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      網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性對供應(yīng)鏈創(chuàng)新技術(shù)投資策略的影響

      2020-09-09 07:07:12李增祿聶佳佳
      管理工程學(xué)報 2020年4期
      關(guān)鍵詞:外部性制造商供應(yīng)商

      郭 強,張 婷,李增祿,聶佳佳

      網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性對供應(yīng)鏈創(chuàng)新技術(shù)投資策略的影響

      郭 強,張 婷,李增祿,聶佳佳

      (西南交通大學(xué) 經(jīng)濟管理學(xué)院,四川 成都 610031)

      考慮由壟斷供應(yīng)商和雙寡頭制造商組成的二級供應(yīng)鏈,在投資成本外生的條件下,研究網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性對供應(yīng)商投資策略和競爭性制造商創(chuàng)新技術(shù)選擇的影響。研究發(fā)現(xiàn):(1)當網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性較小時,若投資成本較低,供應(yīng)商同時投資兩種技術(shù);若投資成本適中,供應(yīng)商僅投資一種技術(shù);若投資成本較高,供應(yīng)商不投資任何技術(shù)。(2)當網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性較大時,若投資成本較低,供應(yīng)商最優(yōu)策略為均投資,否則,為均不投資。(3)當網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性較小且技術(shù)的市場流失率較低或當網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性較大時,制造商會選擇差異化的均衡策略,否則均會選擇市場份額占比更高的技術(shù)。(4)供應(yīng)商僅投資一項技術(shù)時,網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性使得制造商利潤先增加后減少;同時投資兩項技術(shù)時,網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性使得制造商利潤均增加。

      網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性;納什均衡;創(chuàng)新技術(shù);投資策略

      0 引言

      隨著科技的進步,在汽車和軟件等行業(yè)內(nèi)新興技術(shù)得到了蓬勃發(fā)展,據(jù)統(tǒng)計,我國在2017年的新能源汽車專利為2.1萬件,同比增長19.5%。雖然新興技術(shù)得到了廣泛認可,但也面臨許多問題,以新能源汽車為例,2017年上半年,歐洲市場電動汽車銷售漲幅高達56%,而電動汽車的市場份額卻不足1%,造成這種現(xiàn)象的原因之一在于高額的生產(chǎn)成本,如特斯拉S型轎車的成本高達兩萬美元,其遠遠高于許多燃油車的成本。成本居高不下使得新興科技產(chǎn)業(yè)陷入困境,為了降低生產(chǎn)成本,越來越多的企業(yè)選擇專利公開,吸引感興趣的上游供應(yīng)商為其投資[1]。自2014年美國電動汽車巨頭特斯拉宣布將對外公布全部專利后,豐田、寶馬、福特等汽車公司紛紛效仿,開放大量專利供競爭對手使用。新興產(chǎn)業(yè)制造商之間擁有不同的專利技術(shù),企業(yè)的競爭演變?yōu)榧夹g(shù)的競爭,例如,特斯拉擁有對8000枚鋰電池組的管理技術(shù),而豐田擁有氫燃料電池的專利,作為鋰電池和氫燃料電池核心部件原材料的供應(yīng)商,松下公司的投資策略必須考慮到未來消費者對兩項技術(shù)的偏好程度與各自的市場前景。供應(yīng)商在面臨此類競爭的技術(shù)時,應(yīng)如何制定自身的投資策略,競爭的制造商又應(yīng)如何進行生產(chǎn)技術(shù)策略的選擇?這也成為企業(yè)與各學(xué)者深思的問題。

      企業(yè)的投資和技術(shù)決策一直是學(xué)術(shù)界研究的熱點話題,國內(nèi)外學(xué)者多集中于投資成本[2-4]、投資動機[5-6]投資策略影響因素[7-10]以及專利技術(shù)開放[1]幾個角度展開研究。在投資成本方面,Wang等[2]在技術(shù)投資成本較高時對比了碳足跡下傳統(tǒng)技術(shù)與創(chuàng)新技術(shù)之間的動態(tài)投資;隨后,在受到預(yù)算約束時,Boyabatl?[3-4]探討了企業(yè)的技術(shù)選擇與產(chǎn)能水平,并在研究中加入了固定比例技術(shù)。從投資動機的角度,Shin與Tunca[5]分析下游企業(yè)的競爭對供應(yīng)鏈需求預(yù)測投資動機的影響,在此基礎(chǔ)上,Iyer與Soberman[6]研究了企業(yè)對社會責(zé)任型創(chuàng)新產(chǎn)品的投資動機,指出投資動機與產(chǎn)品的經(jīng)濟價值有關(guān)。部分文獻致力于討論質(zhì)量溢出效應(yīng)、技術(shù)獲取和企業(yè)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略[7-10]等因素對投資策略產(chǎn)生的影響,牛文舉與夏晶[7]分析了質(zhì)量溢出系數(shù)對定價的影響;姜濱濱與匡海波[8]基于技術(shù)獲取的視角,研究聯(lián)盟企業(yè)的專利策略選擇。近些年來,專利技術(shù)公開這一話題也逐漸受到重視,基于Wang[2]和Boyabatl?[3-4]等人的研究,Hu等[1]首次探討了企業(yè)專利技術(shù)開放策略,發(fā)現(xiàn)專利的開放可以吸引供應(yīng)商投資,而制造商也許會陷入“囚徒困境”,進而導(dǎo)致其不進行技術(shù)分享。

      以上文獻討論了企業(yè)的技術(shù)投資與決策問題,消費者作為供應(yīng)鏈中的重要一員,其行為偏好是唯一可以檢驗企業(yè)策略有效性的試金石,消費者之間的傳播效應(yīng)是企業(yè)決策時不可忽略的重要因素。高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)品往往具有較強的網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性[11-12],比如,在蘋果、三星等品牌主導(dǎo)的手機市場,每款新產(chǎn)品大都會迅速風(fēng)靡一時。學(xué)術(shù)界關(guān)于網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性的研究從未停息,關(guān)于網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性,其最早可追溯到Katz和Shapiro[13]的研究,他們認為,消費者的效用取決于處于同一網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的其他用戶的數(shù)量,會隨著購買該產(chǎn)品的總需求的增加而增加。現(xiàn)有文獻對網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性的研究主要分為兩部分,一是對網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性本身的研究[14-15],二是在網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性背景下的研究[16-26]。基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性,其研究內(nèi)容聚焦于產(chǎn)品的定價策略[12,18-21],供應(yīng)鏈協(xié)調(diào)[11,22-23],以及技術(shù)兼容決策等方面[24-26]。從產(chǎn)品定價來看,Prasad等[12]比較了網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性和產(chǎn)品成本對稱性對捆綁策略選擇的影響,指出當兩個產(chǎn)品的邊際成本較低或網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性較高時,純捆綁更有利可圖;而易余胤[19]則從演化博弈的視角,在網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性背景下分析有限理性的零售商的市場偏好。從供應(yīng)鏈協(xié)調(diào)角度,劉曉婧與艾興政[11]研究鏈與鏈競爭縱向聯(lián)盟,指出網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性對競爭強度影響較大時會導(dǎo)致聯(lián)盟失效。在技術(shù)兼容方面,Toshimitsu[26]分析企業(yè)在產(chǎn)品兼容性,產(chǎn)品差異化和網(wǎng)絡(luò)效應(yīng)下的均衡行為,認為具有較高兼容性的公司具有更大的競爭優(yōu)勢。還有部分學(xué)者討論網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性對新興平臺的影響[27-28],Anderson等[28]從視頻游戲行業(yè)的出發(fā),研究新興平臺的管理者如何在雙邊網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性的市場中決策每個產(chǎn)品開發(fā)周期投資的平臺性能水平。正如Katz和Shapiro[13]所述,網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性影響了消費者的購買決策。對于本文研究所涉及的供應(yīng)鏈各成員,制造商必須考慮選擇何種技術(shù)進行生產(chǎn)以贏得消費者青睞,獲取更大的市場份額,由此影響了制造商的服務(wù)水平與最優(yōu)定價,此外,由于供應(yīng)鏈成員之間的信息傳遞與杠桿效應(yīng),供應(yīng)商勢必會在技術(shù)投資成本與消費者偏好等因素之間做出權(quán)衡以實現(xiàn)自身利益的最大化。可見,網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性的存在將會對供應(yīng)鏈上下游企業(yè)的經(jīng)營決策造成影響,這也成為本文的研究重點與創(chuàng)新之處。

      縱觀以往的研究,雖然學(xué)者針對企業(yè)技術(shù)策略與產(chǎn)品網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性展開了一系列研究并取得了豐富的成果,然而大部分卻忽視了在企業(yè)開放專利的情形下,網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性對供應(yīng)商投資策略以及制造商技術(shù)選擇的影響。鑒于此,本文在Hu等[1]的研究基礎(chǔ)上,構(gòu)建網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性背景下由單個供應(yīng)商與兩個競爭制造商組成的二級供應(yīng)鏈模型,主要研究以下幾個問題:(1)網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性對供應(yīng)商投資策略有何影響?(2)網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性對競爭性制造商生產(chǎn)策略的影響?(3)網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性是否總對供應(yīng)鏈各成員有益?文章的貢獻主要有兩點,一是擴展了網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性與技術(shù)型產(chǎn)品的理論研究;二是豐富了供應(yīng)鏈上下游各企業(yè)的技術(shù)創(chuàng)新決策研究。希望所得結(jié)論可為相關(guān)企業(yè)決策提供理論依據(jù)和參考。

      文章內(nèi)容主要分為五部分。第一部分對研究問題與模型做出說明;第二部分構(gòu)建制造商選擇各策略時的利潤模型;兩制造商的均衡策略將在第三部分進行分析;在此基礎(chǔ)上,第四部分討論供應(yīng)商的最優(yōu)投資決策;第五部分總結(jié)全文并對未來的工作提供一些建議。

      1 問題描述及模型假設(shè)

      圖1 生產(chǎn)銷售活動決策順序

      Figure 1 Decision-making sequence of production and sales activities

      在上述生產(chǎn)銷售活動決策順序的基礎(chǔ)之上,我們對模型假設(shè)及求解方法做出幾點說明:(1)假設(shè)供應(yīng)鏈信息是對稱的,兩個制造商同時決策訂貨量;(2)本文假設(shè)制造商是在獲取市場偏好之后采取技術(shù)投入生產(chǎn),事實上這種情況在現(xiàn)實中比較常見,例如,惠普在過去是一家生產(chǎn)商業(yè)微型電腦的公司,但在IBM公司成功推出個人電腦之后也開始進入個人電腦市場;(3)文中所構(gòu)建的模型屬于多階段博弈模型,運用逆向歸納法求解子博弈完美納什均衡,即從最后一個階段博弈方的行為開始分析,逐步倒推回前一個階段相應(yīng)博弈方的行為選擇,直到分析至第一個階段[31]?;诒疚牡臎Q策順序,求解過程應(yīng)是首先根據(jù)消費者購買決策與企業(yè)的采購博弈得出兩個制造商生產(chǎn)策略的納什均衡,其次根據(jù)制造商的均衡策略求出供應(yīng)商的投資策略。

      2 制造商利潤模型

      2.1 供應(yīng)商均不投資()

      2.2 供應(yīng)商僅投資一項技術(shù)()

      根據(jù)供應(yīng)商的最優(yōu)批發(fā)價格,將其代入式(5),得到制造商的最優(yōu)產(chǎn)量為:

      分別將批發(fā)價及產(chǎn)量表達式代入(2)、(3)、(4)式,供應(yīng)商和制造商的最優(yōu)利潤為:

      2.3 供應(yīng)商同時投資()

      表1 制造商不同策略下的納什均衡結(jié)果

      進而可求得此時制造商與供應(yīng)商的最優(yōu)收益,整理結(jié)果如表1所示。

      情形3與情形4的計算方法分別與情形2和情形1類似,總結(jié)制造商四種策略組合下的均衡產(chǎn)量及各自的最優(yōu)利潤如表1所示。

      3 制造商均衡策略

      圖2 制造商與的收益矩陣

      3.1 無網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性()

      命題1:

      命題1表明,制造商傾向于選擇市場份額較大的技術(shù)。而當市場流失率較小時,兩項技術(shù)的市場份額相差不大時,制造商的策略選擇出現(xiàn)差異化。這是因為此時消費者忠誠度較高,相比于選擇同一種技術(shù)進行產(chǎn)量競爭,制造商壟斷自身的消費者市場可以獲得更高的利潤。

      3.2 有網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性()

      考慮產(chǎn)品網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性時,制造商的均衡策略同時受到市場流失率,網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性與市場份額的影響。分析圖1中雙寡頭制造商的收益矩陣可得命題2。

      命題2:

      圖3 制造商均衡策略()

      圖4 制造商均衡策略()

      4 供應(yīng)商投資策略

      由逆向歸納法,根據(jù)上述第二階段制造商的策略選擇,現(xiàn)求解第一階段供應(yīng)商的投資策略,通過比較供應(yīng)商均不投資、僅投資一項技術(shù)、同時投資兩項技術(shù)三種策略下的期望收益,分析供應(yīng)商的最優(yōu)投資策略。

      4.1 均不投資()

      供應(yīng)商不投資任何技術(shù)時,制造商無法獲取原材料生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品,進而導(dǎo)致供應(yīng)鏈各成員的期望收益均為0。

      4.2 投資或()

      4.3 同時投資()

      表2 供應(yīng)商同時投資兩項技術(shù)的均衡利潤

      命題3:網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性對制造商期望收益的影響

      (1)供應(yīng)商不投資任何技術(shù)時,網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性對制造商均衡利潤無影響;

      (31)

      圖6 網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性較大時供應(yīng)商投資策略

      圖6中,隨著網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性的增大,供應(yīng)商的投資動機均增大,且該趨勢并沒有受到市場流失率的影響。這是由于網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性較大時,消費者受購買相同產(chǎn)品用戶數(shù)量的影響也越大,供應(yīng)商的“僅投資一個”策略將逐漸被“均投資”和“均不投資”所替代,即使技術(shù)的外溢效應(yīng)很大,投資一項技術(shù)也不能為供應(yīng)商帶來高收益。對比(a)、(b)兩圖還可以看出,供應(yīng)商投資動機隨著市場流失率的增大而提高,“均不投資”策略所占面積逐漸減小,而“均投資”和“僅投資一個”策略的范圍逐漸增大。這是因為兩項技術(shù)的可替代性越大,消費者市場潛在需求就會越高,制造商均衡產(chǎn)量也會隨之增加,因此,在投資成本一定的情況下,供應(yīng)商的投資意愿會相應(yīng)增強。

      5 結(jié)論與展望

      技術(shù)競爭與投資在新興行業(yè)中是一種非常普遍的現(xiàn)象,專利技術(shù)的開放也逐漸成為制造商吸引供應(yīng)商對其進行技術(shù)投資進而減少生產(chǎn)成本的一種重要手段。基于新興技術(shù)產(chǎn)品具有網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性的特征,文章研究網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性對供應(yīng)商投資策略以及競爭性制造商技術(shù)選擇的影響。首先,討論供應(yīng)商不同投資策略下制造商的均衡產(chǎn)量及最優(yōu)利潤,得出制造商均衡策略,然后根據(jù)逆向歸納法分析供應(yīng)商的最優(yōu)投資策略。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性增加了制造商的均衡產(chǎn)量,而對供應(yīng)商的批發(fā)價無影響,這與易余胤[22]和Nan[32]等人的觀點一致;我們還發(fā)現(xiàn),制造商的均衡策略主要受到技術(shù)市場份額的影響,他們均會選擇市場份額占比更高的技術(shù),當網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性與市場流失率均較小或網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性較大,技術(shù)的市場份額大小適中時會促使制造商的策略選擇出現(xiàn)差異化,這進一步印證且拓展了Hu[1]的觀點;一般而言,企業(yè)收益會隨著網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性的增加單調(diào)遞增[18,22],部分學(xué)者認為網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性還可能與企業(yè)利潤呈負相關(guān)[32],但我們的結(jié)論表明,當供應(yīng)商僅投資一項技術(shù)時,隨著網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性的增大,制造商的期望收益先增加后減少,這可能與其競爭強度有關(guān);當網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性較小時,若投資成本較低,供應(yīng)商同時投資兩種技術(shù);若投資成本適中,供應(yīng)商僅投資一種技術(shù);若投資成本較高,供應(yīng)商不投資任何技術(shù),這與傳統(tǒng)認知是相似的,但當網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性較大時,無論投資成本如何變化,供應(yīng)商不會出現(xiàn)僅投資一種策略的情況。本研究豐富了網(wǎng)絡(luò)外部性的研究范圍,文章所得結(jié)論可為企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)和投資策略提供實踐指導(dǎo)。

      可以從以下幾個方面對文章進行拓展:(1)從供應(yīng)商角度來看,供應(yīng)商可能會由于生產(chǎn)規(guī)模小等因素造成產(chǎn)能不足[33],因此,在供應(yīng)商產(chǎn)能約束這一條件下研究供應(yīng)商的投資策略想必會得出新的結(jié)論。(2)從制造商角度來看,競爭性制造商往往會存在公平關(guān)切意識[34],考慮制造商的公平關(guān)切性對企業(yè)技術(shù)決策的影響也將會是一個有價值的研究方向。(3)更進一步,從供應(yīng)鏈上下游關(guān)系來看,在現(xiàn)實中,供應(yīng)商對制造商技術(shù)持股現(xiàn)象較為普遍[35],故而,當供應(yīng)商與制造商之間存在持股關(guān)系時上述結(jié)論是否依然成立?也是一個值得關(guān)注的問題。

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      Impact of network externalities on supply chain innovation technology investment strategy

      GUO Qiang, ZHANG Ting, LI Zenglu, NIE Jiajia

      (School of Economics and Management, Southwest Jiao tong University, Chengdu 610031, China)

      With the advancement of technology, emerging technologies in the automotive and software industries have flourished. Although emerging technologies are widely recognized, they also face many problems. High costs keep the emerging technology industry in a difficult position. In order to reduce production costs, more and more companies choose to open patents to attract interested upstream suppliers to invest in them. The investment strategy of suppliers must take into account future consumers’ degree of preference for each technology and their respective market prospects. High-tech products often have strong network externalities, which may affect consumers' purchasing decisions. For example, in the mobile phone market, dominated by brands such as Apple and Samsung, most new products will immediately become popular, and stay popular for a while. Therefore, this paper will focus on the impact of network externalities on suppliers’ investment strategies and competitive manufacturers’ technology production decisions.

      Consider a secondary supply chain consisting of a single supplier and a duopoly of manufacturers. The two manufacturers each have a patented technology, and the supplier supplies each manufacturer with the raw materials needed for production. In order to keep the production cost of the technologies at a reasonable level, the supplier faces three investment choices; that is, invest in both technologies at the same time, in only one, or in neither. Subsequently, the two manufacturers simultaneously select the technology for production according to market preferences. If the supplier does not invest in either technology, the manufacturer is unable to obtain raw materials, which then hinders production activities. The first step is to establish a supplier investment model under the condition of technology investment cost being exogenous; the next step is to consider the network externalities and preferences of the market, using the Cournot model to build a competitive manufacturer production model, solving the model for the equilibrium production and income of the manufacturer by means of game theory related methods, and from there deriving the expected profit of the supplier; finally, the last step is to determine the optimal decision by comparing and analyzing the expected return of the supplier with corresponding quantitative analysis.

      Through the above research, it is found that network externalities increase the equilibrium output of the manufacturer while having no effect on the wholesale price of the supplier. The manufacturer's equilibrium strategy is mainly affected by the technology’s market share. Manufacturers always choose technologies with a higher market share. When both network externalities and the market loss rate are small, or network externalities are large and the market share is moderate, manufacturers will be prompted to differentiate their strategic choices. When a supplier invests only in one technology, as network externalities increase, the expected return of the manufacturer increases first and then decreases, possibly in relation to the strength of its competition. When network externalities are small, if the investment cost is low, the supplier will invest in two technologies at the same time; if the investment cost is moderate, the supplier will only invest in one technology; if the investment cost is high, the supplier will not invest in any technology, similarly to traditional cognition. But when network externalities are large, regardless of how the investment cost changes, the supplier will not choose to invest in only one technology. This study enriches the scope of research on network externalities, and the conclusions of this article are intended to provide practical guidance for corporate production and investment strategies. This article can be expanded from the following aspects: 1) From the suppliers’ point of view, a supplier may have insufficient capacity due to factors such as a small production scale. Therefore, studying the supplier's investment strategy under the condition of capacity constraints may lead to new conclusions; 2) From the manufacturers’ point of view, competitive manufacturers often have a desire for fairness. Considering the influence of manufacturers' fairness on corporate technology decisions will also be valuable, in terms of decision outcomes and the future direction of this research; 3) Further, from the perspective of the upstream and downstream relationships of the supply chain, in reality, it is more common for the supplier to have a shareholding in the technology of the manufacturer. Therefore, when a shareholding relationship exists between the supplier and the manufacturer, is the above conclusion maintained? It is also worth paying attention to this issue.

      Network externality; Nash equilibrium; Production strategy; Investment incentive

      2017-09-29

      2018-08-20

      Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (71440016, 71672153); the Soft Science Research Program of Sichuan Province (2018ZR0362) and the Sichuan Science and Technology Program (2015gz0083-1)

      F270.5

      A

      1004-6062(2020)04-0079-010

      10.13587/j.cnki.jieem.2020.04.009

      2017-09-29

      2018-08-20

      國家自然科學(xué)基金資助項目(71440016、71672153);四川省軟科學(xué)研究計劃項目(2018ZR0362);四川省科技計劃項目(2015GZ0083-1)

      郭強(1970—),男,河南偃師人;博士、教授;研究方向為運營管理與決策優(yōu)化分析。

      中文編輯:杜 健;英文編輯:Boping Yan

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