V-ing形式作狀語考點(diǎn)“任我行”

孫玉忠

【真題跟蹤】

1. （2019·全國卷I改錯(cuò)） All the football players on the playground cheered loudly， say that I had a talent for football.

【解析】 say→saying，考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。句意：操場(chǎng)上所有的足球運(yùn)動(dòng)員大聲歡呼，說我有足球天賦。句中謂語動(dòng)詞為cheered，say在這里作伴隨狀語，與主語players是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，故將say改為saying。

2. （2019·全國卷III語法填空） On the last day of our week-long stay， we were invited to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars， _70_ （listen） to musicians and meeting interesting locals.

【解析】 listening，考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。本句謂語動(dòng)詞為“were invited”，所以空格處動(dòng)詞listen應(yīng)用非謂語動(dòng)詞形式?！奥犚魳贰边@個(gè)動(dòng)作是由we發(fā)出的，所以選用V-ing形式。也可由and前后連接兩個(gè)并列的結(jié)構(gòu)這一規(guī)律解題，and后meeting interesting locals為現(xiàn)在分詞形式，故空格處填listening。

3. （2019·北京卷語法填空） Nervously _2_ （face） challenges， I know I will whisper to myself the two simple words “Be yourself”.

【解析】 facing，考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。句意：緊張地面對(duì)挑戰(zhàn)，我知道我將輕聲對(duì)自己說兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的字“Be yourself”。分析句式可知，此處是作句子的狀語，要用非謂語動(dòng)詞，其邏輯主語是I，與邏輯主語之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，用V-ing形式作狀語，故填facing。

【考點(diǎn)解讀】

作為非謂語動(dòng)詞重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容的V-ing形式在高考中頻頻出現(xiàn)，其中V-ing形式作狀語更是高考命題的重要組成部分。本文在這里從四個(gè)方面談一下V-ing形式作狀語時(shí)要注意的問題，希望能夠?qū)ν瑢W(xué)們掌握好這一要點(diǎn)有所幫助。

一、V-ing形式作狀語與其邏輯主語之間的一致性關(guān)系

考點(diǎn)：一般來說，V-ing形式作狀語（特別是位于句首時(shí)），其邏輯主語與句子的主語是一致的，即句子的主語是V-ing形式所表示的動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，二者是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。如：

Hearing the news， he felt very excited. 聽到這個(gè)消息，他異常激動(dòng)。

His friend died， getting him a lot of money. 他的朋友死了，給了他很多錢。

Hearing the footstep below， he rose and went to the top of the stairs. 聽見下面的腳步聲，他站起身來走到樓梯口去。

溫馨提示：

1. 英語中也有一些分詞，其邏輯主語不是句子的主語，它們已變成固定詞組，表示說話人對(duì)所說的話的一種態(tài)度。如：

Generally speaking， his answer is wrong. 一般說來，他的回答是錯(cuò)誤的。

Judging from / by his accent， he is from America. 從他的口音判斷，他來自美國。

2. 有時(shí)候分詞的邏輯主語不是句子的主語，此時(shí)就構(gòu)成了分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)。分詞的邏輯主語不是句子的主語，應(yīng)視句意在分詞前加上其本身的邏輯主語。如：

It being fine， he decided to go fishing. 天氣很好，他決定去釣魚。

二、V-ing形式作狀語時(shí)，時(shí)間意義和語態(tài)的問題

V-ing形式有時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化，所以使用其作狀語時(shí)應(yīng)根據(jù)其不同的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)所表示的不同意義來確定其形式。

考點(diǎn)1： V-ing形式的一般式（doing）表示的動(dòng)作與句子的謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生;其被動(dòng)語態(tài)（being done）多表示一個(gè)被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作過程，這時(shí)句子的主語是分詞動(dòng)作的承受者，二者是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。如：

The secretary worked late into night， preparing a long speech for the president. 秘書一直工作到深夜，給總統(tǒng)準(zhǔn)備一篇很長的演講稿。

Being cooled in the air， the hot metal will harden. 在空氣中冷卻后，鐵水會(huì)變硬。

考點(diǎn)2：分詞表示的動(dòng)作一般和謂語表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)是同時(shí)發(fā)生的。如果分詞的動(dòng)作先發(fā)生，則要用分詞的完成式。其被動(dòng)語態(tài)（having been done）意義相當(dāng)于過去分詞，具有完成和被動(dòng)的意義。如：

Having answered the letter， she went on to listen to the radio. 回信后，她接著聽收音機(jī)。

Having been told many times， he still couldn't understand it. 被告訴了多次，他仍然無法理解它。

三、V-ing形式作狀語的類別

考點(diǎn)1：作原因狀語?？梢耘cas， since， because等引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句互換。如：

Being ill， he didn't go to school yesterday. 由于生病，他昨天沒有去上學(xué)。

= As he was ill， he didn't go to school yesterday.

Having waited in the queue for half an hour， Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home. 排隊(duì)排了半個(gè)小時(shí)，湯姆突然意識(shí)到把錢包忘在家里了。

Being a student， I must study hard. 作為一名學(xué)生，我必須努力學(xué)習(xí)。

Having been warned about the bandits， he left his valuables at home. 當(dāng)警告有強(qiáng)盜出沒時(shí)，他就把貴重物品留在家里。

Having been written in haste， the book has many mistakes. 這書因?qū)懙脗}促，所以錯(cuò)誤不少。

Being protected by a wall， he felt quite safe. 有墻作保護(hù)，他感到很安全。

考點(diǎn)2：作方式狀語，表伴隨情況。不可以轉(zhuǎn)換成從句，但可以轉(zhuǎn)換成并列句。如：

They sat in the garden talking about the days they spent together. 他們坐在花園里，談?wù)撝麄円黄鸲冗^的時(shí)光。

= They sat in the garden and talked about the days they spent together.

She stood by the window， watching people passing by her window. 她站在窗前，望著來來往往的人們。

“Can't you read？” Mary said angrily pointing to the notice. “你自己不能讀嗎？”瑪麗生氣地指著告示說。

I walked along the street， listening to the music. 我沿著街道走著，聽著音樂。

考點(diǎn)3：作時(shí)間狀語?？梢耘cwhen等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句轉(zhuǎn)換。如：

While reading / he was reading the book， he nodded from time to time. 當(dāng)他看書的時(shí)候，他不時(shí)地點(diǎn)著頭。

When opening / he was opening the door， he found a cat in the room. 打開門，他發(fā)現(xiàn)屋里有一只貓。

考點(diǎn)4：作結(jié)果狀語?？梢耘cso... that...引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句相互轉(zhuǎn)換，有時(shí)也可以轉(zhuǎn)換為非限制性定語從句。如：

The boy ran even faster， reaching the school out of breath. 那個(gè)男孩跑得更快了，到達(dá)學(xué)校時(shí)累得上氣不接下氣。

In January， 2004， the United States successfully launched “Spirit”， a Mars Exploration Rover， making it a new milestone in the history of mankind. 2004年的一月，美國成功地發(fā)射了“勇氣”號(hào)火星探測(cè)器，創(chuàng)造了人類歷史上新的里程碑。

四、V-ing形式作狀語注意的幾點(diǎn)問題

考點(diǎn)1：如果分詞作狀語表方式時(shí)，通常不能改為and連接的并列謂語動(dòng)詞，但可用“by+V-ing”形式來改寫。如：

They eat using the fingers of their right hands. 他們用右手的手指吃飯。（分詞using短語表方式）

=They eat by using the fingers of their right hands.

考點(diǎn)2：V-ing形式表示的動(dòng)作一般和謂語表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)是同時(shí)發(fā)生的。如果分詞的動(dòng)作先發(fā)生，則要用分詞的完成式，也可以用時(shí)間狀語從句。如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作之間，發(fā)生在前的一個(gè)用謂語動(dòng)詞來表示了，那么發(fā)生在后的動(dòng)作就不能用V-ing形式，而只能采用并列的謂語動(dòng)詞來表示。如：

Having been there more than once， the old professor did not show us around the lab. 由于以前不止一次去過那兒，老教授沒有領(lǐng)著我們?nèi)⒂^實(shí)驗(yàn)室。

She set out soon after dark and arrived home an hour later. 天黑后不久，她出去了，一個(gè)小時(shí)后又回來了。

【針對(duì)訓(xùn)練】

I. 改正下列句子中的錯(cuò)誤。

1. Looking out of the window， several children were playing about in the garden.

2. Hearing the news， tears came to her eyes.

3. Having checked your composition carefully， some spelling mistakes can be avoided.

4. The old man， working abroad for twenty years， is on the way back to his motherland.

II. 說出下列V-ing形式作狀語的具體類型。

1. Having finished his homework， he went to school.

2. Not knowing what to do， they turned to the teacher for help.

3. Studying hard， you will be sure to be successful.

4. He sat there， losing himself in deep thought.

5. His father died， leaving him a lot of money.

III. 單句語法填空。

1. The national park has a large collection of wildlife， ____ （range） from butterflies to elephants.

2. ____ （overcome） the difficulties， he finished his task.

3. ____ （study） his lessons very hard， he failed the examinations.

4. ____ （clean） thoroughly， the garden looked more beautiful than ever before.

5. ____ （find） the course very difficult， she decided to move to a lower level.

IV. 結(jié)合V-ing形式作狀語的用法，將下列句子翻譯成英語。

1. 她站在那兒等公共汽車。

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2. 游客們圍繞在火堆旁邊，與當(dāng)?shù)厝艘黄鹛琛?/p>

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3. 她沿著河堤邊走邊唱著流行歌曲。

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