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      魚(yú)骨圖在初中英語(yǔ)閱讀主旨大意題中的應(yīng)用探析

      2020-08-31 14:46吳松林
      關(guān)鍵詞:魚(yú)骨魚(yú)頭主旨

      【摘?要】魚(yú)骨圖是一種使復(fù)雜文章簡(jiǎn)單化、抽象問(wèn)題具體化的解決文章主旨大意題的分析手段。在教學(xué)時(shí),教師可以運(yùn)用魚(yú)骨圖呈現(xiàn)初中閱讀文章的結(jié)構(gòu)——“總—分”“分—總”“總—分—總”“并—列”,提煉出更加具體和高效的理解文章的方法,教會(huì)學(xué)生定位文章主題句的位置,或者找出緊密聯(lián)系的關(guān)鍵詞,從而更準(zhǔn)確地概括文章的主旨。魚(yú)骨圖的應(yīng)用,可以激活學(xué)生的閱讀思維,充分發(fā)揮學(xué)生的主動(dòng)性,提高理解文章的動(dòng)力。

      【關(guān)鍵詞】初中閱讀;主旨大意題;魚(yú)骨圖

      【作者簡(jiǎn)介】吳松林,二級(jí)教師。

      【基金項(xiàng)目】廣西基礎(chǔ)教育教學(xué)改革質(zhì)量提升項(xiàng)目“基于核心素養(yǎng)的初中‘普職融通課程模塊化實(shí)施的探索與實(shí)踐”

      閱讀理解題已成為中考英語(yǔ)的重要組成部分。在英語(yǔ)閱讀理解中,主旨大意題主要考查學(xué)生對(duì)文章主題和中心思想的提煉與概括,是整體把握文章寫(xiě)作思路、分析文章邏輯和定位文章細(xì)節(jié)的基礎(chǔ)。因此,主旨大意題對(duì)閱讀理解所有題型的解題具有舉足輕重的作用。魚(yú)骨圖是一種能夠?qū)⒊橄?、?fù)雜的問(wèn)題用具體、形象的方式表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的圖形。借助魚(yú)骨圖,我們可以將文章結(jié)構(gòu)以直觀、簡(jiǎn)潔的形式呈現(xiàn)出來(lái),為學(xué)生提供高效的解題思路,提高他們對(duì)主旨大意題的解題能力。

      一、魚(yú)骨圖來(lái)源及分類(lèi)

      魚(yú)骨圖由日本管理大師石川馨先生發(fā)明,是一種發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題“根本原因”的方法,又名“因果圖”。它看上去有些像魚(yú)骨,問(wèn)題或結(jié)果通常標(biāo)在魚(yú)頭處;魚(yú)骨上長(zhǎng)出魚(yú)刺,按出現(xiàn)機(jī)會(huì)多寡列出產(chǎn)生問(wèn)題的可能原因,有助于說(shuō)明各個(gè)原因是如何影響后果的(如圖1)。

      魚(yú)骨圖一般分為三類(lèi),即整理問(wèn)題型、原因型和對(duì)策型。整理問(wèn)題型魚(yú)骨圖常用于各要素與特性值之間不存在因果關(guān)系而是結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)成關(guān)系的情況;原因型魚(yú)骨圖是魚(yú)頭在右,呈現(xiàn)由因至果的邏輯關(guān)系;對(duì)策型魚(yú)骨圖是魚(yú)頭在左,凸顯由疑問(wèn)到解題思維的形成過(guò)程。問(wèn)題的特性總是受到一些因素的影響,畫(huà)魚(yú)骨圖時(shí)要找出這些因素,整理成層次分明、條理清楚的結(jié)構(gòu),能夠透過(guò)現(xiàn)象看本質(zhì)[1]。

      二、魚(yú)骨圖在初中英語(yǔ)四類(lèi)文章閱讀主旨大意題中的具體應(yīng)用

      初中英語(yǔ)閱讀理解題的文章類(lèi)型主要分為“總—分”“分—總”“總—分—總”“并列”四種結(jié)構(gòu)?!翱偂帧苯Y(jié)構(gòu)是先對(duì)文章觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行整體概括,然后分層敘述、說(shuō)明或舉例闡述?!胺帧偂苯Y(jié)構(gòu)則正好與前者相反?!翱偂帧偂苯Y(jié)構(gòu)是先有一個(gè)總述點(diǎn)明主題,然后分層敘述,最后再整體進(jìn)行總結(jié)和升華。“并列”結(jié)構(gòu)是各部分之間沒(méi)有主次之分,每部分都有表達(dá)的重點(diǎn)和圍繞同一主題開(kāi)展的敘述。結(jié)構(gòu)是文章部分與部分、部分與整體間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系和外部形式的統(tǒng)一,是文章的“骨架”,集中反映了作者是如何進(jìn)行謀篇布局的。魚(yú)骨圖可以更好展現(xiàn)以上四種文章類(lèi)型的“骨架”,從而能夠幫助學(xué)生更好地完成主旨大意題。

      在初中英語(yǔ)閱讀中,主旨大意題的設(shè)問(wèn)方式主要有三種類(lèi)型。

      (1)概括文章主旨類(lèi):What is the passage mainly about?

      (2)選擇文章標(biāo)題類(lèi):What is the best title of the passage?

      (3)詢(xún)問(wèn)作者的寫(xiě)作態(tài)度和寫(xiě)作意圖類(lèi):What is the writer's purpose in writing this passage?

      1.魚(yú)骨圖在“總—分”結(jié)構(gòu)文章中的應(yīng)用

      在英語(yǔ)閱讀中,勾畫(huà)魚(yú)骨圖是對(duì)文章信息重新整合、加工的過(guò)程?!翱偂帧苯Y(jié)構(gòu)在文章開(kāi)頭直接切入主題,或者在文章開(kāi)頭對(duì)背景進(jìn)行闡述后,通過(guò)一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折詞提出作者的中心觀點(diǎn)。魚(yú)骨圖能夠?qū)⑦@類(lèi)型的文章脈絡(luò)(由主到次、由總到分)形象抽出,使學(xué)生清晰明了,快速定位并概括出主題。

      【2018年廣西賀州市英語(yǔ)中考題】

      Sometimes you get so angry that you feel like you are going to burst!It may seem like your anger will be the boss of you.What can you do to control your anger and how to keep yourself and others healthier and safer?Here are some ideas to help you.

      Take a deep breath before your heart slows down again.

      Count from 1 to 10 slowly in your mind before you open your mouth.Then count another 10.Think about what to do or say before making a choice.

      Walk away from the place that makes you angry.Go somewhere else until you've thought about what you can do.

      Use your words to tell your feelings.Don't hurt anyone with your hands or feet.

      Say what you feel in a low voice,not in a loud voice.

      Sometimes you need to do something to let those angry feelings out.For example,doing a chore that you hate is a very good idea.It can get rid of your anger and you can feel better when that chore has been done.In this way,you will make anger become something useful.

      Q:What's the best title of this passage?

      在第一段末尾,作者開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山地點(diǎn)明文章所要探索的問(wèn)題并明確告訴讀者,接下來(lái)將列舉一些關(guān)于控制憤怒的建議。這是一篇典型的“總—分”結(jié)構(gòu)的文章。在此,我們可以從問(wèn)題出發(fā)尋找策略,繪制出對(duì)策型魚(yú)骨圖。魚(yú)頭在左,寫(xiě)出本篇文章的問(wèn)題“What can you do to control your anger”,再結(jié)合每一根魚(yú)脊上的骨頭,根據(jù)接下來(lái)每一段的首句,分別在魚(yú)骨上列舉出作者提出的控制憤怒的技巧(如圖2)。根據(jù)圖形,學(xué)生可以很清晰地看出文章的核心信息,快速分析出這篇文章的結(jié)構(gòu),進(jìn)而在教師的引導(dǎo)下于文章開(kāi)頭部分快速定位出主題句,得到正確答案,同時(shí),還可以根據(jù)魚(yú)脊上列舉的細(xì)節(jié)信息,更加準(zhǔn)確、快速地排除錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)。

      對(duì)策型魚(yú)骨圖可以幫助學(xué)生更高效地架構(gòu)篇章、厘清文章脈絡(luò),快速定位主題句以概括文章大意。同時(shí),學(xué)生也明白了要準(zhǔn)確把握“總—分”結(jié)構(gòu)文章的主題,就要定位到開(kāi)頭(一般是首段或者第二段),尋找能夠概括文章的主題句。

      2.魚(yú)骨圖在“分—總”結(jié)構(gòu)文章中的應(yīng)用

      “分—總”結(jié)構(gòu)遵循了“先提出背景再分論點(diǎn)來(lái)闡述和支撐主要論點(diǎn),最后總結(jié)出主要論點(diǎn)”這樣一條脈絡(luò)來(lái)構(gòu)建文章,由淺入深,層層敘述,以揭示文章的主旨。我們可以將這類(lèi)文章結(jié)構(gòu)繪制成原因型魚(yú)骨圖,即魚(yú)頭在右邊,讓學(xué)生明晰文章的發(fā)展順序。

      【2014年廣西南寧市英語(yǔ)中考題】

      As a student,I was most afraid to answer questions in class,and I found that the students around were just like me.At the beginning of each class,when the teacher asked a question,I always lowered my head because I was afraid that the teacher saw me.

      One day,in a foreign language class,Mr.Black gave us a lesson.He wanted us to be active in class,so he asked us some questions,but no one answered.“Let me tell you a story first,”he said.

      “When I came to the United States to study,the university often invited famous people to make speeches.Before the beginning of every speech,I found an interesting thing.The students around me always took a cardboard folded in half,wrote their names in bold with the most eye-catching color,and then placed the cardboard on the seat.So when the speaker needed the answers from the students,he could see and call a listener's name directly.”

      “I couldn't understand that.My classmate told me the speakers were all top people,who meant chances.When your answer was to his surprise,it meant he might give you more chances.In fact.I really saw a few students got great chances because of that.”

      After listening to the story,I understood that the chance will not find you itself.You must show yourself all the time so that you can find a chance on the card.

      Q:What does the writer mainly tell us?

      文章描述了“我”和同學(xué)們?cè)谡n堂上都害怕回答問(wèn)題,為了鼓勵(lì)我們,布萊克先生給我們講了一個(gè)他在大學(xué)里的故事,最終我們?cè)诠适轮械玫搅藛l(fā),即你要時(shí)刻展現(xiàn)自己,這樣才能獲得好機(jī)會(huì)。這是一篇比較典型的“分—總”結(jié)構(gòu)的文章。在此,我們可以由原因?qū)虺霭l(fā),尋找解決策略,總結(jié)結(jié)果。首先,在魚(yú)脊上寫(xiě)出故事展開(kāi)的原因,指出存在的問(wèn)題“是什么”;接著,旁側(cè)展開(kāi)兩根魚(yú)骨,描述布萊克先生“如何做”,以及他所見(jiàn)到的學(xué)生“如何做”;最后,揭示出一個(gè)要勇于展現(xiàn)自己的道理,這個(gè)道理就放在最后的魚(yú)頭上(如圖3)。根據(jù)圖形,學(xué)生可以很清晰地看到文章層層遞進(jìn)的結(jié)構(gòu),由現(xiàn)象深入事情的本質(zhì),在末尾部分升華文章的主題。學(xué)生也可以很直觀看出這篇文章的結(jié)構(gòu),從而在文章末尾部分快速定位主題句,揭示出文章的中心思想。

      成因型魚(yú)骨圖可以幫助學(xué)生厘清文章和事情的發(fā)展線索,明白如何把握“分—總”結(jié)構(gòu)的主旨大意:定位文章末尾(一般是最后一段),尋找能夠歸納文章大意的主題句。

      3.魚(yú)骨圖在“總—分—總”結(jié)構(gòu)文章中的應(yīng)用

      在“總—分—總”結(jié)構(gòu)的文章中,作者一般會(huì)在文章開(kāi)頭直接開(kāi)宗明義指出主題,再經(jīng)過(guò)具體的闡述和列舉,在文末再一次點(diǎn)明主題。我們可以將這類(lèi)文章結(jié)構(gòu)繪制成魚(yú)骨圖。

      【2017年廣西北部灣英語(yǔ)中考題】

      Why are dogs our best friends?Maybe because they can understand our words much better than we thought,according to a study in Hungary.It found that dogs understand not only what we say,but also how we say it.

      “The results were very exciting and very surprising.”said researcher Attila Andics,from Eotvos Lorand University in Budapest.

      For the study,the researchers first trained 13 dogs for months.The dogs had to sit quietly inside machines,so that the researchers could check their brain activity.

      Then the researchers put headphones on dogs and played people's voices to them.There were four different voices.Some were positive words,such as “well done”,or neutral words like “however”.The words were also in different tones.Some were positive and some were neutral.

      Brain scans showed that the dogs could recognize words,as well as the tone of words,much like people do.The positive words with a positive tone brought the stronger activity in their brain's reward centers.

      “It shows that for dogs,a nice phrase can work very well as a prize,but it works best if both words and tones match.”said Andics.

      They also found that dogs deal with meaningful words with the left side of the brain and tones with the right.Human brains work in the same way.

      It gave us a new understanding of language,said Andics.That is,not only humans understand the meaning in words,other species do too.

      Q:What is the main idea of the passage?

      文章首段就點(diǎn)明了主題,根據(jù)一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),狗不僅能聽(tīng)懂我們說(shuō)的話,還能聽(tīng)懂我們說(shuō)話的方式。因此,我們可以明確地將這個(gè)研究主題描繪在魚(yú)頭部分(如圖4)。文章中間部分是對(duì)這項(xiàng)研究的具體闡述,可以用四根分支的魚(yú)骨描繪具體細(xì)節(jié)和四個(gè)結(jié)果。這四個(gè)研究結(jié)果是狗可以識(shí)別詞意、狗能識(shí)別詞的語(yǔ)氣、狗能用左腦處理有意義的詞語(yǔ)和狗能用右腦處理音調(diào)。文章從多角度、多層次來(lái)說(shuō)明狗可以對(duì)人類(lèi)的語(yǔ)言做出相應(yīng)的反應(yīng)。文章末尾形成的結(jié)論是作者對(duì)主題的進(jìn)一步總結(jié)和深化,可以繪制成魚(yú)尾。根據(jù)圖形,學(xué)生可以清楚地看到文章是“總—分—總”結(jié)構(gòu),也可以明白文章是如何從多方面論證和支撐開(kāi)頭提出的主題的,并在末尾再一次深化主旨大意。

      魚(yú)骨圖可以讓學(xué)生理解“總—分—總”結(jié)構(gòu)的發(fā)展過(guò)程,明白在做題時(shí)既要定位文章的開(kāi)頭又要定位文章的末尾,且這兩個(gè)主題句之間具有前后呼應(yīng)的特點(diǎn)。

      4.魚(yú)骨圖在“并列”結(jié)構(gòu)文章中的應(yīng)用

      在“并列”結(jié)構(gòu)的文章中,不會(huì)出現(xiàn)明顯的主題句,這就非??简?yàn)學(xué)生由表及里地對(duì)文章情節(jié)進(jìn)行分析。這類(lèi)文章通常會(huì)反復(fù)出現(xiàn)一些聯(lián)系緊密的關(guān)鍵詞,我們可以把其繪制成整理問(wèn)題型魚(yú)骨圖,使各要素之間既獨(dú)立存在,又緊密相連,讓學(xué)生能夠根據(jù)圖示對(duì)關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行高度概括和進(jìn)一步加工理解,從而概括出文章的主旨大意。

      【2018年廣西北部灣英語(yǔ)中考題】

      Once there was a famine.A rich cook sent for twenty of the poorest children in the town and said to them,“In this basket there is a piece of bread for each of you.Take it and come back to me every day at this hour for more.”

      In a hurry the hungry children got together around the basket,and fought over the bread because each wanted the largest piece.At last they went away without even thanking the good cook.Mary,a poorly-dressed girl,did not fight with the other children,but stood quietly in distance.When the badly-behaved children had left,Mary took the smallest piece,which was all left in the basket.She kissed the cook's hand and went home.

      The next day the children were as badly-behaved as before.Mary got a piece of bread almost half the size of the one she got the first day.When she came home,her mother cut the bread open.Many new,shining pieces of silver fell out of it.

      Her mother was very worried,and said,“Take the money back to the cook at once.The silver must have fallen into the dough by accident.Hurry up,Mary.”

      When the little girl gave the rich man her mother's message,he said,“It was no mistake.I had the silver pieces put into the smallest bread for you as a prize.Always be as satisfied,peaceable and thankful as you now are.Go home now,and tell your mother that the money is yours.”

      Q:What is the passage mainly about?

      這篇文章并沒(méi)有明確的主題句,但是我們可以留意到一些反復(fù)出現(xiàn)或者可以集中概括出主題的關(guān)鍵詞,從而整理出一條故事線。魚(yú)骨的分支就是每一段的關(guān)鍵詞。這些關(guān)鍵詞都突出一個(gè)叫Mary的女孩有著美好的品質(zhì),故我們可以羅列出幾個(gè)形容詞概括出Mary的優(yōu)點(diǎn)(見(jiàn)圖5)。根據(jù)圖形,學(xué)生既可以清楚地看到文章是“并列”結(jié)構(gòu),也可以看清故事發(fā)展的脈絡(luò),能更高效地把分散在各段的關(guān)鍵詞集合起來(lái),發(fā)現(xiàn)其內(nèi)在聯(lián)系,從而歸納出主題,得到正確答案。

      整理問(wèn)題型魚(yú)骨圖可以讓本來(lái)形似分散的文章顯然更加有條理,讓學(xué)生更加清晰地看到文章反復(fù)提及的、可以集中概括文章主題的關(guān)鍵詞,讓學(xué)生深刻理解“并列”結(jié)構(gòu)各段間的深層聯(lián)系。

      三、總結(jié)

      魚(yú)骨圖是以魚(yú)頭、魚(yú)骨、魚(yú)尾組成的圖形,以用魚(yú)頭或魚(yú)尾表示文章的主題句,以文章發(fā)展的線索或緊密相關(guān)的關(guān)鍵詞為支線,形象地支撐起文章結(jié)構(gòu)。思維可視化能夠優(yōu)化知識(shí)的呈現(xiàn)方式[2],是最直觀的一種分析文章的方式,使文章脈絡(luò)更清晰、更具體,可以使學(xué)生在記憶各類(lèi)文章結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)更加容易、更加深刻。相比于文字,圖形更能夠激起學(xué)生對(duì)主旨大意題的閱讀興趣,提高閱讀效率。主旨大意題是初中生感到困惑和害怕的一種題型,因?yàn)槌踔猩鷮?duì)語(yǔ)言的掌握尚處于積累階段,而主旨大意題對(duì)學(xué)生的綜合分析能力、對(duì)文章整體的理解和加工能力、概括能力要求較高。魚(yú)骨圖作為載體,能讓學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)更有耐心,從而充分調(diào)動(dòng)起內(nèi)在的學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)力。

      參考文獻(xiàn):

      [1]彭玉華.利用“魚(yú)骨圖”提高學(xué)生分析能力[J].教學(xué)月刊·中學(xué)版(語(yǔ)文教學(xué)),2019(12):28-31.

      [2]顏敏.思維可視化初中英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)的應(yīng)然之路[J].中學(xué)信息技術(shù)教育,2019(11):44-46.

      (責(zé)任編輯:周彩珍)

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