李秀萍

語篇類型包括記敘文、議論文、說明文、應(yīng)用文、新聞報道等，把握不同語篇類型的特定結(jié)構(gòu)、文體特征和表達(dá)方式，熟悉不同語篇類型常用的語篇模式，不僅有助于我們加深對語篇意義的理解，還有助于使用不同類型的語篇進(jìn)行有效的表達(dá)和交流。

下面就以高考?？颊Z篇類型為例，簡述分析語篇模式對于閱讀理解的解題意義。

一、一般——特殊型（General-Particular Pattern）

這種類型又包括兩種：

1.“概括——舉例”式（Generalization-example）

這種模式的特點是在整篇文章的首段（有的文章是在末段）含有一個主題句或某一段的首句往往是一個概括句，可以表達(dá)看法、某種觀點或結(jié)論，下文的例證部分是圍繞這個主題句或概括句的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行展開、充實，或是用來強(qiáng)化或論證主題句的。

2.“整體——細(xì)節(jié)”式（Preview-detail）

這種模式的特點也是在整篇文章的首段含有一個主題句或某一段的首句往往是一個概括句，然后再引出對主題進(jìn)行解釋說明的具體細(xì)節(jié)。

這兩種類型的語篇模式一般是：

概括陳述（General statement）→舉例（Examples）/細(xì)節(jié)（Details）→結(jié)論（Conclusion）/評價（Evaluation）（選擇性的）

這種模式也就是我們通常說的“總—分—總”結(jié)構(gòu)，多見于說明文和議論文。

常用的語篇標(biāo)志詞：

（1）for example，for instance，in particular，such as，that is等;

（2）firstly，secondly，thirdly，moreover，besides，also等。

[例1]（2020年全國Ⅰ卷，D篇）

The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown， Ohio， for example， discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another， employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.

32. What is the first paragraph mainly about？

A. A new study of different plants.

B. A big fall in crime rates.

C. Employees from various workplaces.

D. Benefits from green plants.

解析：本文語篇類型是說明文。第一句說明，人與植物之間的關(guān)系所屬的學(xué)科范疇：一直是科學(xué)研究的課題。第二句告訴我們，最近的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了積極的效果。接下來應(yīng)告訴我們有哪些具體的積極效果，從下文的“for example ... . In another，...”可知，作者列舉了兩個例子來說明其積極效果。本段屬于“概括——舉例”式：

因此，本段主要講“綠色植物的好處”，第32題選D項。

[例2]（2019年全國Ⅰ卷，D篇）

Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein， a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories： the likable and the status seekers. The likablesplays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships， jump-start interpersonal skills and， when tapped early， are employed ever after in life and work. Then theres the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence： status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.

33. What is the second paragraph mainly about？

A. The classification of the popular.

B. The characteristics of adolescents.

C. The importance of interpersonal skills.

D. The causes of dishonorable behavior.

解析：本文語篇類型是說明文。本段第一句說明“受歡迎程度”所屬的學(xué)科范疇：是社會心理學(xué)深入研究的課題;第二句告訴我們，受歡迎的人分兩種類型，根據(jù)其后的標(biāo)點（冒號）可知，它是主題句，其后分別介紹了這兩種類型的人;第三句和第四句承接第二句詳細(xì)敘述這兩類人的特點。本段結(jié)構(gòu)屬于“整體——細(xì)節(jié)”式：

因此，第33題選A項，其中classification與categories為同義詞，意為“類型”。

二、問題——解決型（Problem - Solution Pattern）

語篇結(jié)構(gòu)：情境（選擇性的）（situation）→問題（problem）→反應(yīng)/解決 （response / solution）→評價/結(jié)果（evaluation / result）（選擇性的）

這種模式多見于科學(xué)論文和實驗報告等專業(yè)性較強(qiáng)的文章。常用的語篇標(biāo)志詞：

問題：concern，challenge，difficulty，dilemma，problem等;

反應(yīng)：change，come up with，develop，find，measure，respond等;

解決（或結(jié)果）：answer，consequence，effect，outcome，result，solution等;

評價：effective，overcome，succeed，successful，work等。

[例3]（2019年全國Ⅰ卷，C篇）

As data and identity theft becomes more and more common， the market is growing for biometric（生物測量）technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private e-spaces. At present， these technologies are still expensive， though.

Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device（裝置）that gets around this problem：a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence（節(jié)奏）with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a users typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus， the keyboard can determine peoples identities， and by extension， whether they should be given access to the computer its connected to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right.

It also doesnt require a new type of technology that people arent already familiar with. Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.

In a study describing the technology， the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word“touch”four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed， with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive， plastic-like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.

28. Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard？

A. To reduce pressure on keys.

B. To improve accuracy in typing

C. To replace the password system.

D. To cut the cost of e-space protection.

29. What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible？

A. Computers are much easier to operate.

B. Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast.

C. Typing patterns vary from person to person.

D. Data security measures are guaranteed.

30. What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard？

A. Itll be environment-friendly.

B. Itll reach consumers soon.

C. Itll be made of plastics.

D. Itll help speed up typing.

解析：本文語篇類型是說明文。語篇結(jié)構(gòu)為：

第一段第一句描述了情景：“隨著數(shù)據(jù)和身份盜竊變得越來越普遍，像用以保護(hù)私人電子空間的指紋掃描等生物識別技術(shù)的市場也在不斷增長。”

第二句，也就是本段末句，提出了問題：“然而，目前這些技術(shù)仍然昂貴。”

第二段第一句提出了解決辦法：“佐治亞理工學(xué)院的研究人員說，他們已經(jīng)發(fā)明了一種低成本的設(shè)備來解決（昂貴）這個問題：智能鍵盤?！?/p>

從此句可知，研究人員研發(fā)智能鍵盤的起因是“降低電子空間保護(hù)的成本”。故28題選D項。

下文解釋了工作原理：“這款智能鍵盤可以精確地測量一個人打字的節(jié)奏和手指對每個鍵施加的壓力。通過分析用戶打字的力度和按鍵之間的時間間隔，鍵盤可以提供一層牢固的安全保障。這些模式對每個人來說都是獨一無二的。因此，鍵盤可以確定人們的身份，進(jìn)而決定他們是否有權(quán)利訪問與之連接的計算機(jī)，而不管使用鍵盤的人是否獲得了正確的密碼?！?/p>

由結(jié)論句Thus， the keyboard can determine peoples identities... 和前面的These patterns are unique to each person可知，讓智能鍵盤的發(fā)明成為可能的是“鍵盤敲擊模式因人而異”，故29題選C項。

第四段對這項新發(fā)明進(jìn)行評價。第一句和第二句對智能鍵盤的測試，第三句和第四句進(jìn)行評價。根據(jù)第四句“The team hopes to make it to market in the near future”可知，30題選B項。

三、提問——回答模式（Question-Answer Pattern）

文章結(jié)構(gòu)：情景（選擇性的）（situation）→問題（question）→回答（answer）→積極評價（positive evaluation）→拒絕（rejection）（選擇性的）

這種模式多見于說明文、新聞報道、演說、政論等。

[例4]（2019年天津卷C篇）

How does an ecosystem（生態(tài)系統(tǒng)）work？What makes the populations of different species the way they are？Why are there so many flies and so few wolves？To find an answer， scientists have built mathematical models of food webs， noting who eats whom and how much each one eats.

With such models，scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs. Most food webs，for instance，consist of many weak links rather than a few strong ones ...

Mathematical models have also revealed that food webs may be unstable，where small changes of top predators can lead to big effects throughout entire ecosystems. In the 1960s， scientists proposed that predators at the top of a food web had a surprising amount of control over the size of populations of other species——including species they did not directly attack.

And unplanned human activities ...

Scientists have built an early-warning system based on mathematical models. Ideally， the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a break down or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline. Prevention is key， scientists says because once ecosystems pass their tipping point（臨界點），it is remarkably difficult for them to return.

46. What have scientists discovered with the help of mathematical models of food webs？

A. The living habits of species in food webs.

B. The rules governing food webs of the ecosystems.

C. The approaches to studying the species in the ecosystems.

D. The differences between weak and strong links in food webs.

48. What will happen if the populations of top predators in a food web greatly decline？

A. The prey species they directly attack will die out.

B. The species they indirectly attack will turn into top predators.

C. The living environment of other species will remain unchanged.

D. The populations of other species will experience unexpected changes.

50. How does an early-warning system help us maintain the ecological balance？

A. By getting illegal practices under control.

B. By stopping us from killing large predators.

C. By bringing the broken-down ecosystems back to normal.

D. By signaling the urgent need for taking preventive action.

解析：本文語篇類型是說明文。語篇結(jié)構(gòu)為：

第一段先提出三個問題，第四句給出回答。

第二段和第三段對第一段的回答分條展開論述。第二段第一句“With such models，scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs.”說明了第一個發(fā)現(xiàn)“管理食物網(wǎng)的幾個主要原則”下文通過舉例子、陳述細(xì)節(jié)展開論證這一發(fā)現(xiàn)。因此46題選B項。

第三段第一句“Mathematical models have also revealed that food webs may be unstable，where small changes of top predators can lead to big effects throughout entire ecosystems.”說明第二個發(fā)現(xiàn)“食物網(wǎng)頂端的掠食動物的微小變化也會對整個生態(tài)系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生極大影響”，下文舉例說明食物網(wǎng)頂端的掠食動物對其他物種數(shù)量驚人的控制。因此48題選D項。

第五段最后一句“Prevention is key，scientists says because once ecosystems pass their tipping point（臨界點），it is remarkably difficult for them to return.”是科學(xué)家對預(yù)防系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了積極評價，即“預(yù)防為主”因此50題選D項。

四、敘事模式（Narratives）

敘事類文章的結(jié)構(gòu)為：點題（abstract）→指向（orientation）→進(jìn)展（complication）→結(jié)局（resolution）→評議（evaluation）→回應(yīng)（coda）

這種模式多適用于小說、傳記、戲劇或回憶錄等。常用的語篇發(fā)展要素：

點題：What was this about？（optional）

指向：time，place，persons，situation

進(jìn)展：a crisis point，turning point

結(jié)局：What happened？Resolution to crisis

評議：the tellers attitude;not a separate step，pervades the whole narrative

回應(yīng)：optional way of finishing by returning listeners to present

[例5]（2019年全國Ⅰ卷，B篇）

For Canaan Elementarys second grade in Patchogue， N.Y.，today is speech day， and right now its Chris Palaezs turn. The 8-year-old is the joker of the class. With shining dark eyes， he seems like the kind of kid who would enjoy public speaking.

But hes nervous. ...

A son of immigrants? ...

Learning English as? ...

Whaley got the idea of this second-grade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president. The answer broke his heart. Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public. He wants these kids to learn to boast（夸耀）about themselves.

“Boasting about yourself ...”

24. What made Chris nervous？

A. Telling a story.B. Making a speech.

C. Taking a test.? D. Answering a question.

26. We can infer that the purpose of Whaleys project is to ___________.

A. help students see their own strengths

B. assess studentspublic speaking skills

C. prepare students for their future jobs

D. inspire studentslove for politics

解析：本文語篇類型是記敘文。

第一段首先點題和進(jìn)行指向，介紹了時間、主要人物、情景和事件。根據(jù)第一句“... today is speech day， and right now its Chris Palaezs turn.”可知24題選B項。

第五段敘述Walley老師對項目進(jìn)行評價，根據(jù)第三句“Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public. He wants these kids to learn to boast about themselves”可知，26題選A項。

五、機(jī)會——獲取模式（Opportunity-Taking Pattern）

文章結(jié)構(gòu)：情景（選擇性的）（situation）——機(jī)會（opportunity）——獲取（taking）——結(jié)果（result）（選擇性的）

這種模式多適用于廣告、報刊啟示、各種商務(wù)英語等。

常用的語篇標(biāo)志詞：offer，opportunity，unique，unusual，outstanding，once in a lifetime等。

[例6]（2019年全國Ⅰ卷，A篇）

Need a Job This Summer？

The provincial government ...

Not a student？...

Jobs for Youth

...

Summer Company

Summer Company provides students with hands-on business training and awards of up to $3，000 to start and run their own summer businesses.

Who is eligible： Students aged 15-29， returning to school in the fall.

Stewardship Youth Ranger Program

You could apply to be a Stewardship Youth Ranger and work on local natural resource management projects for eight weeks this summer.

Who is eligible： Students aged 16 or 17 at time of hire， but not turning 18 before December 31 this year.

Summer Employment Opportunities（機(jī)會）

...

21. What is special about Summer Company？

A. It requires no training before employment.

B. It provides awards for running new businesses.

C. It allows one to work in the natural environment.

D. It offers more summer job opportunities.

22. What is the age range required by Stewardship Youth Ranger Program？

A. 15-18.B. 15-24.C. 15-29.D. 16-17.

解析：本文語篇類型是廣告。文中共有四則廣告，每則都是按照“機(jī)會——獲取模式”來呈現(xiàn)的。

第二則廣告，提供的機(jī)會是“Summer Company provides students with hands-on business training and awards of up to $3，000 to start and run their own summer businesses.”提供了“business training”和“awards”兩個機(jī)會，而“awards”這個機(jī)會是其他廣告提供的機(jī)會里所沒有的。因此21題B項對應(yīng)題干“Summer Company”的特別之處是什么。

第三則廣告，獲取模式是“Students aged 16 or 17 at time of hire， but not turning 18 before December 31 this year”，因此22題D項正確。

語篇模式受到體裁的制約，語篇體裁不同，其組句成篇的模式就不同。語篇在向我們傳遞語言知識和文化知識、培養(yǎng)我們的文化內(nèi)涵、價值取向和思維方式等方面也起到至關(guān)重要的作用。在備考中，我們應(yīng)學(xué)會分析不同語篇的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能，以便在高考中以語篇模式分析為立足點，把不同閱讀理解題型各個擊破，力爭滿分。

責(zé)任編輯 蔣小青