蔣建平
【考綱解讀】
研讀近年的考試大綱,基于《中國(guó)高考評(píng)價(jià)體系》可知,高考英語(yǔ)書(shū)面表達(dá)試題是根據(jù)所給情境,用英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)一篇100~150詞的短文。情境包括目的、對(duì)象、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物、事件等,情境的形式有提綱、圖畫(huà)、圖表等。要求考生根據(jù)提示進(jìn)行寫(xiě)作,不僅要清楚、連貫地傳遞信息,表達(dá)意思,而且要有效運(yùn)用所學(xué)的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)。
【考情反饋】
書(shū)面表達(dá)主要考查考生對(duì)語(yǔ)言的綜合運(yùn)用能力。近幾年全國(guó)卷書(shū)面表達(dá)都是考查書(shū)信體或郵件式的文體,試題并沒(méi)有給出過(guò)多的限定成分,相反的是給了考生較大的發(fā)揮空間,讓考生有事可想,有話可說(shuō),有文可寫(xiě),體現(xiàn)出了極大的開(kāi)放性和深度,重視思維發(fā)散能力。話題都為考生所熟知,難度系數(shù)并不大。
【命題特點(diǎn)】
1. 寫(xiě)作形式:命題形式較為穩(wěn)定,采用半控制性、半開(kāi)放式的寫(xiě)作模式,提綱類(lèi)寫(xiě)作成為主流,提示內(nèi)容較為簡(jiǎn)潔。應(yīng)用性、實(shí)用性非常強(qiáng),設(shè)計(jì)具體化、生活化、情境化,體現(xiàn)了學(xué)英語(yǔ)的目的是學(xué)以致用,體現(xiàn)了考試大綱的理念。
2. 寫(xiě)作體裁:體裁以應(yīng)用文為主,命題形式仍然是多年來(lái)沿用的書(shū)信或電子郵件,交際性、應(yīng)用性強(qiáng)。
3. 寫(xiě)作話題:貼近現(xiàn)實(shí)和考生生活實(shí)際,與考生的學(xué)習(xí)和生活密切相關(guān)。常涉及語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)、活動(dòng)開(kāi)展、人際關(guān)系等,特別重視中國(guó)優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化,以第一人稱寫(xiě)作為主,話題場(chǎng)景性和真實(shí)性突出,體現(xiàn)了中外交流和正能量。
4. 寫(xiě)作手法:介紹性說(shuō)明占主體(說(shuō)明時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、過(guò)程等),輔以交際性應(yīng)用(解決現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的實(shí)際問(wèn)題)。
5. 寫(xiě)作對(duì)象:寫(xiě)作對(duì)象為英美人士,以體現(xiàn)寫(xiě)作的真實(shí)性。如外教Henry、英國(guó)朋友Leslie、留學(xué)生朋友Eric等。
【解題策略】
1. 英文寫(xiě)作步驟
2. 書(shū)面表達(dá)解題策略
①審題立意。審題立意主要是指研究和領(lǐng)會(huì)題旨并確立主題??忌趯?xiě)作中只有正確理解了題意,并按照題目的要求去構(gòu)思,才有可能寫(xiě)出符合題意的作文來(lái)。因此,審題立意是寫(xiě)作的首要環(huán)節(jié)??忌J(rèn)真閱讀寫(xiě)作要求中提供的信息,分析所給的寫(xiě)作素材,確定所寫(xiě)文章的體裁及整體內(nèi)容,并確定要用的人稱和時(shí)態(tài)。
②羅列要點(diǎn)。高考英語(yǔ)書(shū)面表達(dá)多數(shù)會(huì)提供寫(xiě)作要點(diǎn),通過(guò)審題,要將這些要點(diǎn)用提綱的形式在草稿紙上羅列好。羅列要點(diǎn)時(shí)要確保有主要內(nèi)容,適當(dāng)涉及次要內(nèi)容,堅(jiān)決剔除無(wú)關(guān)內(nèi)容。對(duì)于只給出情境沒(méi)有提供寫(xiě)作要點(diǎn)的書(shū)面表達(dá),考生需找出暗含在情境中的要點(diǎn),并根據(jù)文章體裁加入必要的開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾。
③連句成篇。確定了文章的整體布局、基本時(shí)態(tài)和人稱后,要根據(jù)所列出的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn),選擇適當(dāng)?shù)脑~語(yǔ)或表達(dá)方式將它們組成句子,再結(jié)合自己設(shè)想的內(nèi)容框架組成段落。不要逐句翻譯要點(diǎn),可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié),以充實(shí)文章內(nèi)容。在組織文章內(nèi)容時(shí),要在句與句之間加入恰當(dāng)?shù)倪^(guò)渡性詞語(yǔ)進(jìn)行銜接,以使內(nèi)容連貫,結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。同時(shí)為了給文章增添亮點(diǎn),在保證正確的前提下,適當(dāng)運(yùn)用高中階段學(xué)過(guò)的復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu),讓文章的句式富于變化。
④修改、完善。寫(xiě)完文章后一定要仔細(xì)檢查,首先檢查文章是否包括全部要點(diǎn),然后再檢查語(yǔ)言方面是否有錯(cuò)誤,如單詞拼寫(xiě)、詞語(yǔ)搭配、人稱、時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、主謂一致、句式、從句的引導(dǎo)詞、標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)、大小寫(xiě)等。
⑤謄寫(xiě)工整。定稿后應(yīng)認(rèn)真謄寫(xiě),要求書(shū)寫(xiě)規(guī)范、正確、美觀,并保持卷面整潔。
【考題調(diào)研】
(2019·全國(guó)乙卷)假定你是李華,暑期在倫敦學(xué)習(xí),得知當(dāng)?shù)孛佬g(shù)館要舉辦中國(guó)畫(huà)展覽。請(qǐng)寫(xiě)一封信申請(qǐng)做志愿者,內(nèi)容包括:
1. 寫(xiě)信目的;
2. 個(gè)人優(yōu)勢(shì);
3. 能做的事情。
注意:
1. 詞數(shù)100左右;
2. 可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié),以使行文連貫;
3. 結(jié)束語(yǔ)已為你寫(xiě)好。
【試題解讀】
該書(shū)面表達(dá)要求考生寫(xiě)一封申請(qǐng)信,屬于應(yīng)用文。試題要求考生給倫敦的一家將舉辦中
國(guó)畫(huà)展覽的美術(shù)館寫(xiě)信,申請(qǐng)當(dāng)一名志愿者,體現(xiàn)了傳播中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化與中外文化交流的意識(shí)。題目的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)設(shè)計(jì)比較靈活,要求從寫(xiě)信目的、個(gè)人優(yōu)勢(shì)和能做的事情這三個(gè)方面展開(kāi)寫(xiě)作。
考生在寫(xiě)作時(shí)要做到層次分明,應(yīng)著重掌握個(gè)人優(yōu)勢(shì)的常用表達(dá),如Im good at、I have the ability to、Im experienced in等。從語(yǔ)言風(fēng)格來(lái)講,短文應(yīng)該用正式的書(shū)面語(yǔ),應(yīng)運(yùn)用得體的語(yǔ)氣及禮貌用語(yǔ)。
【參考范文】
Dear Sir or Madam,
I am writing to apply to be a volunteer for the Chinese Painting Exhibition which will be held in your art gallery. I think I am qualified for this job, because I have learned Chinese painting since childhood. Equally importantly, I am fluent in both Chinese and English, so I have no difficulty in communicating with others. If I am lucky enough to be chosen as a volunteer, I can show visitors around the gallery and answer their questions about the paintings after some proper training.
I would be very grateful if you could offer me the opportunity. Im looking forward to your reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
【考點(diǎn)突破】
考點(diǎn)1:提綱類(lèi)與應(yīng)用文
應(yīng)用文是高考??嫉奈捏w,包括書(shū)信、通知、日記、發(fā)言稿、報(bào)道等,命題形式多為文字提示。應(yīng)用文的目的在于傳達(dá)信息,在寫(xiě)作時(shí)要突出重點(diǎn),開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山。應(yīng)用文的語(yǔ)言重在實(shí)用,要求語(yǔ)言平實(shí)、準(zhǔn)確、簡(jiǎn)潔,易于讀者理解。正式的應(yīng)用文有比較規(guī)范的格式,但是高考寫(xiě)作中格式部分一般都是給出的,只考查正文部分的表達(dá)。在應(yīng)用文的寫(xiě)作中,往往需要用到特定的表達(dá)方式,所以考生平時(shí)要注意積累一些常用的句型及習(xí)慣表達(dá),以求做到語(yǔ)言準(zhǔn)確、地道。
體例1:普通書(shū)信/電子郵件
寫(xiě)作架構(gòu)
寫(xiě)作模板
Dear? ? ? ? ? ? (寫(xiě)作對(duì)象)
I am extremely pleased to hear from you. And I would like to write a letter to tell you that
(寒暄句加主題句).
(擴(kuò)展句一)
(擴(kuò)展句二)
(擴(kuò)展句三)
I will greatly appreciate a response from your earliest convenience./I am looking forward to
your reply at your earliest convenience. (結(jié)束主體段落)
Best regards. (結(jié)束語(yǔ))
Sincerely yours,
(寫(xiě)信人)
體例2:邀請(qǐng)信
寫(xiě)作架構(gòu)
寫(xiě)作模板
Dear ? ? ? ,
There will be a ? ? ? (內(nèi)容)at/in ? ? ? (地點(diǎn))on ? ?(時(shí)間). We would be honored to have you there with us.
The occasion will start at ? ? (具體時(shí)間). This will be followed by a ? ?(進(jìn)一步的安排). At around ? ?(時(shí)間), we will have? ? ? (另一個(gè)安排). I really hope you can make it. Im looking forward to your reply before? ? (通知你的最后期限).
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
體例3:建議信
寫(xiě)作架構(gòu)
寫(xiě)作模板
Dear ? ? ,
You have asked me for my advice with regard to ? ?(事項(xiàng)), and I will try to make some beneficial suggestions here.
In my opinion, it would be wise of you to take the following actions: ? ?(建議的
內(nèi)容).
I hope you will find these proposals useful, and I would be ready to discuss this matter with you to further details.
Good luck with your ? ? (祝愿).
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
體例4:申請(qǐng)信
寫(xiě)作架構(gòu)
寫(xiě)作模板
Dear Sir or Madam,
I write this letter to apply for the position that you have advertised in? ? (報(bào)紙名稱).
Not only do I have the qualifications for this job, but I have the right personality for a
(工作名稱). On the one hand, ? ? (第一個(gè)原因). On the other hand, ? ? (另一個(gè)原因).
Should you grant me a personal interview, I would be most grateful. If you need to know more about me, please feel free to contact me at any time at? ? (電話號(hào)碼).
Thank you for considering my application, and I am looking forward to meeting you.
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
考點(diǎn)2:圖表類(lèi)與說(shuō)明文
說(shuō)明文是解說(shuō)事物、闡明事理、給人以知、教人以用的文體。高考中的說(shuō)明文話題常涉及商品介紹、旅游指南、科技讀物和工作總結(jié),且出題形式通常為文字提示、圖標(biāo)、圖表等,通常用第三人稱、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),有時(shí)也用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。寫(xiě)說(shuō)明文必須注意事實(shí)準(zhǔn)確、表達(dá)清晰、層次分明、語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)練、用詞準(zhǔn)確。
寫(xiě)作模板
1. 事物類(lèi)說(shuō)明文
is a most effective ? ?to ? ?(說(shuō)明事物的必要性).
For most people, it is? ? (介紹重要意義).? ? is really ? ? (優(yōu)勢(shì)或顯著特點(diǎn)). With the functions of ? ? (作用一), it enables us to? ? ?(影響). It can even? ? (作用二). Just imagine, all this can be done with? ?(重要性).
A convenient tool can certainly? ? ? ? ?(承上), but it does not always help? ? ?(啟下,介紹事物的另一方面). Too much ? ? ?(負(fù)面影響一). Too much ? ? ?(負(fù)面影響二). Relying too much on? ? ? ? makes ? ? ? (總結(jié)說(shuō)明負(fù)面影響).
2. 事理類(lèi)說(shuō)明文
Nowadays, more and more? ? ? (闡述現(xiàn)象). Why ? ? ?(提出問(wèn)題)? The reasons for it are as follows.
First of all, ? ?(原因一). Besides,? ? ?(原因二). Whats more,?(原因三).
As a matter of fact, the main cause of it is due to? ? ?(最主要的原因). In my opinion, it is high time that we did something to ? ? ?(解決措施). Only in this way will we? ? ? ? (要實(shí)現(xiàn)的目標(biāo)).
考點(diǎn)3:圖畫(huà)類(lèi)與記敘文
記敘文是以敘述為主要表達(dá)方式,以描寫(xiě)人物的經(jīng)歷和事物的發(fā)展變化為主要內(nèi)容的一種文體。側(cè)重寫(xiě)人的記敘文,以介紹人物生平事跡為重點(diǎn);側(cè)重?cái)⑹碌挠洈⑽?,以敘述事情的發(fā)生、發(fā)展、經(jīng)過(guò)和結(jié)果為重點(diǎn)。記敘文的六要素包括時(shí)間(when)、地點(diǎn)(where)、人物(who)、事件(what)、起因(why)、經(jīng)過(guò)(how)和結(jié)果。
寫(xiě)作模板
As can be seen in the picture,? ? ? (圖畫(huà)內(nèi)容). The picture tells us? ? (文章立意).
The implied meaning of this picture should be taken into consideration seriously. To begin with,
(揭示含義/原因/結(jié)果1). Second, ? ? ?(揭示含義/原因/結(jié)果2).
In my opinion/As for me, we should take some measures to deal with the problem. First we should? ? ? (措施1). Second, we must? ?(措施2).? Only in this way can we solve the problem of ? ? ? ?(圖畫(huà)內(nèi)容).
考點(diǎn)4:(半)開(kāi)放類(lèi)與議論文
議論文是一種說(shuō)理型文體,作者要通過(guò)擺事實(shí)、講道理來(lái)說(shuō)服讀者同意自己的觀點(diǎn)或接受自己的建議,或引起讀者的共鳴。在近些年的高考試題中,議論文出題形式靈活,有圖表寫(xiě)作、發(fā)言稿、漫畫(huà)寫(xiě)作、名言警句等。議論文的行文結(jié)構(gòu)通常是三段論:1. 引言段——引出現(xiàn)象,表達(dá)觀點(diǎn),開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山,引出下文;2. 主體段——借助名人名言、舉實(shí)例、打比喻、對(duì)比分析、駁斥錯(cuò)誤或用歸納、推理、總結(jié)等方法針對(duì)引言段的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行闡述,要求恰當(dāng)使用過(guò)渡詞,層次清晰,引導(dǎo)讀者一步一步地根據(jù)分論點(diǎn)走向最終要闡述的觀點(diǎn);3. 結(jié)尾段——需要用一兩句話來(lái)總結(jié)主體段、呼應(yīng)引言段,做到首尾呼應(yīng)。
寫(xiě)作模板
1. 觀點(diǎn)對(duì)比型議論文
The topic of? ? (主題) is becoming more and more popular recently. There are two different opinions toward it. Some people say A is their favorite. They hold their view for the reason that? ? (支持A的理由一). What is more/Moreover,? ? (理由二). Last but not least,? ? (理由三).
While others think that B is a better choice for the following three reasons. Firstly,
(支持B的理由一). Secondly/Besides,? ? (理由二). Thirdly/Finally, ? ? (理由三).
From my point of view, I think ? ? (自己的觀點(diǎn)). The reason is that ? ? (原因). Therefore, for me, the former is surely a wiser choice.
2. 問(wèn)題解決型議論文
Currently/Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over ? ? (作文題目).
It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to solve this problem.
As we know, there are many steps which can be taken to solve this problem. First of all,
(途徑一). In addition, another way contributing to the success of solving this problem is? ? (途徑二).
Above all, to solve the problem of? ? (作文題目), we should find a number of various ways. But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to handle the problem in this way, that is to say, ? ? (方法).