崔利賓 袁鑫 魯世保 陳學(xué)明 張衍軍
[摘要] 目的 比較經(jīng)傷椎單節(jié)段固定術(shù)與跨傷椎短節(jié)段固定術(shù)在胸腰段骨折治療中的效果。 方法 選取2017年4月—2019年3月首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京潞河醫(yī)院手術(shù)治療的60例連續(xù)的具備經(jīng)傷椎單節(jié)段固定條件的胸腰段骨折患者為研究對象,按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將其分為試驗(yàn)組與對照組,每組30例。試驗(yàn)組接受經(jīng)傷椎單節(jié)段固定術(shù),對照組接受跨傷椎短節(jié)段固定術(shù),分別于術(shù)后3 d開始進(jìn)行至少12個月的隨訪,隨訪指標(biāo)包括患者疼痛視覺模擬(VAS)評分、Oswestry評分、傷椎椎體壓縮率、矢狀面Cobb角,比較兩種手術(shù)的臨床療效和矯正度保持方面。 結(jié)果 隨訪結(jié)束后試驗(yàn)組有28例,對照組有25例。末次隨訪時,試驗(yàn)組和對照組椎體壓縮率、矢狀面Cobb角與術(shù)前比較明顯降低(P < 0.05),且試驗(yàn)組明顯低于對照組(P < 0.05)。試驗(yàn)組和對照組術(shù)前、末次隨訪時的VAS評分及Oswestry功能障礙指數(shù)(ODI)評分比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。與術(shù)前比較,兩組末次隨訪VAS評分及ODI評分均降低(P < 0.05),兩組間比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。試驗(yàn)組手術(shù)時間明顯短于對照組(P < 0.05),兩組術(shù)中出血量和平均住院日比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。兩組均未出現(xiàn)傷口感染,遲發(fā)神經(jīng)功能損害等嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥。試驗(yàn)組無螺釘及鈦棒彎曲斷裂,有2例出現(xiàn)螺釘松動。對照組有1例出現(xiàn)螺釘斷裂,3例出現(xiàn)螺釘松動。 結(jié)論 經(jīng)傷椎單節(jié)段固定術(shù)及跨傷椎短節(jié)段固定術(shù)在治療AO分型A1型及A3.1型胸腰段骨折時均可使椎體高度和矢狀面Cobb角得到滿意恢復(fù)。經(jīng)傷椎單節(jié)段固定術(shù)在治療AO分型A1型及A3.1型胸腰段骨折時在術(shù)后畸形矯正、保持及手術(shù)時間方面優(yōu)于跨傷椎短節(jié)段固定術(shù)。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 胸腰椎骨折;傷椎;單節(jié)段固定;短節(jié)段固定
[中圖分類號] R683.2? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-7210(2020)07(c)-0092-05
Comparison of the effect of single-segment fixation with trans-injured vertebrae and short-segment fixation with trans-injured vertebrae
CUI Libin1*? ?YUAN Xin1*? ?LU Shibao2? ?CHEN Xueming1? ?ZHANG Yanjun1
1.Department of Spine Surgery, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing? ?101149, China; 2.Department of Orthopedics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing? ?100053, China
[Abstract] Objective To compare the effect of monosegmental transvertebral fixation and short segment fixation for thoracolumbar fracture. Methods From April 2017 to April 2019, 60 consecutive patients with thoracolumbar fracture treated by operation in Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University were selected as the research objects, and they were divided into experimental group and control group according to the random number table method, with 30 patients in each group. Experimental group accepted the injured vertebral single segmental fixation, the control group accepted across vertebral short segmental fixation, respectively in postoperative three days to begin for at least 12 months of follow-up, patients with follow-up indicators including visual analogue scale (VAS) score, Oswestry disability index scores (ODI), injury spinal vertebral compression rate, sagittal Cobb Angle, the surgery postoperative clinical curative effect and correct degree of the two operations were compared. Results At the end of follow-up, there were 28 cases in the experimental group and 25 cases in the control group. At the last follow-up, the vertebral compression rate and the sagittal Cobb angle of the two groups were significantly lower than those before operation (P < 0.05), and the experimental group was significantly lower than the control group (P < 0.05). Compared with before operation, the VAS scores and ODI scores in the last follow-up of both groups were reduced (P < 0.05), and there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05). The operation time of the experimental group was significantly shorter than that of the control group (P < 0.05), and there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of intraoperative blood loss and average length of stay (P > 0.05). There were no serious complications such as wound infection, delayed nerve function damage in both groups. In the experimental group, there was no screw or titanium rod bending fracture, and screw loosening occurred in two cases. In the control group, screw fracture occurred in one case and screw loosening occurred in three cases. Conclusion Satisfactory vertebral height, sagittal Cobb angle and function are achieved by both monosegmental transvertebral and short segment fixation in treating A1 and A3.1 thoracolumbar fractures. Monosegmental transvertebral fixation is superior to short segment fixation in A1 and A3.1 thoracolumbar fractures in correction of deformity, maintenance and operating time.
生物力學(xué)研究顯示,傷椎內(nèi)增加的螺釘能有效抵消懸掛效應(yīng)及四邊形效應(yīng)的作用,相對于跨傷椎短節(jié)段固定經(jīng)傷椎短節(jié)段固定對恢復(fù)傷椎形態(tài)更有優(yōu)勢[3]。臨床應(yīng)用過程中也發(fā)現(xiàn),相對于跨傷椎的短節(jié)段固定術(shù),經(jīng)傷椎的短節(jié)段固定術(shù)導(dǎo)致內(nèi)固定失敗,再發(fā)后凸畸形的概率均較低[2]。但兩種術(shù)式均犧牲了2個運(yùn)動節(jié)段,有增加鄰近節(jié)段的應(yīng)力導(dǎo)致鄰近節(jié)段病變的風(fēng)險。因此,近年來已有學(xué)者嘗試使用經(jīng)傷椎單節(jié)段固定術(shù)治療脊柱胸腰段骨折,通過短期觀察證實(shí)了其良好的臨床療效[10-11]。有學(xué)者在小牛標(biāo)本上模擬經(jīng)傷椎單節(jié)段固定及跨傷椎短節(jié)段固定治療胸腰椎骨折,證實(shí)兩種手術(shù)方式均能夠成功的重建脊柱穩(wěn)定性[12],提示在生物力學(xué)角度兩者治療胸腰段骨折均是可行的。經(jīng)傷椎內(nèi)固定能更好的分散內(nèi)固定承載應(yīng)力,大大減少了螺釘松動及斷裂的概率,更好地維持骨折復(fù)位,減少傷椎高度的丟失[13-14]。本研究中28例接受經(jīng)傷椎單節(jié)段固定的患者在椎體壓縮率和矢狀面Cobb角均較術(shù)前有明顯改善。至末次隨訪時VAS評分及ODI評分等療效指標(biāo)滿意,手術(shù)時間明顯縮短,無螺釘斷裂現(xiàn)象,有2例螺釘松動,矯正度僅出現(xiàn)了輕度的丟失,得出了與以往研究[15-22]相似的結(jié)論。
胸腰段骨折目前尚無統(tǒng)一的手術(shù)指征,Benson等[23]認(rèn)為:骨折致椎管狹窄>50%,椎體高度下降超過50%,脊柱后凸畸形超過20°時應(yīng)行手術(shù)治療。Tezer等[24]研究結(jié)果顯示:胸腰段脊柱骨折時,MRI提示脊柱后方韌帶復(fù)合體存在損傷,應(yīng)行手術(shù)治療。經(jīng)傷椎單節(jié)段固定術(shù)的適用范圍更為狹小,Wawro等[25]認(rèn)為AO分型中除非椎弓根受損或椎體完全爆裂,否則均適用于經(jīng)傷椎單節(jié)段固定,F(xiàn)inkelstein等[14]和Mahar等[3],則認(rèn)為該項(xiàng)技術(shù)主要適用于屈曲-牽拉型且不伴前柱損傷的骨折。本研究結(jié)果提示, 經(jīng)傷椎單節(jié)段固定需要傷椎符合下列條件:①單椎體損傷;②椎體前緣高度降低≤2/3;③傷椎后方韌帶復(fù)合體無明顯損傷,雙側(cè)椎弓根完整;④椎體一側(cè)終板完好;⑤AO分型為A1或者A3.1型骨折;⑥McCormack載荷評分法評分為4~6分。
本研究證實(shí),經(jīng)傷椎單節(jié)段固定術(shù)在畸形矯正方面優(yōu)于跨傷椎短節(jié)段固定術(shù),雖然兩組隨著隨訪時間的延長均出現(xiàn)不同程度的復(fù)位丟失,但前者仍然優(yōu)于后者。本研究仍有局限性,病例數(shù)較少,隨訪時間較短,存在一定程度的失隨訪情況。因此經(jīng)傷椎單節(jié)段固定術(shù)的長期療效仍需要大樣本隨機(jī)對照研究以及長時間隨訪來證實(shí)。總之,對于AO分型A1型及A3.1型胸腰段骨折,經(jīng)傷椎單節(jié)段固定術(shù)和跨傷椎短節(jié)段固定術(shù)均能使骨折良好復(fù)位并獲得滿意的臨床療效。但經(jīng)傷椎單節(jié)段固定術(shù)更具優(yōu)勢,值得在臨床應(yīng)用中推廣。
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(收稿日期:2020-04-20)