覃 婷,張 軍
植物環(huán)肽生物活性及其作用機(jī)制研究進(jìn)展
覃 婷,張 軍*
廣東藥科大學(xué)生命科學(xué)與生物制藥學(xué)院,廣東省生物技術(shù)候選藥物重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,廣東 廣州 510006
環(huán)肽是植物來(lái)源的超穩(wěn)定肽,是由頭至尾環(huán)化骨架和形成胱氨酸結(jié)的3個(gè)二硫鍵組成的非常穩(wěn)定的化合物。與其他類似肽相比,環(huán)肽的這種獨(dú)特的拓?fù)浠瘜W(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)使它們對(duì)化學(xué)、熱和生物降解異常穩(wěn)定,超強(qiáng)的穩(wěn)定性可使它們?cè)卺t(yī)藥學(xué)領(lǐng)域方面取得很多進(jìn)展。植物環(huán)肽是植物研究的一個(gè)新領(lǐng)域,由于其具有多種生物活性,引起了很多科學(xué)研究工作者的廣泛重視與探究。多肽類藥物的低穩(wěn)定性與低的傳遞效率阻礙了其發(fā)展,而植物環(huán)肽的存在為多肽類藥物存在問(wèn)題的解決提供新的途徑。綜述了植物環(huán)肽的藥理活性及其作用機(jī)制,為植物環(huán)肽發(fā)展成為藥物應(yīng)用于臨床提供理論基礎(chǔ)。
植物環(huán)肽;環(huán)半胱氨酸結(jié)結(jié)構(gòu);生物活性;作用機(jī)制;抗腫瘤;抗菌;殺蟲(chóng);溶血
植物環(huán)肽是20世紀(jì)70年代首次發(fā)現(xiàn)于非洲植物kalata-kalata中的一種具有生物活性的物質(zhì)[1]。直到1995年才通過(guò)核磁共振技術(shù)確定其空間結(jié)構(gòu),是由3對(duì)二硫鍵組成的胱氨酸結(jié)(cyclic cysteine knot,CCK)結(jié)構(gòu)(圖1)首尾相連的環(huán)肽[2]。從此,環(huán)肽結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的研究取得了很大的進(jìn)展,如在1999年將環(huán)肽命名為cyclotides[3];在1999年發(fā)現(xiàn)具有抑菌活性環(huán)肽[4];2001年首次發(fā)現(xiàn)大環(huán)肽kalata B1對(duì)幼蟲(chóng)具有抑制活性[5];2004年首次在堇菜科植物香堇菜L.中發(fā)現(xiàn)大環(huán)肽cycloviolacin[6];2015年從堇菜科植物中發(fā)現(xiàn)含大量亮氨酸的環(huán)肽[7];2019年,通過(guò)對(duì)毛葉黃花堇菜的變種var.Torr. & A. Gray的轉(zhuǎn)錄組進(jìn)行分析,從而鑒定其中環(huán)肽的差異表達(dá)基因[8];至今為止,植物環(huán)肽的研究取得了很大成果,在醫(yī)藥學(xué)領(lǐng)域具有廣泛的潛在應(yīng)用。
圖1 環(huán)肽的CCK結(jié)構(gòu)
環(huán)肽是植物體內(nèi)經(jīng)基因編碼在核糖體內(nèi)合成的一類序列長(zhǎng)為28~37個(gè)氨基酸,由多肽鏈?zhǔn)孜蚕噙B,并與由6個(gè)固定半胱氨酸組成的三對(duì)二硫鍵形成穩(wěn)定的六環(huán)結(jié)構(gòu),即CCK結(jié)構(gòu)的環(huán)狀多肽化合物[9-10]。環(huán)肽的這種獨(dú)特的保守空間結(jié)構(gòu)特征賦予其很強(qiáng)的耐酶降解能力、熱穩(wěn)定性及化學(xué)穩(wěn)定性[11-12];并且具有殺蟲(chóng)[13-16]、抗菌[4,17]、抗人類免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)[18]、抑制癌細(xì)胞[19-20]、促子宮收縮活性[21]及免疫促進(jìn)活性[22]等多種生物活性[23]。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)現(xiàn),目前發(fā)現(xiàn)的植物環(huán)肽幾乎都是從堇菜科和茜草科植物中分離出來(lái)的[24-26],植物環(huán)肽也分布于葫蘆科、茄科、豆科、禾本科植物等[9,27-30](表1),并且所有的堇菜科植物都含有環(huán)肽存在[28]。因此,大環(huán)肽資源的挖掘仍是植物研究中的重要部分,在藥學(xué)研究與農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)上具有較大的應(yīng)用前景。植物環(huán)肽具有一系列的生物活性,有很大的應(yīng)用空間及開(kāi)發(fā)價(jià)值,然而在研究過(guò)程中還有很多的不足亟需解決,所以還要付出更大努力使植物環(huán)肽盡早應(yīng)用于臨床,造福人類。
表1 環(huán)肽在植物中的分布(http://www.cybase.org.au/)
續(xù)表1
來(lái)源植物名環(huán)肽名稱 堇菜科(Violaceae)G.blakeanum (Standl.) Hekkinggloba A~F,mra 23 G.pauciflorum Hekkingglopa A~E 蜜花堇Melicytus ramiflorus J. R. Forst. et G. Forst.mra1-5、13、14a、14b、17a、22~26、29、30、30a Rinoreadentata (P. Beauv.) Kuntzeriden A M.chathamicus (F. Muell.) Garn. -Jonesmech 1~7 M.latifolius (Lindl.) P. S. Green mela 1~7 M.angustifolius (R. Br. ex DC.) Garn. -Jonesmang A 倒卵葉蜜花堇M.obovatus (Kirk) Garn. -Jonesmobo A、B Hybanthusparviflorus (L.f.) Baill.hyPa A Leoniacymose Mart.cycloviolin A~D Noisettiaorchidiflora (Rudge) Ginginsnor A Pombaliacalceolaria L.cycloviolacin O4,poca A、B L.triandra Cuatrec. ex L. B. Sm. & A. Fernándezltri A H.floribundus E. Muell.hyfl A~F H.floribundus W. Muell.hyfl I~M M.dentatus (R. Br. ex DC.) Molloy & Mabb.mden A~C、E~N 鱗隔堇R. virgata (Thwaites) Kuntzerivi 1~7 茜草科(Rubiaceae)Oldenlandiaaffinis (Roem. & Schult.) DC.kalata B1~B19、S、B9 linear、B10 linear,oak 6 cyclotide 1~2,oak 7 cyclotide,oak 8 cyclotide Palicoureacondensate Standl.palicourein Chassaliaparvifolia K. Schum.circulin A~F Chassaliachartacea Craib.circulin A,chassatide C1~C18 彎管花Chassalia curviflora (Wall.) Thwaiteschacur 1 Psychotriabrachiate Sw.psybra 1 Psychotriapoeppigiana Müll. Arg.psypoe 1 Psychotriabrachyceras Müll. Arg.psybry A~C,psyleio A、B,psyleio D Psychotrialeiocarpa Cham. & Schltdl.psyleio A~E Psychotrialongipes Müll. Arg.cyclopsychotride A 雙花耳草H. biflora (Linn.) Lam.hedyotide B1、B2 Psychotriasolitudinum Standl.psysol 2 Palicoureaguianensis Aubl.pali A Palicoureatetragona Ruiz&Pav.cycloviolacin O22,paltet 1,vibi B Psychotrialeptothyrsa Miq.psyle A~F,vibi G、H 吐根九節(jié)Psychotria ipecacuanha (Brot.) Standl.caripe 1、2、4、6~8、10~13 H.centranthoides (Hook. & Arn.) Steud.hcf-1,hcf-1 variant H.terminalis (Hook. & Arn.) Hillebr.hcf-1 Psychotriasuterella Müll. Arg.PS-1 Chassaliadiscolor K. Schum.CD-1 豆科(Fabaceae)蝶豆Clitoria ternatea Linn.cliotide T1、T2、T6、T8~T21、T28、T32~T33、T40、T54、T55,cter A~R、1~13、15、18~20、25、28~33、35~37,CT 22、23、25~27、30、31、42、45 茄科(Solanaceae)Petuniaintegrifolia (Hook.) Schinz & Thellungphyb D 腋生矮牽牛Petunia axillaris (Lam.) B. S. P.phyb A、E、H、I Petunia xhybrida C.phyb A~C、E、F、I~L 禾本科(Poaceae)Panicumlaxum Sw.panitide L1~L9 葫蘆科(Cucurbitaceae)木鱉子M. cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng.mCoT I-3、I-5、I-6 云南木鱉M. dioica Roxb. ex Willd.modi 6
近30年來(lái),已有很多研究報(bào)道了環(huán)肽在不同科屬植物中的分布及其變異性。環(huán)肽具有多種生物活性,研究發(fā)現(xiàn),環(huán)肽與細(xì)胞膜發(fā)生相互作用是其產(chǎn)生生物活性的主要原因[31-33]。環(huán)狀骨架是環(huán)肽分子與膜相互作用過(guò)程中所必需的[34],同時(shí),其表面獨(dú)特的疏水性區(qū)域能調(diào)節(jié)其與膜相互作用,但它們的具體作用模式或機(jī)制并不太清楚[35-36]。雖然尚不能對(duì)環(huán)肽具體作用機(jī)制進(jìn)行完全闡明,但大多數(shù)研究表明,植物環(huán)肽的生物活性取決于環(huán)肽的結(jié)構(gòu)與細(xì)胞膜組成[15,37-38];環(huán)肽具有活性是因其結(jié)構(gòu)、凈電荷和疏水性與膜相互作用導(dǎo)致膜通透性改變的結(jié)果,強(qiáng)烈依賴于環(huán)肽獨(dú)特的結(jié)構(gòu)特征[36,39-41]。研究表明,膜結(jié)合是功能性的,因?yàn)榄h(huán)肽能夠誘導(dǎo)磷脂囊泡的內(nèi)容物泄漏,并在脂質(zhì)雙層中形成大孔[41],膜結(jié)合調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞毒性。
CCK結(jié)構(gòu)的存在,賦予環(huán)肽較直鏈肽超強(qiáng)的耐熱、耐化學(xué)降解及耐酶解的能力[42]。有研究表明,當(dāng)kalata B1的CCK結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生變化時(shí),修飾后的衍生物不具有相應(yīng)的抗HIV活性[43]。Ireland等[44]對(duì)植物環(huán)肽抗HIV的構(gòu)效關(guān)系分析表明除了植物環(huán)肽的環(huán)狀骨架對(duì)活性有影響外,植物環(huán)肽上某些loop區(qū)域的疏水性也與抗HIV的活性有關(guān),而生物測(cè)定試驗(yàn)表明,環(huán)肽類和非環(huán)肽類具有相當(dāng)?shù)幕钚?,表明環(huán)肽骨架可能不是活性的必要要求[45],但對(duì)維持環(huán)肽結(jié)構(gòu)完整性具有重要性。由于潛在的藥用價(jià)值,更多的大環(huán)肽被挖掘出抗HIV活性,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)環(huán)狀骨架是抗HIV所必須的,大環(huán)肽的疏水性與抗HIV活性呈相關(guān)性,而且環(huán)肽抑制HIV病毒逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶活性的能力似乎表明抗病毒活性發(fā)生在病毒進(jìn)入宿主細(xì)胞之前,但是作用機(jī)制仍不清楚[18,43-44,46]。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)將胰蛋白酶抑制劑亞家族環(huán)肽MCOTI-II的環(huán)3、5或6替換到M?bius亞家族環(huán)肽kalata B1的相應(yīng)環(huán)中,降低了其溶血和細(xì)胞毒性活性,且大大降低了其細(xì)胞穿透性。另一方面,用kalata B1的相應(yīng)環(huán)取代MCOTI-II的環(huán),嵌合體環(huán)肽并不會(huì)產(chǎn)生細(xì)胞毒性[47]。說(shuō)明獨(dú)特的環(huán)序列對(duì)相應(yīng)環(huán)肽的結(jié)構(gòu)有重要影響,從而對(duì)環(huán)肽生物活性產(chǎn)生影響。
環(huán)肽已被分為3個(gè)亞家族,稱為M?bius、bracelet和胰蛋白酶抑制劑(squash trypsin inhibitor,squash TI)環(huán)肽亞家族[48](圖2)。相鄰半胱氨酸(C)之間的環(huán)區(qū)被標(biāo)注為1~6。一般而言,M?bius和bracelet亞家族大環(huán)肽的環(huán)區(qū)1包括1個(gè)保守的谷氨酸(E);M?bius亞家族大環(huán)肽序列長(zhǎng)度多為28~29個(gè)氨基酸,其環(huán)區(qū)5包含1個(gè)標(biāo)志性的脯氨酸(P);bracelet亞家族序列長(zhǎng)度多為30~32個(gè)氨基酸;squash TI亞家族大環(huán)肽分布于葫蘆科植物,序列長(zhǎng)度多為33~34個(gè)氨基酸,且環(huán)區(qū)序列與其他亞家族差異較大,諸如環(huán)區(qū)1和6。盡管不同亞家族都具有CCK結(jié)構(gòu),但它們組成環(huán)的氨基酸殘基不一樣,因此活性也截然不同。如M?bius亞家族中的kalata B1,谷氨酸是調(diào)節(jié)其生物活性的重要氨基酸殘基,一旦發(fā)生酯化反應(yīng)其生物活性就會(huì)降低[49];而bracelet亞家族環(huán)5含有成簇的帶電氨基酸,能產(chǎn)生微摩爾單位抑菌效果,強(qiáng)于M?bius亞家族[38]。有研究表明,化學(xué)修飾的環(huán)肽衍生物,其中單個(gè)殘基相繼被丙氨酸取代,證實(shí)在環(huán)肽表面有一片殘基聚集,對(duì)生物活性很重要[15]。有研究表明蛋氨酸殘基的氧化導(dǎo)致生物活性的喪失,增強(qiáng)了疏水區(qū)域?qū)δは嗷プ饔玫闹匾訹45]。研究表明細(xì)胞毒性活性和它們的疏水性之間并沒(méi)有很強(qiáng)的相關(guān)性。相反,似乎更像是帶電和疏水氨基酸殘基的分布決定了最終的效力。此外,研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),雖然谷氨酸殘基在維持bracelet亞家族環(huán)肽cycloviolacin O2的活性非常重要,但在M?bius環(huán)肽中卻不太重要;而且在bracelet亞家族中,含有幾個(gè)陽(yáng)離子殘基的環(huán)肽的活性略高于中性凈電荷的活性[38]。
圖A中粗線表示二硫鍵,圖B中二硫鍵和首尾環(huán)化均用直線表示
對(duì)帶電氨基酸殘基谷氨酸、精氨酸、賴氨酸、色氨酸進(jìn)行化學(xué)修飾,研究發(fā)現(xiàn),色氨酸殘基對(duì)M?bius亞家族環(huán)肽varv A和bracelet亞家族環(huán)肽cycloviolacin O2的生物活性具有同等重要意義[38];對(duì)M?bius亞家族中varv A的谷氨酸進(jìn)行修飾,其活性降低300%;而在bracelet亞家族中cycloviolacin O2,對(duì)谷氨酸進(jìn)行酯化會(huì)使活性大幅度降低[49]。對(duì)谷氨酸修飾后的大環(huán)肽進(jìn)行核磁結(jié)構(gòu)鑒定,顯示甲基化或乙?;揎椨绊慶ycloviolacin O2環(huán)3處α-螺旋的氫鍵形成。氫鍵的缺失明顯影響了α-螺旋的柔韌性,使其生物學(xué)活性大大降低[50]。修飾kalata B1的谷氨酸或用谷氨酸代替kalata B12中的天冬氨酸,會(huì)降低氧化折疊效率,對(duì)谷氨酸進(jìn)行化學(xué)修飾,環(huán)肽的生物活性會(huì)喪失;因此,谷氨酸的存在提高了環(huán)肽的穩(wěn)定性,并且對(duì)于環(huán)肽的細(xì)胞膜破壞活性至關(guān)重要[51]。cycloviolacin O2中帶電的谷氨酸和賴氨酸殘基的化學(xué)掩蔽導(dǎo)致對(duì)沙門(mén)氏菌的活性幾乎完全喪失,而掩蔽精氨酸,活性則降低不太明顯[52]。
環(huán)肽具有跨膜屏障和進(jìn)入細(xì)胞的能力;特別是Mobius和bracelet亞家族的環(huán)肽已被發(fā)現(xiàn)具有脂質(zhì)結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域,這允許特異性識(shí)別生物膜中的磷脂酰乙醇胺(phosphatidylethanolamine,PE),這種脂質(zhì)選擇性與環(huán)肽高度保守的三維結(jié)構(gòu)密切相關(guān),對(duì)其報(bào)道的生物學(xué)活性和細(xì)胞穿透能力具有重要意義[53];如kalata B1可以通過(guò)細(xì)胞內(nèi)吞途徑或直接膜易位進(jìn)入細(xì)胞,就是通過(guò)將PE磷脂靶向細(xì)胞表面并誘導(dǎo)膜變形來(lái)啟動(dòng)通路的[54]。kalata B1的抗HIV活性也是因?yàn)樗哂邪邢蚝推茐腍IV毒顆粒膜的能力,這些顆粒膜是富含PE磷脂的膜[55]。而胰蛋白酶抑制劑家族中缺少這種與細(xì)胞膜結(jié)合的結(jié)構(gòu),使得其具有不同于其他類型大環(huán)肽的理化性質(zhì)與生物活性,但仍能透過(guò)細(xì)胞膜。Shenkarev等[56]采用dodecyl- phosphocholine micelles作為細(xì)胞膜模型,通過(guò)特異性識(shí)別細(xì)胞膜上的PE,測(cè)定kalataB1與細(xì)胞膜結(jié)合的方位。但這種具體作用機(jī)制尚不明確。
由于環(huán)肽潛在的藥理應(yīng)用,其抗HIV活性得到了廣泛研究。近年來(lái),來(lái)自bracelet和M?bius亞家族的環(huán)肽被證明有抗HIV活性,見(jiàn)表2。
研究表明,cycloviolacin O2可能是靶向單核細(xì)胞中HIV-1的理想候選物,它們被納入輔助治療方法可能會(huì)提高HIV-1蛋白酶抑制劑的療效,并最終促進(jìn)病毒的消除[61]。最新研究表明,cycloviolacin O2的膜活性可能有助于抑制病毒載量并提高抗逆轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒藥物的療效[63]。
表2 具有抗HIV活性的環(huán)肽分布
相對(duì)于其他抗菌肽,環(huán)肽抗腫瘤活性最突出的特點(diǎn)表現(xiàn)在選擇性對(duì)腫瘤細(xì)胞發(fā)揮細(xì)胞毒性[19,60,64]。從香堇菜中分離出了環(huán)肽cycloviolacin O2,該環(huán)肽能夠分解人淋巴瘤細(xì)胞系U-937 GTB細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞膜,對(duì)鈣黃綠素負(fù)載的HeLa細(xì)胞和脂質(zhì)體的功能研究顯示,它們各自的內(nèi)容物以濃度相關(guān)性快速釋放[65]。目前的結(jié)果表明,環(huán)肽具有特定的細(xì)胞膜破壞活性。從紫花地丁中提取出了viphi A、F、G均對(duì)腫瘤MM96L、HeLa、BGC-823細(xì)胞系和非腫瘤HFF-1細(xì)胞系顯示出了細(xì)胞毒活性[20]。Yeshak等[66]在中發(fā)現(xiàn)了vaby A、D 2種環(huán)肽,它們均對(duì)淋巴瘤細(xì)胞系U-937 GTB細(xì)胞表現(xiàn)出劑量相關(guān)性細(xì)胞毒性。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)vaby A、D在其序列中都含有帶電荷的殘基,但vaby A的凈電荷是中性的,而vaby D是帶負(fù)電荷的肽。據(jù)報(bào)道,環(huán)肽的細(xì)胞毒性活性與其凈電荷含量和帶電殘基含量相關(guān)[67]。Gerlach等[68]在雙花堇菜中發(fā)現(xiàn)了環(huán)肽psyle A、C、E并且研究發(fā)現(xiàn)它們對(duì)淋巴瘤細(xì)胞系U-937 GTB細(xì)胞顯示出了濃度相關(guān)性細(xì)胞毒性。Claeson等[69]對(duì)田野堇菜進(jìn)行了初步篩選的分級(jí)。使用葡聚糖凝膠LH-20吸附色譜法,活性化合物被濃縮成2個(gè)級(jí)分,用反相色譜法從這2個(gè)級(jí)分中分離出varv A、F;而Lindholm等[19]檢測(cè)了Varv A、F對(duì)10種人類腫瘤細(xì)胞系的細(xì)胞系,表現(xiàn)出了對(duì)不同細(xì)胞系有不同的影響,半數(shù)抑制濃度(IC50)值為2.7~7.5 μmol/L。就目前而言,環(huán)肽分子的體外實(shí)驗(yàn)比較廣泛,體內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)較少,而急性毒性實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)壳吧袩o(wú)研究。因此,環(huán)肽的細(xì)胞毒活性作用要想在臨床上得到廣泛的應(yīng)用,就必須加強(qiáng)對(duì)體內(nèi)和急性毒性實(shí)驗(yàn)的研究。具有細(xì)胞毒活性的植物環(huán)肽見(jiàn)表3。
表3 具有細(xì)胞毒活性的植物環(huán)肽
目前研究主要報(bào)道了Mobius和bracelet 2類大環(huán)肽都存在抗菌活性[52,72],其抗菌機(jī)制可能是由于它們分子表面不同區(qū)域兼有疏水區(qū)和親水區(qū)而具備兩性分子的特性。Pr?nting等[52]在香堇菜中用反相高效液相色譜法分離出典型的環(huán)肽,包括Mobius亞族kalata B1和bracelet亞族cycloviolacin O2。用放射擴(kuò)散法和最低抑菌濃度實(shí)驗(yàn)及時(shí)間-殺菌動(dòng)力學(xué)的方法研究環(huán)肽對(duì)大腸桿菌、抗沙門(mén)氏菌血清型鼠傷寒沙門(mén)氏菌LT2和金黃色葡萄球菌3種細(xì)菌的抗菌活性。結(jié)果表明cycloviolacin O2對(duì)沙門(mén)氏菌血清型鼠傷寒沙門(mén)氏菌LT2和大腸桿菌的抑制活性較強(qiáng);cycloviolacin O2能夠有效殺死革蘭陰性菌,包括耐藥菌株肺炎克雷伯菌和銅綠假單胞菌,Pr?nting等[52]認(rèn)為這與帶電的谷氨酸和賴氨酸殘基的化學(xué)掩蔽有關(guān)。
G?ransson等[73]研究了從香堇菜中分離得到的cycloviolacin O2對(duì)海洋污損生物藤壺的作用,結(jié)果表明cycloviolacin O2對(duì)藤壺具有抑制作用,且呈量效關(guān)系。藤壺是最具代表性的海洋污損生物,隸屬于節(jié)肢動(dòng)物門(mén)()、甲殼綱()、圍胸目(),它的幼蟲(chóng)在海水中漂浮15~20 d,逐漸成熟附著在潮間帶的礁石以及船只等設(shè)施的表面,分泌出有強(qiáng)吸附作用的藤壺膠,滲入到附著物的表面縫隙及微孔結(jié)構(gòu)里,形成十分強(qiáng)大的吸附力,破壞這些表面[74-75]。藤壺又稱海洋附著生物,當(dāng)它大量繁衍且未能及時(shí)清理就會(huì)造成很大的危害,如給水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖和航運(yùn)帶來(lái)了嚴(yán)重的技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題。而且cycloviolacin O2對(duì)藤壺的作用在生物測(cè)定中是可逆和無(wú)毒的。因此,cycloviolacin O2在凈化海洋環(huán)境中有很好的應(yīng)用前景。還有研究表明cycloviolacin O2吞噬指數(shù)增加,證明其在體內(nèi)的抗葡萄球菌活性可能與吞噬活性有關(guān),此外還與直接的抗致病活性有關(guān)[76]。具有殺蟲(chóng)活性和抗菌活性的植物環(huán)肽見(jiàn)表4。
據(jù)報(bào)道,許多環(huán)肽具有溶血活性,并且它們?cè)隗w內(nèi)與膜相互作用[5]。Wang等[18]從光瓣堇菜中發(fā)現(xiàn)環(huán)肽cycloviolacins Y4、Y5具有溶血活性。將這2種環(huán)肽用于人類紅細(xì)胞的體外溶血活性實(shí)驗(yàn)研究,并以蜂毒素作為陽(yáng)性對(duì)照,結(jié)果表明這兩種環(huán)肽的半數(shù)溶血(HD50)值均低于蜂毒素的HD50值,且二者溶血活性都比原型環(huán)肽kalata B1更強(qiáng)。Tang等[71]探究了三色堇菜的9種環(huán)肽提取物以蜂毒素為陽(yáng)性對(duì)照對(duì)人類血紅細(xì)胞的溶血活性試驗(yàn),結(jié)果表明,環(huán)肽具有不同程度的溶血活性,HD50值范圍為4.29~225.90 μmol/L。Vitri B溶血作用最小,vitri D溶血作用最強(qiáng)。具有溶血活性的植物環(huán)肽見(jiàn)表5。
表4 具有殺蟲(chóng)活性和抗菌活性的植物環(huán)肽分布
表5 具有溶血活性的植物環(huán)肽分布
環(huán)肽還具有蛋白酶抑制活性,目前從堇菜屬植物中發(fā)現(xiàn)了4種環(huán)肽cycloviolacin O13、14、16、24具有蛋白酶抑制活性。Ireland等[11]以kalata B1為陽(yáng)性對(duì)照,考察了這4種環(huán)肽對(duì)胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、嗜熱菌蛋白酶的抑制作用,結(jié)果顯示kalata B1在5 min內(nèi)即完全降解,環(huán)肽在6 h時(shí)還均未降解。充分證明環(huán)肽可以抑制蛋白酶的降解。環(huán)肽還能促進(jìn)子宮收縮,如Gran[1,79]對(duì)kalata-kalata植物的沸水提取物進(jìn)行分離發(fā)現(xiàn)了具有子宮收縮活性的kalata B1,并作用于大鼠、兔子和人,它們的子宮收縮肌呈OT狀。研究確定了天然kalata B1和2種嫁接環(huán)肽(緩激肽拮抗劑CKB-KAL和CKB-KIN)在大鼠中通過(guò)口服和靜脈注射的藥動(dòng)學(xué)參數(shù),并為天然和接枝環(huán)肽提供了可參考的藥動(dòng)學(xué)參數(shù)。本研究表明,天然和嫁接環(huán)肽的體內(nèi)生物半衰期與臨床使用的肽類藥物相當(dāng),所測(cè)試的環(huán)肽具有與市場(chǎng)上的肽類藥物相當(dāng)?shù)母叩乃幬镄?,暗示了低可能性的非靶點(diǎn)效應(yīng)和毒性,因此是一種可行的藥物設(shè)計(jì)支架,具有可調(diào)節(jié)的藥動(dòng)學(xué)性質(zhì)[80]。
近10年,植物環(huán)肽在醫(yī)藥學(xué)領(lǐng)域不斷發(fā)展,在藥物中得到了應(yīng)用。Thongyoo等[81]和Sommerhoff等[82]用減少環(huán)肽環(huán)6中的殘基數(shù)量,或設(shè)計(jì)1種嵌合環(huán)肽,其中部分序列被結(jié)構(gòu)相似的蛋白酶抑制劑片段所取代的方法研究開(kāi)發(fā)了β-類胰蛋白酶抑制劑環(huán)肽,可作為治療過(guò)敏性哮喘和炎癥性疾病的治療靶點(diǎn)。通過(guò)針對(duì)合成肽庫(kù)篩選蛋白酶、分子建模或使用相關(guān)抑制劑的已知特異性數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)鑒定環(huán)肽序列替換,用序列替換的方法開(kāi)發(fā)出了人凝血因子X(jué)IIa和基質(zhì)蛋白酶抑制劑,用這種方法主要是替換環(huán)肽環(huán)1的序列,因?yàn)榄h(huán)1是squash TI亞家族環(huán)肽的主要結(jié)合環(huán)[83-84]。SET蛋白能夠抑制癌基因蛋白磷酸酶2A(PP2A)發(fā)揮作用,COG肽是SET蛋白的有效拮抗劑;但由于COG肽水解穩(wěn)定性差及生物利用低,導(dǎo)致COG肽的應(yīng)用受到了限制。D’Souza等[85]將COG肽嫁接到超穩(wěn)定的環(huán)肽支架MCoTI-II上,變成嫁接環(huán)肽MCOG,研究表明MCOG對(duì)癌細(xì)胞具有細(xì)胞毒性,在人血清中具有較高的穩(wěn)定性,證明了環(huán)肽MCoTI-II在開(kāi)發(fā)用于治療癌癥的肽藥物中的應(yīng)用。2015年,從熱帶雨林植物堇菜科植物(P. Beauv.) Kuntze發(fā)現(xiàn)環(huán)肽riden A,具有微弱的促進(jìn)子宮收縮作用,在尼日利亞西南部發(fā)現(xiàn)有部分牧民利用該植物來(lái)幫助動(dòng)物分娩,但在民族醫(yī)學(xué)中,還需要在更大的范圍內(nèi)進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的研究[86]。細(xì)胞穿透肽是細(xì)胞內(nèi)傳遞親水分子的理想載體,但它們作為藥物的應(yīng)用因其在血清中的低穩(wěn)定性而受到損害,Huang等[87]對(duì)藥物設(shè)計(jì)中研究最廣泛的環(huán)肽支架之一MCoTI-II進(jìn)行了修飾,修飾后的MCoTI-II與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)細(xì)胞穿透肽一樣有效,并且細(xì)胞內(nèi)化效率更高,還保持了所有所需的特征作為模板來(lái)移植所需的生物活性。環(huán)肽[T20K] kalata B1經(jīng)口服給藥可顯著延緩和減輕小鼠自身免疫性腦髓炎的癥狀,抑制淋巴細(xì)胞增殖和減少促炎細(xì)胞因子,特別是白細(xì)胞介素-2,環(huán)肽嚴(yán)重阻礙了疾病的進(jìn)展,沒(méi)有表現(xiàn)出不良反應(yīng)。因此,環(huán)肽是作為治療T細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的疾病的肽藥物[88]。
植物環(huán)肽獨(dú)特的結(jié)構(gòu)骨架、廣泛的生物活性、潛在的生物可獲得性以及目前研究所顯示出的分子多樣性使得植物環(huán)肽成為一類在醫(yī)藥和植物保護(hù)上極有應(yīng)用前景的物質(zhì)。植物環(huán)肽一方面由于其內(nèi)在的活性可能被直接用作藥物或作為新藥研究和設(shè)計(jì)的優(yōu)良先導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu);另一方面由于其精確的三維結(jié)構(gòu)、高穩(wěn)定性和其中一些環(huán)區(qū)中氨基酸殘基的可變性,可連接其他新穎活性物質(zhì)而成為在多肽藥物設(shè)計(jì)上非常有用的支架。環(huán)肽已被證明能夠滲透人類細(xì)胞膜,并能夠有效地靶向蛋白質(zhì)-蛋白質(zhì)在體外的相互作用,但更重要的是在動(dòng)物模型中。雖然還沒(méi)有環(huán)肽達(dá)到人類臨床試驗(yàn),但從動(dòng)物模型中獲得幾種生物活性環(huán)肽的結(jié)果表明,這在不久的將來(lái)可能會(huì)發(fā)生。植物環(huán)肽對(duì)腫瘤細(xì)胞具有很強(qiáng)的細(xì)胞毒活性,不會(huì)影響正常細(xì)胞的正常生長(zhǎng),有望成為一類高效低毒的抗腫瘤藥物。在非洲傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)藥中,環(huán)肽促進(jìn)子宮收縮活性已經(jīng)得到廣泛的應(yīng)用,但還有待于現(xiàn)代醫(yī)藥學(xué)研究技術(shù)將其開(kāi)發(fā)為高效低毒藥物應(yīng)用于臨床。植物環(huán)肽還具有強(qiáng)殺蟲(chóng)活性,推測(cè)它可以用基因工程方法構(gòu)建抗飛蛾及相關(guān)昆蟲(chóng)的轉(zhuǎn)基因植物,以實(shí)現(xiàn)潛在的植物農(nóng)藥應(yīng)用價(jià)值。但目前植物環(huán)肽藥理研究還存在許多不足,各種藥理活性的作用機(jī)制還有待進(jìn)一步明確。綜上所述,植物環(huán)肽在醫(yī)藥學(xué)領(lǐng)域具有很大的應(yīng)用空間及開(kāi)發(fā)價(jià)值,需要不斷克服在研究過(guò)程中出現(xiàn)的不足與困難,將植物環(huán)肽早日應(yīng)用于臨床。
利益沖突 所有作者均聲明不存在利益沖突
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Research progress on biological activities and action mechanisms of cyclotides in plants
QIN Ting, ZHANG Jun
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Candidate Drugs, School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
Cyclotide is a plant-derived remarkable-stable peptide, which consists of a head-to-tail cyclization skeleton and a cyclic cysteine knot formed by three disulfide bonds. Compared with other similar peptides, the unique topological chemical structure of cyclotides makes them extremely stable to chemical, thermal and biological degradation, and their super-strong stability make them become attractive subject in the field of medicine and pharmacy. Cyclotides in plants are a new field of plant research. Because of their various biological activities, they have attracted extensive attention and exploration from many scientific researchers. The low stability and low delivery efficiency of polypeptide drugs hinder their development, while the existence of cyclotides in plants provides a new way to solve the existing problems of polypeptide drugs. The pharmacological activities and mechanisms of cyclotides in plants are summarized in this paper, which provides theoretical basis for the development of cyclotides in plants into drugs for clinical application.
cyclotides in plants; cyclic cysteine knot; biological activities; mechanism of action; anti-tumor; antibacterial; insecticidal; hemolysis
R284.194
A
0253 - 2670(2021)01 - 0255 - 12
10.7501/j.issn.0253-2670.2021.01.031
2020-04-25
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(31570506);廣東藥科大學(xué)創(chuàng)新強(qiáng)校項(xiàng)目(2017KCXTD020)
覃 婷(1995—),女(壯族),碩士研究生,研究方向?yàn)橹参锃h(huán)肽功能研究。E-mail: Qting016@163.com
張 軍(1980—),男,碩士生導(dǎo)師,副教授,研究方向?yàn)閺氖轮参锼幱霉δ芑蜓芯俊-mail: lsszhangj@gdpu.edu.cn
[責(zé)任編輯 崔艷麗]