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      概說時(shí)態(tài)

      2020-09-10 07:22:44周旋
      考試與評價(jià)·高二版 2020年6期
      關(guān)鍵詞:主句時(shí)態(tài)謂語

      周旋

      由于漢語中并沒有時(shí)態(tài)的變化,因此很多學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)英語時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)常感到棘手,難以掌握。本文中歸納了各時(shí)態(tài)的一般規(guī)則和用法,注重對一般概念和特定句型的學(xué)習(xí)。

      時(shí)態(tài)是謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作或情況發(fā)生時(shí)間的各種形式。 英語動(dòng)詞有16種時(shí)態(tài), 但常用的只有9種:

      1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法:

      (1) 經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作,常與表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語連用。句中常用every..., sometimes, often, on Sunday等時(shí)間狀語。如:

      I leave home for school at 7 every morning.

      (2) 客觀真理、客觀存在、科學(xué)事實(shí)、格言或警句。

      The earth moves around the sun.

      一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的特殊用法:

      (1) 某些表示起始的動(dòng)詞,可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示按規(guī)定、計(jì)劃或安排要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,這類動(dòng)詞有:be, go, come, start, depart, arrive, begin, leave等。如:

      The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.

      (2) 在時(shí)間或條件句中,用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來。如:

      When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me.

      (3) 在動(dòng)詞hope, make sure that等后,表示將來。如:

      I hope they have a nice time next week.? Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.

      2. 一般過去時(shí)的用法:

      (1) 一般過去時(shí)通常表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),它常和yesterday, yesterday evening, last year, in 1985, a moment ago,this morning等表示過去時(shí)間的狀語連用。如:

      We went to the cinema last night and saw a very interesting film.

      (3) 在一些特定句型中,可用一般過去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)頃r(shí)間。

      ①用在if, as if, suppose等詞后,表示猜測或與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反。如:

      If I had the money now I'd buy a house.

      ②用在It's time..., would rather, if only...等結(jié)構(gòu)中,以及用在wish后,表主觀設(shè)想。如:

      Don't come tomorrow. I'd rather you came next weekend.

      3. 一般將來時(shí)的用法:

      一般將來時(shí)表示將來的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。其基本結(jié)構(gòu)是will / shall do。如:

      We shall send her a glass hand-made craft as her birthday gift.

      表示將來的形式還有:

      (1) be going to +動(dòng)詞原形,主要表示主語的意圖,即將做某事、 計(jì)劃,安排要發(fā)生的事、有跡象要發(fā)生的事。如:

      The play is going to be produced next month.

      (2) be +不定式表將來,按計(jì)劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事,具有“必要”的強(qiáng)制性意義。如:

      We are to discuss the report next Saturday.

      (3) be about to +動(dòng)詞原形,意為馬上做某事。如:He is about to leave for Beijing. 注意:be about to 不能與tomorrow, next week等表示明確將來時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語連用。

      (4) be due to +V表示預(yù)先確定了的事,必定發(fā)生的事。如:

      The train is due to depart in ten minutes.

      (5) be on the point of +V-ing 強(qiáng)調(diào)即將發(fā)生的某種事態(tài)。如:

      The baby was on the point of crying when her mother finally came home.

      (6) 用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來,表示意圖、打算、安排,常用于人。常用詞有come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等。如:

      I'm leaving tomorrow. Are you staying here till next week?

      4. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法:

      (1) 表示現(xiàn)在( 指說話人說話時(shí)) 正在發(fā)生的事情。如:

      We are waiting for you.

      (2) 表示長期的或重復(fù)性的動(dòng)作,說話時(shí)動(dòng)作未必正在進(jìn)行。如:

      Mr. Green is writing another novel. (說話時(shí)并未在寫,只處于寫作的狀態(tài)。) She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.

      (3) 表示漸變的動(dòng)詞有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。如:

      The leaves are turning red.? It's getting warmer and warmer.

      (4) 與always, constantly, forever等詞連用,表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài),往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩。如:

      You are always changing your mind.

      有些動(dòng)詞不能用進(jìn)行時(shí),這是一類表示“感覺,感情,存在,從屬”等的動(dòng)詞。如:see, hear, smell, taste, feel, notice, look, appear(表示感覺的詞);hate, love, fear, like, want, wish, prefer, refuse, forgive(表示感情的動(dòng)詞);be, exist, remain, stay, obtain(表示存在狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞);have, possess, own, contain, belong, consist of, form(表示占有與從屬的動(dòng)詞);understand, know, believe, think, doubt, forget, remember(表示思考理解的動(dòng)詞)。

      5. 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法:

      (1) 表示在過去一個(gè)比較具體的時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如:

      Mary was listening to light music 10 minutes ago.

      (2) 如果when, while這樣的時(shí)間狀語引導(dǎo)詞所引導(dǎo)的主從句之一是一般過去時(shí),則另一個(gè)句子常用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。如:

      I was washing my hair when you knocked at the front door.

      6. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法:

      (1) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來表示對目前狀況仍有影響的,剛剛完成的動(dòng)作(常與yet, already, just連用),或者過去某一時(shí)刻發(fā)生的,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的情況(常與for, since連用)。如:

      I have just finished my homework.? Mary has been ill for three days.

      (2) 完成時(shí)態(tài)可用在下列結(jié)構(gòu)中:This (That, It) is (was) the first (second...) time +定語從句;This (That, It) is the only (last) + n. +定語從句;This (That, It) is (was) +形容詞最高級+ n. +定語從句。如果主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),從句的謂語動(dòng)詞通常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí);如果主句謂語動(dòng)詞是一般過去時(shí),從句謂語動(dòng)詞通常用過去完成時(shí)。如:

      This is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting.

      7. 過去完成時(shí)的用法:

      (1) 表示過去某時(shí)間前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況,這個(gè)過去的時(shí)間可以用by, before等介詞短語或一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句來表示;或者表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作在另一個(gè)過去動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成。如:

      We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in.

      (2) 動(dòng)詞expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用過去完成時(shí),表示過去的希望、預(yù)期、意圖或愿望等沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)。如:

      I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn't able to get away.

      另外兩種表示“過去想做而未做的事”的表達(dá)方式是:

      ① was / were + to have done sth., 如:

      We were to have come yesterday, but we couldn't.

      ② intended (expected, hoped, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth. 如:

      I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.

      (3) 過去完成時(shí)常用于以下固定句型:

      ① hardly, scarcely, barely + 過去完成時(shí)+ when + 過去時(shí)。如:

      Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move.

      ② no sooner +過去完成時(shí)+ than +過去時(shí)。如:

      No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me.

      ③ by (the end of ) +過去時(shí)間,主句中謂語動(dòng)詞用過去完成時(shí)。如:

      The experiment had been finished by 4 o'clock yesterday afternoon.

      8. 過去將來時(shí)的用法:

      過去將來時(shí)表示從過去的某個(gè)時(shí)間看將要發(fā)生的事。如:

      I said on Thursday I should see my friend the next day.

      注意事項(xiàng):由于過去將來時(shí)是由過去時(shí)和將來時(shí)組合而成的,所以其注意事項(xiàng)可以參考過去時(shí)和將來時(shí)的相關(guān)注意事項(xiàng)。

      9. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法:

      現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成為:have / has been being done,表示現(xiàn)在以前一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。有些詞如work, study, live, teach等用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)意思差不多。如:

      I have worked here for three years. I have been working here for three years.

      但多數(shù)動(dòng)詞在這兩種時(shí)態(tài)中表示不同的意思。如:

      I have written a letter.(已經(jīng)寫完)I have been writing a letter.(還沒有寫完)。

      注意表示短暫性動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞如finish, marry, come等不能這樣用。

      用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。

      1. What ______ you ______ (do) at 10 o'clock last night?

      2. The boy ______ (make) coffee when his mother came back home.

      3. I ______ (return) the magazine to you as soon as I finish it.

      4. How long ______ you ______ (have) the car?

      5. How long ______ you ______ (wait) here?

      6. Gaby has been working in that company since she ______ (graduate) from college.

      7. Though we don't know what discussed, we can feel the topic ______ (change).

      8. You ______ (work) too hard these days.

      9. I ______ (play) ping-pong quite well, but I ______ (not have) time to play since the new year.

      10. Even if it ______ (snow) tomorrow, the performance won't be called off.

      11. This is the best cell-phone that I ______ ever ______ (buy).

      12. Go and see what ______ (happen) over there.

      13. No decision ______ (make) about any future appointment until all the candidates have been interviewed.

      14. Ashly ______ constantly ______ (leave) things about.

      15. —Do you think we should accept that offer?

      —Yes, we should, for we ______ (have) such bad luck up till now, and time? ?______ (run) out.

      16. Jim ______ (send) a letter yesterday.

      17. Laura told me she wouldn't leave until you ______ (come) back.

      18. These books ______ often ______ (borrow) by girls.

      19. When ______ the house ______ (build)?

      20. A new school ______ (build) here. They hope to begin it next month.

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