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      正常妊娠婦女不同時(shí)期凝血四項(xiàng)、D-二聚體及抗凝血酶Ⅲ的變化及臨床意義

      2020-04-01 15:12:57冼肖英陳華干
      中國(guó)當(dāng)代醫(yī)藥 2020年6期
      關(guān)鍵詞:抗凝血酶凝血功能二聚體

      冼肖英 陳華干

      [摘要]目的 探討正常妊娠婦女不同時(shí)期凝血四項(xiàng)、D-二聚體(D-D)及抗凝血酶Ⅲ(AT-Ⅲ)的變化及臨床意義。方法 選取2018年3月~2019年3月于柳州市婦幼保健院行產(chǎn)前檢查的556例無(wú)分娩史單胎妊娠婦女(孕早期135例,孕中期145例,孕晚期140例,待產(chǎn)期136例)及150例非孕婦作為研究對(duì)象,檢測(cè)其凝血四項(xiàng)[凝血酶原時(shí)間(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶時(shí)間(APTT)、凝血酶時(shí)間(TT)、纖維蛋白原(FIB)]、D-D及AT-Ⅲ水平的差異。結(jié)果 孕早期、孕中期、孕晚期及待產(chǎn)期婦女的PT、APTT、TT均短于非孕婦,F(xiàn)IB、D-D均高于非孕婦,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。孕中期、孕晚期、待產(chǎn)期婦女的FIB、D-D均高于孕早期婦女,孕晚期、待產(chǎn)期婦女的D-D均高于孕中期婦女,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。孕中期、孕晚期、待產(chǎn)期婦女的AT-Ⅲ均低于非孕婦,孕晚期、待產(chǎn)期婦女的AT-Ⅲ均低于孕早期、孕中期婦女,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。孕早期婦女的AT-Ⅲ與非孕婦比較,孕晚期婦女FIB、D-D、AT-Ⅲ與待產(chǎn)期婦女比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論 正常妊娠婦女不同孕期凝血功能的變化可提示機(jī)體處于高凝狀態(tài),纖溶功能不斷增強(qiáng)。

      [關(guān)鍵詞]孕婦;凝血功能;D-二聚體;抗凝血酶Ⅲ

      [中圖分類號(hào)] R714.1? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2020)2(c)-0170-04

      Changes and clinical significance of blood coagulation four items, D-dimer and antithrombin Ⅲ in normal pregnant women at different stages

      XIAN Xiao-ying? ?CHEN Hua-gan

      Department of Clinical Laboratory, Liuzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Liuzhou? ?545000, China

      [Abstract] Objective To explore the changes and clinical significance of blood coagulation four items, D-dimer (D-D) and antithrombin Ⅲ (AT-Ⅲ) in normal pregnant women at different stages. Methods A total of 556 single pregnant women without childbirth history (135 cases in the early pregnancy, 145 cases in the second trimester, 140 cases in the third trimester, and 136 cases in the expectant period) undergoing the prenatal examination in Liuzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital from March 2018 to March 2019 and 150 non-pregnant women were selected as the research objects. The differences of blood coagulation four items (prothrombin time [PT], activated partial thromboplastin time [APTT], thrombin time [TT], fibrinogen [FIB]), D-D and AT-Ⅲ were detected among them. Results The PT, APTT and TT of women in the early pregnancy, the second trimester, the third trimester and the expectant period were shorter than those of non-pregnant women, FIB and D-D were higher than those of non-pregnant women, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The FIB and D-D of women in the second trimester, the third trimester and expectant period were higher than those of women in the early pregnancy, and the D-D levels of women in the third trimester and expectant period were higher than those of women in the second trimester, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). The AT-Ⅲ of women in the second trimester, third trimester and expectant period was lower than that of the non-pregnant women, the AT-Ⅲ of women in the third trimester and expectant period was lower than that of women in the early pregnancy and in the second trimester, statistically significant differences (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in AT-Ⅲ between the women in the early pregnancy and non-pregnant women, and there were no significant differences in FIB, D-D, AT-Ⅲ between the women in the third trimester and in the expectant period (P>0.05). Conclusion Changes of blood coagulation function in normal pregnant women during different periods of pregnancy may indicate that the body is in a hypercoagulable state, and the fibrinolytic function is enhanced.

      [Key words] Pregnant woman; Blood coagulation function; D-dimer; Antithrombin Ⅲ

      妊娠是婦女特有的一種生理過(guò)程,機(jī)體的生理指標(biāo)及激素水平受胎兒生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育及分娩因素的影響而發(fā)生改變,其中凝血和纖溶系統(tǒng)的變化可導(dǎo)致孕婦血液呈現(xiàn)高凝狀態(tài)[1-2],有助于避免分娩時(shí)的出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn),然而這也增加了靜脈血栓栓塞的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[3]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)孕婦的不良妊娠結(jié)局(妊娠高血壓、胎盤(pán)早剝、妊娠期肝內(nèi)膽汁淤積癥、胎兒生長(zhǎng)受限、反復(fù)流產(chǎn))可能與凝血功能改變有關(guān)[4]。目前,臨床上多采用凝血四項(xiàng),即血漿凝血酶原時(shí)間(prothrombin time,PT)、活化部分凝血活酶時(shí)間(activated partial thromboplatin time,APTT)、凝血酶時(shí)間(thrombin time,TT)、纖維蛋白原(fibrinogen,F(xiàn)IB)判斷妊娠合并嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥(子癇前期、產(chǎn)后出血、膿毒癥、彌漫性血管內(nèi)凝血及羊水栓塞)[5-6]。因此,本研究通過(guò)對(duì)柳州市婦幼保健院的妊娠婦女不同時(shí)期凝血四項(xiàng)、D-二聚體(D-dimer,D-D)及抗凝血酶Ⅲ(antithrombin Ⅲ,AT-Ⅲ)進(jìn)行檢測(cè),有利于判斷孕產(chǎn)婦的出血傾向,以有效預(yù)防分娩過(guò)程、產(chǎn)后大出血及血栓栓塞性疾病,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。

      1資料與方法

      1.1一般資料

      選取2018年3月~2019年3月于柳州市婦幼保健院行產(chǎn)前檢查的556例無(wú)分娩史單胎妊娠婦女作為研究對(duì)象,根據(jù)其末次月經(jīng)和妊娠12周的B超檢查確定妊娠周期,分為孕早期135例,孕中期145例,孕晚期140例,待產(chǎn)期136例。年齡23~39歲,中位年齡32歲。排除合并既往有出血史、妊娠高血壓、肝腎功能異常等疾病者。另選同期在我院體檢的育齡期健康非孕婦150例,年齡21~38歲,中位年齡32歲。本研究經(jīng)我院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),在知情同意情況下,對(duì)其凝血功能指標(biāo)進(jìn)行檢測(cè)。

      1.2方法

      抽取研究對(duì)象1.8 ml空腹靜脈血于枸櫞酸鈉(109 mmol/L)抗凝管中,顛倒混勻后離心10 min(3000 r/min),取上層血漿。采用CS-5100血凝儀(日本希森美康)及其配套試劑檢測(cè)PT、APTT、FIB、TT、D-D及AT-Ⅲ,采用高、低兩種濃度水平的質(zhì)控品(美國(guó)BIO-BAD)進(jìn)行室內(nèi)質(zhì)量控制,室內(nèi)質(zhì)控均在控后可開(kāi)始檢測(cè)。

      1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

      采用SPSS 22.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn);不符合正態(tài)分布者采用中位數(shù)(四分位間距)[M(P25,P75)]表示,兩組間比較采用非參數(shù)檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

      2結(jié)果

      孕早期、孕中期、孕晚期及待產(chǎn)期婦女的PT、APTT、TT均短于非孕婦,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);孕中期、孕晚期及待產(chǎn)期婦女的APTT均短于孕早期婦女,孕晚期、待產(chǎn)期婦女的TT均短于孕中期婦女,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);孕早期、孕中期、孕晚期及待產(chǎn)期婦女的FIB、D-D均高于非孕婦,孕中期、孕晚期、待產(chǎn)期婦女的FIB、D-D均高于孕早期婦女,孕晚期、待產(chǎn)期婦女的D-D均高于孕中期婦女,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);孕中期、孕晚期、待產(chǎn)期婦女的AT-Ⅲ均低于非孕婦,孕晚期、待產(chǎn)期婦女的AT-Ⅲ均低于孕早期、孕中期婦女,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);孕早期婦女的AT-Ⅲ與非孕婦比較,孕晚期婦女的FIB、AT-Ⅲ、D-D與待產(chǎn)期婦女比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)(表1)。

      3討論

      機(jī)體凝血和纖溶系統(tǒng)之間的動(dòng)態(tài)平衡是實(shí)現(xiàn)正常止血和凝血的前提。無(wú)論是凝血過(guò)程還是纖溶過(guò)程,都是一種機(jī)體自我保護(hù)的一種現(xiàn)象,在維持正常的血液循環(huán)、預(yù)防出血和血栓疾病中都是不可缺少的。

      妊娠是女性特殊的生理過(guò)程,為滿足妊娠和分娩的需要,在此過(guò)程中,機(jī)體凝血和纖溶系統(tǒng)可產(chǎn)生一系列應(yīng)答反應(yīng)。隨著妊娠周期增加,血液中凝血因子(Ⅱ、Ⅴ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ、Ⅸ、Ⅹ)的含量及活性也隨之升高,因此,孕婦的血液可呈現(xiàn)高凝狀態(tài)。機(jī)體凝血和纖溶系統(tǒng)之間的動(dòng)態(tài)變化可從一些檢測(cè)指標(biāo)(PT、APTT、TT、FIB、AT-Ⅲ、D-D)中反映出來(lái)。

      APTT主要反映內(nèi)源性凝血途徑的凝血功能。本研究結(jié)果提示,正常妊娠婦女的APTT與非妊娠婦女有差異,并且在妊娠中、晚期及待產(chǎn)期逐漸縮短,與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道相似[7-8]。妊娠期婦女APTT縮短可能與凝血因子有Ⅺ、Ⅻ、Ⅷ和Ⅸ的活性增加有關(guān)[9]。正常情況下,凝血因子Ⅻ、Ⅷ、Ⅹ和Ⅸ可隨孕齡的增加而增加,但因?yàn)槟蜃英谠兄小⑼砥诩按a(chǎn)期可能無(wú)改變[9],這可能是內(nèi)源性凝血功能在妊娠中晚期及待產(chǎn)期變化不明顯的原因。

      PT是反映外源性凝血途徑的篩查試驗(yàn)。妊娠期婦女與非孕婦相比,PT顯著縮短,這主要與凝血因子Ⅶ的活性有關(guān),研究發(fā)現(xiàn)胎盤(pán)的磷脂及組織因子(tissue factor,TF)可促使FⅦ形成[10]。TF又是外源性凝血瀑布反應(yīng)的蛋白酶啟動(dòng)劑,與FⅦa結(jié)合,形成FⅦa-TF復(fù)合物,啟動(dòng)外源凝血途徑[11]。推測(cè)妊娠期PT縮短可能是凝血因子Ⅶ增加的結(jié)果。

      FIB也稱為凝血因子Ⅰ,由肝細(xì)胞合成,在凝血系統(tǒng)中起重要作用。凝血后期凝血酶形成,催化纖維蛋白原轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槔w維蛋白。因此,F(xiàn)IB是內(nèi)外源凝血途徑最終的共同通路。正常妊娠婦女FIB的適當(dāng)增加可維持凝血與纖溶平衡,有利于分娩及產(chǎn)后迅速止血,F(xiàn)IB濃度越高,凝血功能越強(qiáng)[12]。本研究結(jié)果提示,正常妊娠孕婦FIB高于非孕婦女,從孕早期開(kāi)始增加,并隨著孕期的增加而增加,直到孕晚期及待產(chǎn)期到達(dá)最高。此外,凝血酶TT也可間接反映血液中FIB的質(zhì)和量,正常妊娠婦女與非孕婦相比,盡管妊娠期TT縮短,這可能與妊娠期FIB濃度增加有關(guān);然而孕期之間變化不明顯,推測(cè)正常妊娠婦女的纖維蛋白溶解系統(tǒng)可能被激活,以平衡體內(nèi)的凝血功能[13]。

      D-D是纖維蛋白被纖溶酶水解后產(chǎn)生的一種降解產(chǎn)物,是繼發(fā)性纖維蛋白溶解特有的標(biāo)志物,并可提示有血栓形成[14]。本研究中,妊娠婦女的D-D水平高于非妊娠婦女,并且隨著孕齡增加而升高,這可能是婦女在妊娠過(guò)程中,胎兒和胎盤(pán)附著面產(chǎn)生微小的碎片組織及滋養(yǎng)細(xì)胞進(jìn)入循環(huán)系統(tǒng),激活微小動(dòng)靜脈的凝血系統(tǒng),引起微小管內(nèi)的凝血反應(yīng),導(dǎo)致小血栓形成[15-16]。

      AT-Ⅲ是機(jī)體重要的一種抗凝物質(zhì),主要由肝和內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞合成,可抑制已活化的Ⅶ、Ⅸ、Ⅹ、Ⅻ等凝血因子和凝血酶,AT-Ⅲ減少是彌漫性血管內(nèi)凝血前期的診斷指標(biāo)之一[17]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,孕早期婦女的AT-Ⅲ與非孕婦比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),在孕中、晚期及待產(chǎn)期有所降低,推測(cè)AT-Ⅲ在整個(gè)孕期的抗凝作用改變不明顯。

      綜上所述,正常妊娠婦女不同孕期凝血功能的變化可提示機(jī)體處于高凝狀態(tài),纖溶功能不斷增強(qiáng)。

      [參考文獻(xiàn)]

      [1]Croles FN,Nasserinejad K,Duvekot JJ,et al.Pregnancy,thrombophilia,and the risk of a first venous thrombosis: systematic review and bayesian meta-analysis[J].BMJ,2017, 359:j4452.

      [2]Katz D,Beilin Y.Disorders of coagulation in pregnancy[J].Br J Anaesth,2015,115 Suppl 2:ii75-88.

      [3]Jacobsen AF,Skjeldestad FE,Sandset PM.Incidence and risk patterns of venous thromboembolism in pregnancy and puerperium-a register-based case-control study[J].Am J Obstet Gynecol,2008,198(2):233.e1-7.

      [4]McNamara H,Mallaiah S,Barclay P,et al.Coagulopathy and placental abruption: changing management with ROTEM-guided fibrinogen concentrate therapy[J].Int J Obstet Anesth,2015,24(2):174-179.

      [5]Erez O.Disseminated intravascular coagulation in pregnancy-Clinical phenotypes and diagnostic scores[J].Thromb Res,2017,151 Suppl 1:S56-S60.

      [6]丁虹,朱付凡.妊娠期血液高凝狀態(tài)與產(chǎn)科并發(fā)癥[J].中華婦產(chǎn)科雜志,2003,38(10):54-57.

      [7]Cerneca F,Ricci G,Simeone R,et al.Coagulation and fibrinolysis changes in normal pregnancy.Increased levels of procoagulants and reduced levels of inhibitors during pregnancy induce a hypercoagulable state,combined with a reactive fibrinolysis[J].Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol,1997, 73(1):31-36.

      [8]Uchikova EH,Ledjev,II.Changes in haemostasis during normal pregnancy[J].Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol,2005,119(2):185-188.

      [9]Holmes VA,Wallace JM.Haemostasis in normal pregnancy:a balancing act?[J].Biochem Soc Trans,2005,33(Pt 2):428-432.

      [10]Dalaker K,Prydz H.The coagulation factor Ⅶ in pregnancy[J].Br J Haematol,1984,56(2):233-241.

      [11]Shah K,Bayoumi R,Banerjee Y.Protein anticoagulants targeting factor Ⅶa-tissue factor complex:a comprehensive review[J].Hematology,2013,18(1):1-7.

      [12]Karlsson O,Sporrong T,Hillarp A,et al.Prospective longitudinal study of thromboelastography and standard hemostatic laboratory tests in healthy women during normal pregnancy[J].Anesth Analg,2012,115(4):890-898.

      [13]Romagnuolo I,Attanasio M,Cozzolino M,et al.Thrombin potential and traditional coagulation assay: are they useful in exploring recurrent pregnancy loss risk?[J].Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis,2018,29(2):160-166.

      [14]Nishii A,Noda Y,Nemoto R,et al.Evaluation of D-dimer during pregnancy[J].J Obstet Gynaecol Res,2009,35(4):689-693.

      [15]Trelinski J,Wierzbowska A,Krawczynska A,et al.Circulating endothelial cells in essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera:correlation with JAK2-V617F mutational status,angiogenic factors and coagulation activation markers[J].Int J Hematol,2010,91(5):792-798.

      [16]Van der Pol LM,Mairuhu AT,Tromeur C,et al.Use of clinical prediction rules and D-dimer tests in the diagnostic management of pregnant patients with suspected acute pulmonary embolism[J].Blood Rev,2017,31(2):31-36.

      [17]Kujovich J,Merrill PA.Antiphospholipid antibodies and antithrombin deficiency:double trouble for pregnancy[J].Am J Hematol,2011,86(12):1028-1031.

      (收稿日期:2019-08-21? 本文編輯:任秀蘭)

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