張朝枝 朱敏敏
[摘? ? 要]文化和旅游部的組建使“文旅融合”成為熱詞,對(duì)文化和旅游關(guān)系的歷時(shí)性反思卻比較缺乏,進(jìn)而影響了對(duì)文化和旅游關(guān)系的完整理解。文章基于對(duì)文化和旅游關(guān)系演變的歷時(shí)性梳理,分析了文化和旅游關(guān)系的起源、發(fā)展與提升及其相應(yīng)階段可能面臨的挑戰(zhàn)。研究認(rèn)為:文化的身份意義和旅游者追求身份認(rèn)同使文化具有吸引物屬性,建構(gòu)文化的身份認(rèn)同與集體記憶增強(qiáng)其吸引物屬性并使之成為旅游資源,是踐行文旅融合的第一層次路徑,但也可能會(huì)面臨關(guān)于文化工具性的批判。通過(guò)文化的可參觀性生產(chǎn)提升文化的展示水平,是增強(qiáng)旅游者文化旅游體驗(yàn)的重要方式,也是踐行文旅融合的第二層次路徑,但因此而引起的文化商品化往往被批判為旅游導(dǎo)致文化衰落。文化旅游產(chǎn)品的進(jìn)一步商業(yè)化與產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈延伸是踐行文旅融合的第三層次路徑,但也可能導(dǎo)致過(guò)度商業(yè)化與文化體驗(yàn)失真的批判。
[關(guān)鍵詞]文旅融合;文化旅游;內(nèi)涵;挑戰(zhàn);路徑
[中圖分類號(hào)]F59
[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼]A
[文章編號(hào)]1002-5006(2020)03-0062-10
Doi: 10.19765/j.cnki.1002-5006.2019.00.011
引言
文化和旅游的關(guān)系源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng),但隨著文化和旅游部的組建,“文旅融合”成為熱詞。在實(shí)踐中,幾乎所有旅游相關(guān)的會(huì)議與文件都必須圍繞“文旅融合”展開(kāi)。在學(xué)術(shù)界,文化和旅游融合的制度、政策措施與工作手段等研究也層出不窮。但“文化和旅游的關(guān)系究竟如何起源、發(fā)展與演變的”“不同發(fā)展階段會(huì)出現(xiàn)什么矛盾”以及“推動(dòng)二者融合路徑的本質(zhì)應(yīng)該是什么”等,這些根本性問(wèn)題卻沒(méi)有得到充分討論。因此,本研究擬通過(guò)梳理文化和旅游關(guān)系的歷時(shí)性演變來(lái)回答上述問(wèn)題。
1 中西方文化和旅游關(guān)系認(rèn)識(shí)的演變
1.1 中國(guó)語(yǔ)境下文化和旅游關(guān)系認(rèn)識(shí)的演變
早在20世紀(jì)80年代,國(guó)內(nèi)學(xué)者開(kāi)始關(guān)注文化與旅游的關(guān)系,或?qū)⑸鐣?huì)文化視為重要的旅游資源[1],或?qū)⒙糜伪旧砜闯梢环N文化生活[2],并將旅游文化定義為“一個(gè)民族的共同的文化傳統(tǒng)在旅游過(guò)程中的特殊表現(xiàn)”[3]。因此,“旅游是經(jīng)濟(jì)性很強(qiáng)的文化事業(yè),又是文化性很強(qiáng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)事業(yè)”[2]。全社會(huì)文化素質(zhì)的提高是旅游業(yè)發(fā)展的根本前提,而旅游業(yè)的外延拓展與內(nèi)涵挖掘,則需要旅游文化的指導(dǎo)。文化是旅游業(yè)發(fā)展的靈魂,旅游文化與旅游活動(dòng)的關(guān)系,就是旅游理論與旅游實(shí)踐的關(guān)系[4]。具體地講,旅游活動(dòng)是旅游文化產(chǎn)生的前提,而旅游活動(dòng)本身就是一種文化現(xiàn)象,旅游文化同時(shí)具有綜合性、矛盾性[5]。20世紀(jì)末,鑒于文化和旅游的緊密關(guān)系,學(xué)者們對(duì)旅游和文化的關(guān)系討論轉(zhuǎn)向呼吁建立旅游文化學(xué)[6],不過(guò),這種呼聲隨著21世紀(jì)后中國(guó)進(jìn)入旅游開(kāi)發(fā)建設(shè)高峰期而減少,對(duì)文化旅游資源開(kāi)發(fā)的討論逐漸增多,旅游的文化影響也開(kāi)始受到關(guān)注[7-10],對(duì)“文化是旅游的靈魂”的內(nèi)涵也開(kāi)始進(jìn)行反思[11]。但是,本階段對(duì)旅游與文化關(guān)系的認(rèn)識(shí)基本上沒(méi)有超越早期的相關(guān)論述,即文化是一種旅游資源,旅游是一種文化體驗(yàn)方式/產(chǎn)品,兩者相互作用與影響。不過(guò)有趣的是,大家在討論文化和旅游的關(guān)系時(shí),都沒(méi)有對(duì)文化的具體內(nèi)涵與邊界進(jìn)行界定。
在實(shí)踐層面,從1978年鄧小平同志的“黃山談話”開(kāi)始,他鼓勵(lì)挖掘地方文化吸引外國(guó)游客,其實(shí)質(zhì)是把歷史文化傳統(tǒng)轉(zhuǎn)化成旅游吸引物。2000年,江澤民同志提出要充分利用山西悠久的歷史和“地上文物寶庫(kù)”這一得天獨(dú)厚的資源,大力發(fā)展旅游業(yè),其實(shí)質(zhì)是把物質(zhì)和非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)變成旅游資源1。習(xí)近平同志2017年在《在文藝工作座談會(huì)上的講話》中指出“人民對(duì)包括文藝作品在內(nèi)的文化作品的質(zhì)量、品位、風(fēng)格等的要求變高,文學(xué)、戲劇、電影、電視、音樂(lè)、舞蹈、美術(shù)、攝影、書法、曲藝、雜技以及民間文藝、群眾文藝等各領(lǐng)域都要跟上時(shí)代發(fā)展、把握人民需求”,強(qiáng)調(diào)要系統(tǒng)梳理傳統(tǒng)文化資源,將文化資源進(jìn)行有吸引力的文化展示,讓文物、遺產(chǎn)和文學(xué)都活起來(lái)[12],其實(shí)質(zhì)是強(qiáng)調(diào)相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)的手段和技術(shù)對(duì)文化藝術(shù)的創(chuàng)造性利用,這一思想對(duì)文化和旅游發(fā)展具有指導(dǎo)意義。在政府文件中,雖然早前很多文件都體現(xiàn)了加強(qiáng)文化和旅游融合的相關(guān)表述,但直接提出加強(qiáng)文化和旅游融合的文件是原文化部和原國(guó)家旅游局2009年聯(lián)合發(fā)布的《關(guān)于促進(jìn)文化與旅游結(jié)合發(fā)展的指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)》,該文件明確指出要加強(qiáng)“文化和旅游相互融合”,并將文旅融合的實(shí)施路徑總結(jié)為“文化旅游活動(dòng)(節(jié)慶)品牌”“旅游演藝產(chǎn)品”“非遺產(chǎn)品化”“文化旅游工藝品”等形式,其實(shí)質(zhì)是傳統(tǒng)文化面向旅游者的再生產(chǎn)與再創(chuàng)造。隨后在2011年、2014年、2016年、2018年中央發(fā)布的相關(guān)文件2中,反復(fù)提及非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)與旅游融合、專業(yè)藝術(shù)院團(tuán)與旅游目的地融合等,其強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“非物質(zhì)文化的展示利用”。2018年3月,國(guó)務(wù)院辦公廳印發(fā)《關(guān)于促進(jìn)全域旅游發(fā)展的指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)》,指出文旅融合的具體措施是“科學(xué)利用傳統(tǒng)村落、文物遺跡及博物館、紀(jì)念館、美術(shù)館、藝術(shù)館、世界文化遺產(chǎn)、非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)展示館等文化場(chǎng)所開(kāi)展文化、文物旅游,推動(dòng)劇場(chǎng)、演藝、游樂(lè)、動(dòng)漫等產(chǎn)業(yè)與旅游業(yè)融合開(kāi)展文化體驗(yàn)旅游”,其中所隱含的文化和旅游融合是指加強(qiáng)文化面向旅游者的展示。2018年4月,國(guó)務(wù)院明確地將新組建的文化和旅游部職能定位為“增強(qiáng)和彰顯文化自信”“提高國(guó)家文化軟實(shí)力和中華文化影響力”;同時(shí),文化和旅游部部長(zhǎng)雒樹(shù)剛關(guān)于文化和旅游融合的系列講話中也明確指出“文化和旅游融合發(fā)展背景下,要用文化提升旅游的品質(zhì)內(nèi)涵,用旅游彰顯文化自信”,更具體地來(lái)說(shuō),需要“旅游集團(tuán)落實(shí)好供給側(cè)結(jié)構(gòu)性改革戰(zhàn)略部署,用好文化創(chuàng)意、科技創(chuàng)新和社會(huì)投資等新動(dòng)能……講好中國(guó)故事,提升中國(guó)服務(wù)?!笨梢?jiàn),政府文件表述的文旅融合是將物質(zhì)與非物質(zhì)文化變成一種旅游資源,要通過(guò)不同的技術(shù)手段和商業(yè)模式把文化展示出來(lái),從而實(shí)現(xiàn)增強(qiáng)文化自信和傳播中華文化的目標(biāo)。
文化和旅游部的組建引發(fā)新一輪關(guān)于文化和旅游關(guān)系的討論,學(xué)者們從國(guó)家政策[13]、追求幸福[14]、身份認(rèn)同[15]、人才培養(yǎng)[16]以及綜合視角[17]對(duì)文化和旅游的關(guān)系進(jìn)行了熱烈討論,但這些討論仍缺少對(duì)文化和旅游關(guān)系的歷時(shí)性反思,對(duì)文化和旅游關(guān)系的觀察視野僅停留在當(dāng)下的時(shí)間維度,影響了對(duì)文化和旅游關(guān)系的全面理解。
1.2 西方語(yǔ)境下文化和旅游關(guān)系認(rèn)識(shí)的演變
在理論層面,從16世紀(jì)壯游(Grand Tour)時(shí)期開(kāi)始,文化體驗(yàn)便被作為旅游的一種主要目的[18]。進(jìn)入20世紀(jì)后,文化體驗(yàn)不再僅被看成旅游目的,而是相互依存的關(guān)系:旅游即文化[18-19],文化旅游的概念也因此誕生,并隨著“文化”的概念延伸而拓展。最早由Robert Macintosh將文化旅游定義為“旅游者了解別人的歷史遺產(chǎn),了解他們的生活和思想的活動(dòng)”[20],這里的“文化”主要指文化遺產(chǎn)和當(dāng)?shù)厝说纳钆c思想,但在后來(lái)的定義中,“文化”也包括現(xiàn)代文化藝術(shù),如世界旅游組織1985年給出的文化旅游定義是“出于文化動(dòng)機(jī)而進(jìn)行的移動(dòng),諸如研究性旅行、表演藝術(shù)、文化旅行、參觀歷史遺跡、研究自然、民俗和藝術(shù)、宗教朝圣的旅行、節(jié)日和其他文化事件旅行”[21],歐洲旅游休閑教育協(xié)會(huì)(Association for Tourism and Leisure Education, ATLAS)1991年的技術(shù)性定義為“人們離開(kāi)他們的常住地,到文化吸引物所在地的一切移動(dòng),如遺產(chǎn)遺跡、藝術(shù)與文化表演、藝術(shù)與歌劇等”[21]。隨著2003年聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織將遺產(chǎn)的概念從物質(zhì)遺產(chǎn)擴(kuò)展到非物質(zhì)遺產(chǎn),文化旅游的內(nèi)涵也再次發(fā)生變化。2017年9月,聯(lián)合國(guó)世界旅游組織將文化旅游定義調(diào)整為“文化旅游是一種游客出于學(xué)習(xí)、尋求、體驗(yàn)和消費(fèi)物質(zhì)或非物質(zhì)文化吸引物/文化產(chǎn)品的本質(zhì)動(dòng)機(jī)的旅游活動(dòng)”[22],其中這些產(chǎn)品包括反映一個(gè)特定社會(huì)鮮明的物質(zhì)、精神、智慧和情感特征的建筑、藝術(shù)與歷史文化遺產(chǎn)、美食遺產(chǎn)、文學(xué)、音樂(lè)創(chuàng)意產(chǎn)業(yè)以及生活方式的活態(tài)遺產(chǎn)、價(jià)值、信仰與傳統(tǒng)[22-23]。可見(jiàn),隨著文化的概念與日常生活越來(lái)越貼近[18]p7,文化旅游的內(nèi)涵也不斷延伸,但總體來(lái)講,早期研究主要強(qiáng)調(diào)文化的旅游吸引力,并將文化的內(nèi)涵不斷擴(kuò)大,從物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)走向非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn),從傳統(tǒng)的遺產(chǎn)走向現(xiàn)代的社會(huì)文化,這些都具有旅游吸引力。進(jìn)入21世紀(jì)后,文化旅游的研究大多是強(qiáng)調(diào)旅游對(duì)社會(huì)文化產(chǎn)生的各種影響[24-27]。
在實(shí)踐層面,自20世紀(jì)80年代西方國(guó)家便認(rèn)識(shí)到文化和旅游是不證自明的互補(bǔ)性、相互受益的產(chǎn)業(yè),如美國(guó)藝術(shù)部在1982年就認(rèn)識(shí)到二者關(guān)系的互利性,英國(guó)藝術(shù)部在1985年就發(fā)現(xiàn)藝術(shù)作為旅游吸引物的重要性[18]。與國(guó)內(nèi)的“靈魂載體說(shuō)”角度相當(dāng),旅游被認(rèn)為是文化創(chuàng)意領(lǐng)域主要的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)載體,而文化吸引物是旅游文化的主要制造者[18]。文化藝術(shù)為旅游創(chuàng)造吸引物,而旅游為藝術(shù)帶來(lái)額外的觀眾[24]。文化旅游比別的旅游形式更受歡迎,文化產(chǎn)業(yè)和旅游業(yè)的組織對(duì)推進(jìn)二者的關(guān)系越來(lái)越積極[28]。1993年,英國(guó)旅游協(xié)會(huì)和英國(guó)旅游局通過(guò)舉辦研討會(huì)促進(jìn)與文化藝術(shù)管理者之間的交流[18]。類似地,柬埔寨嘗試溝通旅游、活態(tài)文化和創(chuàng)意產(chǎn)業(yè)3個(gè)部門在暹粒打造文化旅游路線,構(gòu)建文化和旅游新型合作模式[29]。世界旅游組織在《旅游和文化協(xié)同》中強(qiáng)調(diào)旅游和文化產(chǎn)業(yè)及機(jī)構(gòu)之間協(xié)同作用的重要性,并推崇各國(guó)文化和旅游部合并或以某種模式合作的案例,如加納政府2013年將文化和創(chuàng)意藝術(shù)并入旅游部的制度融合案例,強(qiáng)調(diào)各利益相關(guān)者的合作,成功地促進(jìn)了文化旅游的發(fā)展[23];泰國(guó)清邁政府聯(lián)合文化藝術(shù)部和旅游部共同整頓清邁的文創(chuàng)產(chǎn)業(yè),規(guī)范旅游紀(jì)念品生產(chǎn)的有效實(shí)踐[30],及墨西哥的旅游部和文化藝術(shù)國(guó)家局兩機(jī)構(gòu)合作模式等[30]。整體上,西方實(shí)踐中強(qiáng)調(diào)文化和旅游二者在原來(lái)產(chǎn)業(yè)基礎(chǔ)上保持協(xié)同、合作、整合關(guān)系,但并沒(méi)有對(duì)文化和旅游二者關(guān)系的歷時(shí)性、系統(tǒng)性進(jìn)行思考。
2 文化和旅游關(guān)系發(fā)展的三個(gè)層次內(nèi)涵
2.1 文化和旅游關(guān)系的起源:文化的身份意義與旅游者追求身份認(rèn)同
上述分析表明,文化與旅游的關(guān)系起源于文化的旅游吸引物屬性,這是文化與旅游關(guān)系的第一個(gè)層次內(nèi)涵。Stanley認(rèn)為文化包括3個(gè)層面的含義,即作為傳統(tǒng)、符號(hào)和意義的累積,作為建構(gòu)新的意義和符號(hào)的事物,作為建構(gòu)個(gè)人生活方式的符號(hào)工具[31],這3個(gè)層面的文化都具有身份識(shí)別的意義。具有身份識(shí)別意義的文化為什么會(huì)具有吸引物屬性呢?MacCannell認(rèn)為旅游的根本目的就是獲得一種對(duì)地方或世界的自我認(rèn)識(shí)的方式[32],到文化遺產(chǎn)地旅游某種程度上就是去尋找遺產(chǎn)地與自己的聯(lián)系[33]。旅游是為了全面認(rèn)識(shí)世界從而發(fā)現(xiàn)自我[32],旅游體驗(yàn)過(guò)程是游客自我構(gòu)建的基礎(chǔ),更是在尋找個(gè)人和社會(huì)群體的聯(lián)系與區(qū)別的身份(identity)[34],或者說(shuō),現(xiàn)代游客追求文化旅游體驗(yàn)的時(shí)候其實(shí)在尋找某種身份認(rèn)同[15]。對(duì)于具有懷舊和文化身份認(rèn)同需求的旅游者,文化是旅游目的地吸引力的關(guān)鍵組成部分[35],文化也因此具備了旅游吸引物屬性,即旅游者個(gè)體對(duì)民族與國(guó)家集體身份認(rèn)同的追求使文化或者文化符號(hào)成為了旅游吸引物[15]。因此,文化和旅游融合的第一個(gè)層次的內(nèi)涵是指旅游者追求身份認(rèn)同,而文化表征身份意義,兩者相互作用使文化變成旅游資源,并且隨著時(shí)代的發(fā)展,能夠成為旅游資源(旅游吸引物)的文化類型也越來(lái)越豐富多樣。
2.2 文化和旅游關(guān)系的發(fā)展:面向游客的文化可參觀性生產(chǎn)
當(dāng)文化成為某種旅游資源后,越來(lái)越多的旅游者前來(lái)參觀“文化”,但并非所有文化都具有可參觀性。因此,將文化旅游吸引物根據(jù)游客的需要恰當(dāng)?shù)卣故境鰜?lái),即對(duì)文化資源進(jìn)行可參觀性(visitability)生產(chǎn)顯得日益重要。文化的可參觀性生產(chǎn)是游客體驗(yàn)文化的基礎(chǔ)[36],這種可參觀性的生產(chǎn)主要包括以下4種形式:一是以博物館為載體的物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)展示,這種形式始于歐洲的宮廷貴族們把個(gè)人收藏品對(duì)少數(shù)精英、特權(quán)階層、藝術(shù)家、鑒賞家開(kāi)放[36]。18世紀(jì)中期,皇室貴族的收藏品開(kāi)始向普通大眾展出[37],大眾博物館逐漸形成。二是以傳統(tǒng)節(jié)慶或藝術(shù)表演為載體的非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)展示。在20世紀(jì)70年代英美等西方國(guó)家“藝術(shù)導(dǎo)向”的城市再生策略影響下,一些城市通過(guò)舉辦相關(guān)藝術(shù)活動(dòng)來(lái)吸引游客刺激當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟(jì)[38],傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日或儀式成為其中的一種重振或復(fù)興當(dāng)?shù)匚幕騻鹘y(tǒng)的手段[39]。三是以歷史街區(qū)和城鎮(zhèn)為載體的綜合展示。隨著懷舊成為消費(fèi)趨勢(shì),消費(fèi)主義的邏輯被運(yùn)用到文化展示場(chǎng)所的利用上[40],“歷史街區(qū)”作為一種保護(hù)城市歷史文化的物質(zhì)載體的概念在城市化進(jìn)程中被提出[41],大量古城鎮(zhèn)與歷史街區(qū)被改造成文化展示與現(xiàn)代商業(yè)消費(fèi)空間。四是以技術(shù)手段和主題空間為載體的創(chuàng)造性展示。博覽會(huì)的技術(shù)成就直接催生了“一種具有連貫性背景和整體化環(huán)境的展示空間”[36]——以迪士尼為代表的主題公園[42],而技術(shù)的進(jìn)步又把這種展示推到全新境界,使其不僅僅是文化景觀,而且成為了身體體驗(yàn)[36]。這4種文化展示或者可參觀性生產(chǎn)的形式依次將可展示的文化范圍擴(kuò)大,從物質(zhì)到非物質(zhì),到非物質(zhì)與物質(zhì)環(huán)境的整合,再到當(dāng)代創(chuàng)造性文化展示,實(shí)際上是文化展示或者可參觀性生產(chǎn)的技術(shù)水平不斷提高的結(jié)果。從另外一層角度講,也就是旅游對(duì)文化的影響,使文化不斷商品化。
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The Integration of Culture and Tourism: Multi-understandings, Various
Challenges and Approaches
ZHANG Chaozhi1, 2, ZHU Minmin1
(1.School of Tourism Management, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China;
2. Center for Tourism Planning& Research, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China)
Abstract: The relationship between culture and tourism has a long history. However, previous studies of tourism have mainly focused on the tourism resource attributes of culture, and the impacts of tourism on culture. The establishment of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism in 2018 sought to encourage academics and industry to further reflect on the relationship between culture and tourism, motivating people to pay more attention to the ways in which culture and tourism can integrate further. In the current paper, we reviewed previous studies of the relationships between culture and tourism in the Chinese context, as well as studies from other countries. In addition, we examined the diachronic evolution of the theory of culture and tourism integration, coming to the conclusion that there are three layers of understandings of culture and tourism integration. The identity-related meanings of culture and the motivation of tourists to pursue identity-based experiences mean that culture possesses a range of attractive attributes for tourism, becoming a kind of tourism resource. Thus, the relationship between culture and tourism is generated. Tourists pursuit of cultural embodied experience keeps improving, and cultural features contribute to the visitability for tourists. Therefore, the relationship between culture and tourism keeps developing, and culture becomes a kind of tourism product. With the increasing commercialization of cultural exhibitions for tourists and the resulting industry chain, the integration of culture and tourism has given rise to the cultural tourism industry, which is now widely discussed.
On the basis of the three-layer understandings model discussed above, various approaches and challenges in the corresponding stages of culture and tourism integration have also been proposed in this paper. In the process of culture and tourism integration, three-stage practice approaches can also be found. Cultural identity and collective memory construction are the foundation of identity symbol meaning, which is the essence of the tourism-attracting attributes of culture, providing the first stage of the culture and tourism integration practice approach. Cultural visitability production is a critical step for promoting tourist experiences of culture, which is the second stage of culture and tourism integration. Cultural visitability production consists of four main models, including the museum model with displays of tangible heritage as the core, the festival or performance model with displays of intangible cultural heritage, the historical town and themed street model with displays of living culture, and the creative theme model with displays of technology as the core. The industry chain extension of cultural tourism products provides a way to create new business models, referring to the third stage of culture and tourism integration. Thus, four cultural tourism industry business models could be promoted: developing comprehensive cultural experience space relying on traditional cultural space, developing culture and tourism performance industries involving artistic performances and tourist resources, developing culture and creativity industries with tourist-oriented souvenirs, and developing entertainment industries involving themed cultural displays. In addition, the current paper investigated the corresponding potential challenges of the three practice approaches of culture and tourism integration. During the first stage, cultural utilization contradictions could be identified. During the second stage, cultural commoditization may bring about the contradictions of cultural renaissance and loss. Commercialization may lead to cultural authenticity controversy during the last stage.
Keywords: culture and tourism integration; cultural tourism; understandings; challenges; approaches
[責(zé)任編輯:劉? ? 魯;責(zé)任校對(duì):宋志偉]
1 人民網(wǎng). 江澤民旅游經(jīng)濟(jì)思想初探—專題報(bào)道[EB/OL]. [2018-12-10]http://cpc.people.com.on/GB/6748/6924469246/4816957.html?kfr。
② 2011年,十七屆六中全會(huì)發(fā)布《中共中央關(guān)于深化文化體制改革推動(dòng)社會(huì)主義文化大發(fā)展大繁榮若干重大問(wèn)題的決定》;2014年,國(guó)務(wù)院發(fā)布《關(guān)于促進(jìn)旅游業(yè)改革發(fā)展的若干意見(jiàn)》;2016年,國(guó)務(wù)院發(fā)布《“十三五”旅游業(yè)發(fā)展規(guī)劃》;2018年,文化和旅游部和財(cái)政部發(fā)布《關(guān)于在文化領(lǐng)域推廣政府和社會(huì)資本合作模式的指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)》。
引用格式:張朝枝, 朱敏敏. 文化和旅游融合: 多層次關(guān)系內(nèi)涵、挑戰(zhàn)與踐行路徑[J]. 旅游學(xué)刊, 2020, 35(3): 62-71. [ZHANG Chaozhi, ZHU Minmin. The integration of culture and tourism: Multi-understandings, various challenges and approaches[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2020, 35(3): 62-71.]
[基金項(xiàng)目]本研究受國(guó)家社會(huì)科學(xué)基金藝術(shù)學(xué)重大項(xiàng)目“文化和旅游行業(yè)人才培養(yǎng)戰(zhàn)略、路徑與對(duì)策研究”子課題“文化自信建設(shè)導(dǎo)向的文旅融合實(shí)現(xiàn)路徑與人才培養(yǎng)需求”(19ZD26)資助。[This study was supported by a grant from the National Social Science Foundation of China (to ZHANG Chaozhi) (No.19ZD26).]
[收稿日期]2019-01-22; [修訂日期]2019-04-25
[作者簡(jiǎn)介]張朝枝(1973—),男,湖南岳陽(yáng)人,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師,研究方向?yàn)檫z產(chǎn)旅游與國(guó)家公園管理、旅游發(fā)展與目的地管理,E-mail:zhchzhi@mail.sysu.edu.cn,通訊作者;朱敏敏(1995—),女,廣東廣州人,碩士研究生,研究方向?yàn)槲幕糜?、旅游目的地形象,E-mail:zhumm3@foxmail.com。