物標(biāo)本，三維交互式的觀察植物生長的整個過程，提高自然科普的趣味性。

5）智能服務(wù)設(shè)施。公園利用信息技術(shù)對傳統(tǒng)服務(wù)設(shè)施進(jìn)行迭代更新，通過傳感器和其他智能設(shè)備，賦予其人性化的服務(wù)功能，如智能路燈、智能座椅、智能垃圾桶等。智能路燈除了傳統(tǒng)的照明功能外，還集成了環(huán)境監(jiān)測、廣播信息發(fā)布、高清視頻監(jiān)控、一鍵報警等多種功能，實(shí)現(xiàn)智慧化一燈多用。公園對憩心亭的座椅也進(jìn)行智慧化改造，可以為游客提供手機(jī)無線充電、藍(lán)牙音箱、自動加熱等功能（圖11），所需的電能來源于太陽能板和電力風(fēng)車。公園還在主要出入口等位置安置了智能垃圾桶，通過感應(yīng)裝置控制垃圾投放口的自動開閉，干垃圾的自動壓縮，當(dāng)垃圾超出容量閾值時，會遠(yuǎn)程預(yù)警并定位引導(dǎo)管理人員及時清理，后期還會開發(fā)AI智能升級，增加語音問答功能協(xié)助垃圾 分類。

4 結(jié)語

智慧公園是未來公園建設(shè)和發(fā)展的重要方向，針對當(dāng)前城市公園在建設(shè)管理中面臨的問題，筆者對智慧公園的建設(shè)框架和可能的應(yīng)用場景進(jìn)行了初步探索，但應(yīng)用場景仍是以點(diǎn)狀應(yīng)用為主。未來智慧公園在完善信息化基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)的基礎(chǔ)上，應(yīng)加強(qiáng)數(shù)據(jù)的集成化，將更多的管理和服務(wù)設(shè)施納入公園智慧系統(tǒng)中，實(shí)現(xiàn)全面化的智慧管理，提高公園的管理效率和服務(wù)質(zhì)量，建設(shè)可持續(xù)性的城市公園。而且，智慧公園應(yīng)該進(jìn)一步對接和服務(wù)于智慧城市建設(shè)，打通與其他領(lǐng)域之間的數(shù)據(jù)應(yīng)用途徑，實(shí)現(xiàn)智慧城市各子系統(tǒng)的協(xié)同運(yùn)行，加快智慧城市的建設(shè)進(jìn)程。

圖表來源：

圖1～2由作者繪制；圖3～11由北京海淀公園管理處和北京甲板智慧科技有限公司共同提供；表1～2由作者繪制。

（編輯/遆羽靜）

Research on the Construction Framework of Smart Park: A Case Study of Intelligent Renovation of Beijing Haidian Park

Park is essential for urban green space system, as they play an essential role in maintaining the urban ecological environment, shaping the urban landscape and providing public open space. In recent years, the per capita green area of urban parks has been increasing and is expected to reach 14.6 m2[1]by 2020, which demonstrates an increasingly prominent position of parks in the urban areas. With the rapid development of newgeneration information technologies including 5G, internet of things(IoT) and big data, the management and service demands of parks are showing a trend of diversified development, as traditional parks are falling short of meeting new demands with many problems exposed. As far as parks are concerned, “smart” development implies an upgrade of the traditional park concept, which represents not only an inevitable trend of information technology development, but also an important direction for future park construction.

1 Construction Background of Smart Park

1.1 The Emergence of Smart City Drives Smart Park Construction

In 2009, the concept of“smart city” was first proposed by IBM. It is considered to be a city that holds the Internet of Things as an important foundation. It enables the perception function of everything to make them“smart” so they can be widely used to achieve more comprehensive connectivity and mutual perception between objects, between objects and humans, and between humans. This facilitates a city with more effective data integration, better business collaboration, and a stronger capacity for innovative development[2]. Since the 12th five-year plan, many cities in China have taken the construction of smart cities as their strategic choice for transformation and development, which set off the upsurge of smart cities construction[3]. As of the beginning of 2018, a total of more than 500 Chinese cities, including 95% of subprovincial cities and 83% of prefecture-level cities, were planning or building smart cities[4], and all of those cities have achieved sound progress in fields such as transportation, medical care, and energy. Smart parks, as a major subsystem of smart cities(Fig. 1), are supposed to provide smart cities with professional data on the ecosystem, animal and plant resources, public recreation behavior and so on. However, at present, the construction of smart parks in terms of intelligence is obviously lagging behind the development of other industries. In such sense, the rise of smart cities will definitely drive the construction of smart parks.

1.2 Problems in the Management and Service of Traditional Park

Traditional parks adopt a manual-based extensive management concept with a low degree of refinement. The management of irrigation, lighting, maintenance, security and, other aspects mainly relies on the subjective experience of the managers rather than objective data, which likely to cause latency and low accuracy in management. For example, the regular quantitative irrigation of plants in the parks, is mainly based on the manager’s experience and often ignores the actual humidity of the soil and the actual water requirements of different plant types. Such practice is not conducive to the growth of plants and may easily cause awaste of water resources. Moreover, manual data statistics in traditional management methods can no longer meet the needs of daily management of landscaping due to the difficulty in querying, updating and sharing of manual data[5], and data that cannot be effectively applied. In addition, the management teams of some parks are unable to realize efficient and intensive management due to lack of management experience, ambiguous management objectives, unclear division of tasks and under-developed assessment mechanisms.

Lack of interaction in landscape service facilities leads to poor recreation experience. Traditional parks are designed to provide visitors with a place to enjoy natural scenery within an existing landscape space, where the movement of visitors is restricted. Visitors can only have a relatively“static” tour of the park, which does not allow them to interact with the landscape elements and enjoy an in-depth tour experience in the park. At the same time, the existing service facilities are not smart enough to provide humanized services. For example, most guide systems in the parks use flat signage with a single function, which only provides visitors with the basic information of trails in the park rather than the necessary navigation service functions such as real-time positioning, personalized tour route planning, and park attractions introduction, etc.

1.3 Application of Smart Technologies in Park

In some developed countries, informationbased and integrated management is being applied in every phase of the design, construction, operation and maintenance and services of parks. For example, the German Park Green Space Management Database System, is based on the dynamic development of the natural ecological elements of parks and the flexible update of social functions. It enables the update and statistical analysis of multiple ports through multi-level data updating, entry and maintenance. It directly supports the decision-making operations in the management and protection of natural elements of parks and the ecological efficiency of facilities, and further serves as the basis for decision-making for conservation and public funding[6]. London Olympic Park in the United Kingdom achieves the smart management services of the park through the development of integrated systems, free WiFi configuration, biodiversity protection, application(APP) development and other aspects[7].

In recent years, Chinese urban parks have also introduced some smart concepts and technologies. For instance, Beijing Chaoyang Park introduced the intelligent parking management system, which incorporated real-time accounting, real-time calculation, real-time analysis of charge data, electronic payment, and online and offline customer multi-channel transactions. The smart system has improved the automation of parking charging process and financial management, and at the same time, enabled online ticket purchase services for the convenience of tourists. In 2019, Shanghai Botanical Garden carried out the upgrade and renovation project of security technology protection facilities(Phase I). It involved building a video surveillance system based on digital technology, and deploying an optical fiber data transmission network covering key scenic spots, facilities and buildings in the park to promote the scientific management of the park[8]. Shenzhen Xiangmi Park explored the integrated management of multiple intelligent systems such as video monitoring, intelligent lighting and parking management in the park through spatial analysis technology, 4G mobile network and Internet of Things[9]. Generally speaking, the application of smart technologies in Chinese parks is still in it’s initial exploration stage, which lacks holistic and systematic construction.

2 Construction Framework of Smart Park

Smart park refers to the park which facilitates mutual perception, mutual knowledge and interaction through digital expression, intelligent control and management of the service, and management and maintenance process of the park. This is achieved by employing the new generation information technologies such as the“Internet+” concept, the Internet of Things, big data and cloud computing, mobile Internet and information intelligent terminal[10]. Dividing the service object levels of the parks, the core framework of smart park construction should comprise one platform— a smart integrated information platform, and two sub-systems— the smart management system and the smart service system(Fig. 2).

2.1 Smart Comprehensive Information Platform

The smart comprehensive information platform is equivalent to the“brain” of the park. It mainly transmits the massive data and information collected by the perception layer to the smart integrated information platform through network transmission layer to store, analyze and visualize the data, and integrate scattered data into a“base map”. This helps break the“information island” and“isolated state” between various systems in traditional parks, and realize the sharing and linkage of multi-source, multi-scale and multi-dimensional data and information resources, thus providing data support for the park’s smart management system and smart service system.

2.2 Data-Driven Refined Smart Management System

The smart management system is mainly for park managers and is used in the daily management and maintenance of parks. It includes smart ecological monitoring, smart management, energy consumption management, smart transportation, smart lighting, smart security, smart cleaning, the management of park personnel and asset and other aspects. Supported by the smart management system, the management of parks is no longer confined to the subjective experience of the park managers. Instead, it makes use of the big data information, intelligent algorithms, artificial intelligence and other means to carry out in-depth dynamic mining and processing of the park data, automatically calculate and generate the intelligent management strategy, and provide information and technical support for the daily management and emergency decisionmaking of parks. This helps to achieve precise, refined, and scientific management to improve the parks’ ecological and economic benefits.

2.3 Human-Centric and Participation-Based Participatory Smart Service System

The smart service system is mainly applied in the services delivered to visitors in the course of recreation, including smart guides, landscape interactive facilities, smart fitness, smart science and smart service facilities and so on. The smart service system can effectively improve the service quality of a park, interconnect the objects and people in the park based on the Internet of Things, and form a crossed mutual perception, mutual knowledge and interaction through the attached“sensing” function of objects. This help to enhance the tourists’ perception of the landscape elements in the park, expand their perception range of the physical and virtual space of the park, increase the participation and interaction of tourists, and stimulate the potential outdoor activities and social behaviors of visitors. At the same time, the intelligent service facilities can provide visitors with more friendly, convenient and humanized services, improve their happiness and satisfaction, and enhance the social benefits of the park.

3 Intelligent Renovation of Beijing Haidian Park

Founded in 2003, Beijing Haidian Park is located in the northwest corner of Wanquan River overpass on the northwest fourth ring road of Beijing. Covering an area of about 34 hm2, the park was formerly known as the Changchun Garden, one of the imperial gardens of“three mountains and five gardens”. Like other parks that was built a long time ago, it faced problems of management and services improvement. The park completed the first round of intelligent renovation in November 2018, and the second round in September 2019. After two rounds of upgrading and renovation, it has systematically constructed the smart system of the park, and basically realized the self-perception and smart control of the park.

3.1 Smart Comprehensive Management Platform

The park has built a smart comprehensive management platform: “The core of the park”, which serves as the“smart brain” of the park. The platform can analyze various collected data such as environmental data, visitors flow data, animal and plant data, and feedback such data to the intelligent facilities in the park, such as smart ecological monitoring facilities, smart transportation facilities, and smart irrigation facilities to conduct smart management and interconnection of the data. In addition, the park manager can monitor in real-time the dynamic data index of the park through“the core of the park” visual management platform, and carry out remote management of the intelligent facilities in the park.

3.2 Smart Management System

The park has constructed the smart management system mainly from six levels: Smart ecological monitoring, smart management and maintainance, smart energy consumption management, smart lighting management, smart transportation, and smart security.

1) Smart Ecological Monitoring. Based on the environmental monitoring equipment installed on the central lawn and other areas, the park collects environmental data such as air quality, temperature and humidity, water level and water quality in realtime with the water quality monitoring equipment installed in the upper, middle and lower reaches of the water body respectively(Fig. 3), thus forming an environment perception network of the park. For instance, the environmental monitoring equipment can detect PM2.5, CO2, NO2, negative oxygen ion concentration and other data in the air of each region, automatically conduct a comprehensive evaluation the air quality, and release information through the public platform, APP, official website and other channels to guide the tourists to the appropriate time and area of activities[11]. The water quality monitoring equipment can detect the PH value, dissolved oxygen amount, turbidity and other data of the water body, evaluate the water quality, send alarm in real-time, and provide different solutions according to the pollution level. When the water quality reaches a high turbidity level, the platform will forewarn and suggest activating the water circulation system for water purification.

2) Smart management and maintenance. The park accurately manages the growth environment and health of plants through intelligent irrigation and pest monitoring. In the past, the automatic sprinkling irrigation and artificial flooding irrigation are combined for plant irrigation. Now, the smart irrigation can monitor the data of soil humidity and the surrounding environment microclimate in real-time by linking the soil moisture sensor with the irrigation system and automatically or remotely control irrigation by considering the pre-set water demand indicators for different plants(Fig. 4). Furthermore, night irrigation can be applied to reduce evaporation and avoid affecting daytime activities of visitors(Tab. 1). Therefore, it not only realizes the refined management of plants, but also improves the utilization rate of water resources. As for disease and pest monitoring, the change of plant branches and leaves at the sample point is compared with the plant sample stored in the database through remote sensing, video detection technology, and image recognition. Then, the area where disease and pest occurs can be identified with the help of manual inspection, so that timely measures can be taken to control pests and diseases.

3) Smart energy consumption management. It mainly monitors and manages the water consumption and power consumption of various equipment and facilities in the park. The energy consumption data of road lighting, water features, office area, toilets, and other areas are analyzed and calculated using the installed smart electricity meter and smart water meter. This helps establish a reasonable allocation of energy consumption and energy consumption fault alarm, and enable the smart switch and remote control of the water and electric equipment in the park through the installation of the inductive equipment and network control module(Fig. 5). For example, when water consumption monitoring detects an abnormality, the fault alarm will be automatically set off, so that the water running, emitting, dripping and leaking points can be quickly positioned, and labor cost can be saved. By monitoring the real-time power of the electric equipment, the lighting fault point can be quickly identified and dealt with in time, so as to facilitate the subsequent management and maintenance.

4) Smart lighting management. Ordinary street lights are characterized by great power consumption, single switch control mode, and difficulty in troubleshooting. The parks will replace ordinary lights with smart street lights with low energy consumption, multi-channel control, and adjustable brightness. Smart street light adopts a step-decreasing illumination mode, which turns on lighting as needed according to light intensity and adjusts the brightness according to the crowd density by means of an infrared sensing device. For instance, it automatically turns on highbrightness lighting during periods of high tourist volume, enables low-brightness lighting when there are fever visitors, and reduces to 10% of normal brightness when no visitor passes. The switch control mode of smart street lights has changed from the original timer control to a combination of automatic induction lighting control and remote control(management platform or mobile phone), so as to facilitate management and achieve energy saving(Tab. 2).

5) Smart transportation. Smart transportation in parks includes automatic pilot driverless buses and smart parking. With the preset operating route from the West Gate of Haidian Park to the Children’s Park, the driverless buses can accurately identify the road condition, vehicle and the surrounding pedestrians with the help of the laser radar, monocular and binocular camera and a variety of sensors equipped on the buses. It is combined with AI technology to ensure safe running under different road conditions. Besides, the frequency and time of the buses can be adjusted in real-time according to the needs of tourists. Smart parking enables real-time monitoring of the parking lots usage by employing the GPS positioning technology and video monitoring system(Fig. 6). It features automatic charging, statistics, and positioning of remaining parking spaces, statistics comparison of various time periods, and historical data. It enables the unmanned management of parking lot and improves the utilization rate of parking lot.

6) Smart security. It enables real-time monitoring of the distribution and safety of visitors in the park through monitoring devices such as mobile signal capture and high-definition camera(Fig. 7). The smart security can send a timely alarm for possible emergencies and potential safety hazards, hence strengthening the effectiveness and precision of park security. For example, when the density of tourists in a certain area of the park exceeds the preset value, the platform will automatically send an alarm, so that the management personnel can dispatch the security personnel to conduct traffic diversion in a timely manner, thus reduce and avoid the occurrence of danger.

3.3 Smart Service System

The park has built the smart service system mainly from five levels: smart guide, landscape interaction facility, smart runway, smart popular science education, and smart facility.

1) Smart guide. The park has set up intelligent multimedia touch screens in the East gate and West gate respectively and built the interactive virtual scenes based on the park’s real information and data. Visitors can consult the refined map, main scenic spots, and service facilities of the park through voice or gesture interaction, and plan their individualized tour route accordingly. In addition, visitors can also tour around the park with an AR virtual guide enabled on their mobile phones or other mobile devices, and travel to a destination with the help of an AR real-time guide. It provides real-time positioning, route plan, information push, and other services in the course of the tour, so that visitors can enjoy a customized sightseeing experience with a smart guide characterized by the interaction between human and computer.

2) Landscape interaction facility. The park has designed various kinds of landscape interaction facilities, which form an interesting interplay between visitors and landscape based on the timely feedback of the tourists’ behaviors, thus enhancing the vitality of the site. The rain garden display area is equipped with a sensing interactive water scene device(Fig. 8), through which visitors can control the height of the fountain by dynamic sensing gestures. For instance, when a visitor raises his gesture, the height of the fountain will also be raised. The interactive bicycle device in the children’s park can convert the electric signals of different frequencies based on the riding speed of visitors to control the height of the landscape water feature. The interactive piano device senses the position of visitors in real-time through the sensing device, and when a piano key is stepped on, the lights corresponding to the keys will light up and make a sound, thus enabling the visitors to play music in an interactive manner.

3) Smart runway. The park has transformed the track around the central lawn into a smart runway(Fig. 9), with facial recognition devices equipped at three locations including the starting point, the middle point and the end point of the runway. These devices record in real time data such as the single-lap speed, the fastest speed, the cumulative duration of movement, the cumulative distance of movement, and calorie consumption. In addition, the runaway has also set a number of different race speed modes such as Bolt speed, speed for college student and primary school student, so that visitors can choose different speed mode according to their needs. Speed guidance is given by the interactive light belts on both sides of the runways which can sense the position of the runners, thus making the running experience more scientific and lots of fun.

4) Smart popular science education. Haidian Park is built on the site of Changchun Garden, one of the“three mountains and five gardens”. In the future space exhibition hall, Changchun Garden is reconstructed virtually based on the VR(virtual reality) technology, so that visitors can immerse in a historical scene and enjoy a virtual tour(Fig. 10). An interactive tour experience is built based on the ancient architecture to popularize the construction principle of the mortise structure of the ancient architecture. The embedded interactive historical and cultural information of Changchun Garden increases the richness and readability of the popular science on history and culture. At a later stage, a plant popular science system will be developed based on Augmented Reality technology which allows visitors to scan plant specimens using their mobile phones and observe the whole process of plant growth in a three-dimensional and interactive manner, to improve the interest of natural popular science.

5) Smart service facility. The park has updated the traditional service facilities with information technology, and introduced sensors and other intelligent devices to add humanized service functions such as smart street lights, smart seats, smart garbage bins and so on. In addition to its traditional lighting function, smart street lights also integrate multiple functions such as environmental monitoring, broadcast information release, highdefinition video monitoring, and one-click alarm. The park has also made smart changes to the seats of Qixin Pavilion, providing visitors with functions such as wireless charging of mobile phones, Bluetooth speakers and automatic heating(Fig. 11), which are powered by the solar panels and electric windmills. In addition, the main entrances and exits of the park are equipped with smart garbage bins which uses an induction device to control the automatic opening and closing of the garbage inlets and automatically compress dry waste. When the waste exceeds the capacity threshold, a remote alert will be sent and the garbage bin will be positioned to guide the administrator to clean up in time. At a later stage, the AI intelligent upgrade of garbage bins will be developed to incorporate a voice query function to help garbage classification.

4 Conclusion

Considering that smart park is an important direction for the construction and development of future parks, the author makes a preliminary exploration of the construction framework and the possible application scenarios of smart parks based on the current problems faced during the construction and management of urban parks. However, the said application scenarios still mainly based on theorical applications. The integration of data should be strengthened on the basis of improving the information infrastructure construction of future smart parks, and more management and service facilities shall be incorporated into the smart park system. This will help to achieve all-round smart management, improve the management efficiency and service quality of parks, and build more sustainable urban parks. Moreover, smart parks should be further connected with and serve the construction of smart cities, in a bid to open up data application channels with other fields, achieve coordinated operation of all subsystems of smart cities, and speed up the construction process of the smart cities.

Sources of Figures and Tables:

Fig. 1-2 ? the authors; Fig. 3-11 ? Beijing Haidian Park Management Office and Dream Deck; Tab. 1-2 ? the authors.