楊祺 唐兢 吳雯雯 家?guī)? 湯瑋 閭倩
摘 要 目的:了解上海某社區(qū)成人自身免疫性甲狀腺疾?。ˋITD)患病率及影響因素。方法:采用整群隨機(jī)抽樣的方法抽取上海某社區(qū)調(diào)查對(duì)象381人,其中男性173人,女性208人;平均年齡為(42.62±12.31)歲。收集現(xiàn)場(chǎng)問(wèn)卷調(diào)查、體格檢查、實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)和影像學(xué)檢查等數(shù)據(jù),分析AITD的患病情況及其影響因素。結(jié)果:上海某社區(qū)AITD患病率為13.12%,其中男性患病率為8.09%,女性患病率為17.31%,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.008)。多因素logistic回歸分析結(jié)果顯示,年齡、BMI、吸煙、飲酒、尿碘水平等影響因素與AITD患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)未見(jiàn)有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義的相關(guān)。結(jié)論:AITD是最常見(jiàn)的器官特異性自身免疫性疾病,社區(qū)的患病率處于較高水平。
關(guān)鍵詞 自身免疫性甲狀腺疾??;社區(qū);患病率;影響因素
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):R581 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1006-1533(2020)14-0034-03
Analysis of prevalence and influencing factors of adult auto-immune thyroid disease in a community in Shanghai
YANG Qi1, TANG Jing2, WU Wenwen2, ZHANG Jiashuai3, TANG Wei4, LYU Qian4
(1. General Practice Department of Tianlin Community Health Service Center of Xuhui District, Shanghai 200233, China; 2. General Practice Department of Changqiao Community Health Service Center of Xuhui District, Shanghai 200231, China; 3. Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, and Institute of Reproduction and Development of Fudan University, Shanghai 200231, China; 4. Department of Endocrinology of Changzheng Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China)
ABSTRACT Objective: To explore the prevalence and influencing factors of adult auto-immune thyroid disease(AITD) in a community, Shanghai. Methods: Three hundred and eighty-one people from a community in Shanghai were selected by cluster random sampling, and among them there were 173 men and 208 women; the average age was (42.62±12.31) years old. The data of on-site questionnaire, physical examination, laboratory examination and imaging examination were collected to analyze the prevalence of AITD and its influencing factors. Results: The prevalence rate of AITD in a community in Shanghai was 13.12%, of which the prevalence rate of the males was 8.09%, the prevalence rate of the females was 17.31%, and the difference was statistically significant(P=0.008). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age, BMI, smoking, drinking, urinary iodine level and other factors had no significant correlation with the risk of AITD. Conclusion: AITD is the most common organspecific auto-immune disease, and the prevalence in the community is at a relatively high level.
KEY WORDS auto-immune thyroid disease; community; prevalence; risk factor
成人自身免疫性甲狀腺疾?。ˋITD)是由遺傳因素及環(huán)境因素共同作用而引起的自身免疫性疾病,是一組作用于甲狀腺的細(xì)胞和體液免疫反應(yīng)綜合征,臨床疾病以Graves?。℅D)和橋本甲狀腺炎(HT)最為多見(jiàn),兩者分別以甲狀腺功能亢進(jìn)和甲狀腺功能低下為特征。多發(fā)生于20~60歲的成年人。有研究結(jié)果顯示,全球的AITD患病率約為5%,而僅表現(xiàn)為抗甲狀腺抗體陽(yáng)性而無(wú)癥狀的亞臨床AITD的比例會(huì)更高[1]。本研究旨在分析社區(qū)AITD的患病情況及其影響因素,以利于家庭醫(yī)生開(kāi)展針對(duì)性健康管理。
1 對(duì)象與方法
1.1 對(duì)象
采用整群隨機(jī)抽樣的方法在上海徐匯區(qū)長(zhǎng)橋街道18~65歲居民中抽樣。首先隨機(jī)抽取符合條件的家庭,然后通過(guò)KISH表從被抽中的家庭選擇1名合格的調(diào)查對(duì)象。由居委會(huì)對(duì)選中的對(duì)象進(jìn)行3次登門(mén)動(dòng)員。對(duì)于無(wú)法參加調(diào)查的對(duì)象采用相同結(jié)構(gòu)住戶置換的方法予以替換。
本研究共完成調(diào)查421人,剔除數(shù)據(jù)不完整及不合格的調(diào)查對(duì)象之后納入分析381人(合格率90.50%)。年齡為19~65歲,平均年齡為(42.62±12.31)歲。研究對(duì)象的基本情況見(jiàn)表1。
1.2 方法
本研究采用現(xiàn)場(chǎng)問(wèn)卷調(diào)查、體格檢查、實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查和影像學(xué)檢查相結(jié)合的方式收集數(shù)據(jù);調(diào)查問(wèn)卷的填寫(xiě)由培訓(xùn)合格的醫(yī)師通過(guò)面對(duì)面訪談完成。
調(diào)查問(wèn)卷內(nèi)容包括調(diào)查對(duì)象的性別、年齡、職業(yè)、婚姻狀況、生活習(xí)慣、煙和酒嗜好等;體格檢查內(nèi)容包括身高、體重、血壓、腹圍,計(jì)算體重指數(shù)(BMI);實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)主要包括三碘甲狀腺原氨酸(T3)、四碘甲狀腺原氨酸(T4)、游離三碘甲狀腺原氨酸(FT3)、游離四碘甲狀腺原氨酸(FT4)、促甲狀腺素(TSH)、甲狀腺球蛋白抗體(TGAb)、抗甲狀腺過(guò)氧化物酶抗體(TPOAb)、尿碘等;影像學(xué)檢查內(nèi)容包括甲狀腺超聲、頸動(dòng)脈超聲等。AITD主要包括4種類(lèi)型:(1)GD;(2)HT;(3)TPOAb陽(yáng)性(>34.0 IU/L);或(4)TGAb陽(yáng)性(>115.0 IU/L)[2]。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)分析方法
對(duì)錄入資料進(jìn)行審核校對(duì)后利用SPSS 25.0軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。計(jì)數(shù)資料采用百分率(%)表示,比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn),多因素分析采用二分類(lèi)logistic回歸模型,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 自身免疫性甲狀腺疾病的患病情況
在381名研究對(duì)象中有50名符合AITD診斷,患病率為13.12%。其中男性患者14例,患病率為8.09%,女性患者36例,患病率為17.31%,差別有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=7.035,P=0.008)。19~35歲、36~54歲、55~65歲年齡組的患者人數(shù)分別為14例、26例、10例,患病率分別為9.93%、14.75%、10.99%,差別無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=4.072,P>0.05)。各類(lèi)型AITD的患病情況見(jiàn)表2。
2.2 影響自身免疫性甲狀腺疾病的單因素分析
單因素分析結(jié)果顯示,沒(méi)有飲酒習(xí)慣調(diào)查對(duì)象的AITD患病率為15.09%,飲酒者的AITD患病率為7.29%,差異沒(méi)有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.05);年齡、吸煙、體重指數(shù)(BMI)、尿碘水平與AITD患病率未見(jiàn)明顯相關(guān)性(P>0.05),見(jiàn)表3。
2.3 影響自身免疫性甲狀腺疾病的多因素分析
在調(diào)整了其他影響因素后,女性罹患AITD的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相較于男性增加了87.8%,但沒(méi)有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(OR=1.878,95%CI為0.878~4.020,P=0.104);年齡、BMI、吸煙、飲酒、尿碘水平與AITD的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)未見(jiàn)明顯相關(guān)性(P>0.05)。
3 討論
AITD是一種常見(jiàn)的器官特異性自身免疫性疾病。本次研究結(jié)果顯示,上海某社區(qū)成人的AITD患病率達(dá)13.12%,其中GD和HT患病率分別為1.84%和2.36%;僅表現(xiàn)為抗甲狀腺抗體陽(yáng)性的亞臨床AITD患病率達(dá)8.92%。女性AITD患病率明顯高于男性,與最近一項(xiàng)中國(guó)人群調(diào)查研究數(shù)據(jù)相近(21.4%對(duì)10.5%)[3];這種性別差異的原因較為復(fù)雜,可能與X染色體失活偏移(SXCI)、生育、激素水平有關(guān)[4-5]。
環(huán)境因素對(duì)AITD的患病影響約占20%[6],其中輻射、感染、碘、硒、吸煙、飲酒等環(huán)境因素被認(rèn)為是重要誘因。中等量飲酒可減少AITD發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[7]。本研究中沒(méi)有飲酒習(xí)慣的調(diào)查對(duì)象,其AITD患病率是飲酒者的2倍,但未表現(xiàn)出有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.05),可能與本次橫斷面調(diào)查納入的樣本量較少相關(guān)。吸煙可提升GD發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn),卻降低HT發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[8]。本研究中年齡、BMI、吸煙、尿碘水平均未發(fā)現(xiàn)與AITD患病率的相關(guān)性。
AITD作為社區(qū)常見(jiàn)病、多發(fā)病,需進(jìn)一步開(kāi)展多中心、前瞻性、大樣本研究來(lái)了解其發(fā)病機(jī)制及危險(xiǎn)因素,同時(shí)也需要加強(qiáng)對(duì)全科醫(yī)生實(shí)施針對(duì)性培訓(xùn),普及AITD的專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)和診治技能,更好為社區(qū)居民提供全方位、全周期的健康服務(wù)。
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