淺談限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句

吳安運(yùn)

定語從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。

1. 限制性定語從句

限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不完整或不明確。限制性定語從句和主句之間沒有逗號(hào)。例如：

He came at a time when we needed him most. 他是在我們最需要他的時(shí)候來的。（去掉定語從句主句意思不明確）

None of the 152 Chinese athletes who were dope-tested in Athens has returned a positive result. 在雅典被藥檢的152名中國運(yùn)動(dòng)員無一結(jié)果呈陽性。（去掉定語從句主句意思不完整）

2. 非限制性定語從句

非限制性定語從句是對(duì)先行詞的附加說明，去掉也不會(huì)影響主句的意思或完整性，它與主句之間通常用逗號(hào)分開。

當(dāng)先行詞是專有名詞或被物主代詞、指示代詞所修飾時(shí)，其后的定語從句通常是非限制性定語從句。例如：

Charles Smith， who was my former teacher， retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾經(jīng)是我的老師。

After the war he went to America， where he found work. 戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束后他去了美國，并在那里找到了工作。

My house， which I bought last year， has got a lovely garden. 我的房子有個(gè)漂亮的花園，這房子是我去年買的。

【特別提醒】

（1） 注意非限制性定語從句前的逗號(hào)。例如：

There were a lot of young people at the party， most of whom I did not know. 聚會(huì)上有許多年輕人，其中大部分我都不認(rèn)識(shí)。（逗號(hào)后是定語從句，注意whom）

There were a lot of young people at the party and most of them I did not know. 聚會(huì)上有許多年輕人，其中大部分我都不認(rèn)識(shí)。（這是并列句，注意them）

（2） 非限制性定語從句還能將整個(gè)主句作為先行詞，對(duì)其進(jìn)行修飾，此時(shí)從句謂語動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)。例如：

He seems not to have grasped what I meant， which greatly upsets me. 他似乎沒懂我的意思，這使我心煩。

The weather turned out to be very good， which was more than we could expect. 天氣變好了，這是我們都沒想到的。

3. 限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別

例如：

His brother who is an artist is here. 他那個(gè)當(dāng)藝術(shù)家的哥哥在這里。（限制性定語從句，暗示他還有其他哥哥）

His brother， who is an artist， is here. 他哥哥是個(gè)藝術(shù)家，他在這里。（非限制性定語從句，表明他只有一個(gè)哥哥。）

There were very few passengers who/that escaped without being seriously injured. 沒受重傷而逃出來的乘客很少。（限制性定語從句，大部分乘客都受了重傷）

There were very few passengers， who escaped without being seriously injured. 乘客很少，他們都逃了出來，沒有受重傷。（非限制性定語從句，不用that）

4. 關(guān)系代詞which和whom的選用

在某些特定的情況下，要使用which或whom，一般不用that代替。

（1） 非限制性定語從句中不用that。例如：

He was very rude to the Customs officer， which of course made things even worse. 他對(duì)海關(guān)官員非常粗魯，這無疑使得事情更糟。

（2） 介詞后不用that。例如：

Do you know the boy to whom I spoke just now？ 你認(rèn)識(shí)那位我剛才跟他講話的男孩嗎？

Kindness is the golden chain by which society is bound together. 善良是金鏈，社會(huì)緊相連。

（3） 如果有兩個(gè)定語從句，其中前一句的關(guān)系代詞可用that， 后一句宜用which。例如：

Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us. 我給你看一本我從新開放的圖書館借的小說。

【定語從句綜合測(cè)試】

選擇合適的選項(xiàng)完成句子。

1. ① This is one of the most interesting films ______ shown last week.

② This is the very one of the most interesting films ______ shown last week.

A. which was B. that was C. which were D. that were

2. ① He has two sons， ______ are college students.

② He has two sons， and ______ are college students.

A. both of which B. both of whom C. both of them D. both of it

3. ① He still lives in the room ______ window faces to the east.

② He still lives in the room， the window ______ faces to the east.

③ He still lives in the room ______ is in the north of the city.

④ He still lives in the room ______ there is a beautiful table.

A. which B. whose C. where D. of which

4. ① ______ leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.

② ______ who leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.

③ ______ leave the room last ought to turn off the lights.

A. Anyone B. Who C. Those who D. Whoever

5. ① ______ we all know， China is rich in natural resources.

② ______ is well-known that China is rich in natural resources.

③ ______ is well-known， China is rich in natural resources.

A. Which B. As C. It D. That

6. ① I'll never forget the days ______ we studied together.

② I'll never forget the days ______ we spent together.

A. that B. 不填 C. when D. A and B

7. ① This is the only way ______ we can find.

② I don't like the way ______ he spoke to his mother.

A. that B. 不填 C. in which D. A， B and C

E. A and B

8. ① Galileo collected the facts ______ proved the earth and all the other planets move around the sun.

② Galileo discovered the fact ______ the earth and all the other planets move around the sun.

A. that B. which C. 不填 D. A and B

9. ① Is this museum ______ they visited last month？

② The teacher tells us that ______ cleans the blackboard is to be praised.

A. that B. the one C. which D. the one who

10. ① It was eleven o'clock ______ they went out of the cinema.

② It was at eleven o'clock ______ they went out of the cinema.

A. which B. that C. when D. on which