李樹峰 許婷
【摘要】 目的:系統(tǒng)評價(jià)B族維生素對老年認(rèn)知障礙患者認(rèn)知能力改善的有效性。方法:用計(jì)算機(jī)檢索PubMed、Embase、The Cochrane Library(2020年第1期)、Web of Science、Science Direct、Scopus、CNKI、Wangfang Data、VIP等數(shù)據(jù)庫,搜集B族維生素對老年認(rèn)知障礙患者的隨機(jī)對照試驗(yàn)(randomized controlled trial,RCT),檢索時(shí)限從建庫至2020年1月。文獻(xiàn)的篩選、數(shù)據(jù)的提取以及納入研究質(zhì)量的評估均由兩位研究者獨(dú)立完成。運(yùn)用均數(shù)差(MD)或標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化均數(shù)差(SMD)及其95%可信區(qū)間(CI)評估干預(yù)效應(yīng)值。結(jié)果:共納入12篇RCT,1 698例患者。B族維生素可顯著降低血漿同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine,Hcy)的含量[MD=-3.86,95%CI(-5.17,-2.56),P<0.01],并可在一定程度上改善老年認(rèn)知障礙患者的總體認(rèn)知功能[SMD=0.26,95%CI(0.03,0.48),P<0.01],但對記憶力的作用卻不顯著[SMD=0.204,95%CI(-0.20,0.29),P=0.09]。結(jié)論:對于老年認(rèn)知障礙患者,臨床醫(yī)師和健康教育工作者可推薦其使用B族維生素用于降低血漿Hcy,改善總體認(rèn)知功能。此外,受納入研究的質(zhì)量和數(shù)量限制,上述結(jié)論還需要更多高質(zhì)量、多中心、大樣本的RCT予以驗(yàn)證。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 輕度認(rèn)知障礙 阿爾茨海默病 系統(tǒng)評價(jià) Meta分析 隨機(jī)對照試驗(yàn)
Meta-analysis of the Effectiveness of B Vitamins in Elderly Patients with Cognitive Impairment/LI Shufeng, XU Ting. //Medical Innovation of China, 2021, 18(13): -160
[Abstract] Objective: To systematically evaluate the effectiveness of B vitamins in improving cognitive ability in elderly patients with cognitive impairment. Method: PubMed, Embase, The Cochrane Library (Issue 1, 2020), Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, CNKI, Wangfang Data, VIP and other databases were searched by computer. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of vitamin B on elderly patients with cognitive impairment were collected. The retrieval time was from the establishment of the database to January 2020. The literature screening, data extraction and quality assessment of included studies were completed independently by two researchers. Mean difference (MD) or standardized mean difference (SMD) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to evaluate the effect size of the intervention. Result: A total of 12 RCTs involving 1 698 patients were included. B vitamins can significantly reduce the plasma homocysteine (Hcy) content [MD=-3.86, 95%CI(-5.17,-2.56), P<0.01]. It also improved the overall cognitive function of elderly patients with cognitive impairment to a certain extent [SMD=0.26, 95%CI(0.03, 0.48), P<0.01], but had no significant effect on memory [SMD=0.204, 95%CI(-0.20, 0.29), P=0.09]. Conclusion: For elderly patients with cognitive impairment, clinicians and health educators may recommend the use of B vitamins to reduce plasma Hcy and improve overall cognitive function. In addition, due to the limitation of the quality and quantity of the included studies, the above conclusions need to be verified by more high-quality, multi-center and large-sample RCTs.
[Key words] Mild cognitive impairment Alzheimers disease Systematic review Meta analysis Randomized controlled trial
First-authors address: Fenyang College Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang 032200, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2021.13.038
隨著全球人口老齡化的加劇,人群中認(rèn)知障礙的發(fā)病率和患病率逐年提高,據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)65歲以上的人群中,大約有6.5%的人受認(rèn)知障礙的困擾,這將影響全球數(shù)千萬人的健康[1]。阿爾茨海默?。ˋlzheimers disease,AD)是老年人中最常見的一種癡呆癥,以認(rèn)知功能下降、記憶力減退為主要特征。輕度認(rèn)知障礙(mild cognitive impairment,MCI)被認(rèn)為是介于正常老化和臨床癡呆之間的短暫狀態(tài)[2-3]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),MCI和AD患者與認(rèn)知能力正常的人相比,B族維生素水平普遍較低而血漿同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine,Hcy)的水平較高,這兩種改變與認(rèn)知損傷相關(guān),可作為認(rèn)知障礙發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[4-5]。臨床上通常用膽堿酶抑制劑(如多奈哌齊等)或興奮性氨基酸受體拮抗劑(如鹽酸美金剛)作為MCI和AD的常規(guī)治療手段,在此基礎(chǔ)上補(bǔ)充B族維生素可能會延緩MCI向AD轉(zhuǎn)變及AD病情的進(jìn)一步惡化,但其確切療效尚不明確[6]。國內(nèi)外關(guān)于B族維生素改善老年認(rèn)知障礙患者的隨機(jī)對照實(shí)驗(yàn)(randomized controlled trial,RCT)很多,但其作用療效存在爭議[7-9]。因此運(yùn)用Meta分析對其臨床療效進(jìn)行評價(jià)很有必要,可以為認(rèn)知功能障礙相關(guān)疾病的預(yù)防和治療提供參考,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)研究類型:B族維生素治療老年認(rèn)知障礙患者認(rèn)知能力的RCT。(2)研究對象:診斷有MCI或AD患者,且符合Petersen criteria、DSM-Ⅴ或NINCDS-ADRDA的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。(3)干預(yù)措施:試驗(yàn)組使用B族維生素(如維生素B12、維生素B6或葉酸)的一種或多種;對照組使用安慰劑。(4)結(jié)局指標(biāo):①血漿Hcy含量;②總體認(rèn)知功能;③記憶力。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)現(xiàn)況研究、隊(duì)列研究、病例對照研究、信件、會議摘要等。(2)涉及健康人群或其他癡呆類型,如路易體癡呆(dementia with Lewy body,DLB)、帕金森病癡呆(parkinson disease with dementia,PDD)和血管性癡呆(vascular dementia,VaD)等。(3)非中文或英文、重復(fù)發(fā)表、無法獲取原文的文獻(xiàn)。
1.2 檢索策略 系統(tǒng)檢索PubMed、Embase、The Cochrane Library、Web of Science、Science Direct、Scopus、CNKI、Wangfang Data、VIP等中英文數(shù)據(jù)庫,檢索時(shí)限為從建庫起至2020年1月。此外,還從納入的RCT以及相關(guān)的研究綜述的參考文獻(xiàn)列表中獲取更多的相關(guān)研究。文獻(xiàn)的檢索按照系統(tǒng)綜述的PICOS原則,采用主題詞和自由詞結(jié)合、截詞符、限制字段、過濾器等檢索手段,在保證查全率的情況下,盡量提高查準(zhǔn)率。
1.3 文獻(xiàn)篩選和數(shù)據(jù)提取 由兩位研究者對上述檢索到的文獻(xiàn)題錄獨(dú)立篩選和數(shù)據(jù)提取,如遇分歧,則協(xié)商解決。將不同數(shù)據(jù)庫檢索到的題錄導(dǎo)入到文獻(xiàn)管理軟件EndNote X9中,合并查重,去除重復(fù)的文獻(xiàn)。閱讀題目和摘要根據(jù)納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)刪除明顯不相關(guān)的文獻(xiàn),然后進(jìn)一步閱讀全文確定最終要納入的RCT。提取的資料信息包括:(1)題目、發(fā)表年份、作者、國家;(2)研究對象的患病狀態(tài)、平均年齡、性別比例等基本信息,以及對照組和試驗(yàn)組樣本數(shù)、干預(yù)藥物的種類、劑量和療程;(3)結(jié)局指標(biāo)的測量數(shù)據(jù)。如果納入研究報(bào)告的數(shù)據(jù)不足(缺失、不一致或有任何其他不確定性),將聯(lián)系通信作者獲取更多的數(shù)據(jù)。
1.4 質(zhì)量評價(jià)和統(tǒng)計(jì)分析 由兩位研究者參照J(rèn)adad量表對納入的研究進(jìn)行質(zhì)量評價(jià),運(yùn)用Revman 5.3進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。對于連續(xù)變量的結(jié)局指標(biāo),如果其測量方法和單位相同則采用均數(shù)差(MD),否則采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化均數(shù)差(SMD)評估效應(yīng)值。采用字2檢驗(yàn)統(tǒng)計(jì)量進(jìn)行異質(zhì)性分析(檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn)設(shè)為α=0.1),并結(jié)合I2判斷異質(zhì)性的大小,并據(jù)此選擇隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型或固定效應(yīng)模型。逐一排除納入的RCT并比較前后的結(jié)果差異,判斷其結(jié)果的穩(wěn)健性。對納入研究較多(n>10)的結(jié)局指標(biāo),通過漏斗圖分析發(fā)表偏倚。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 文獻(xiàn)檢索基本情況 共獲得文獻(xiàn)4 876篇,最終納入12篇RCT。8篇RCT[10-17]與MCI相關(guān),4篇RCT[18-21]與AD相關(guān)。文獻(xiàn)篩選流程及結(jié)果如圖1所示。
2.2 納入研究的基本特征 所納入的12篇文獻(xiàn)中均采用隨機(jī)化原則,所有研究兩組基線資料一致,具有可比性,基本特征見表1。
2.3 血漿Hcy含量 共納入8篇RCT[12-14,16,17,19-21]。各項(xiàng)研究的異質(zhì)性較大(I2=90%,P<0.01),運(yùn)用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型。Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,試驗(yàn)組血漿中Hcy水平顯著低于對照組[MD=-3.86,95%CI(-5.17,-2.56),P<0.01],見圖2。逐個(gè)剔除Jadad評分較低的RCT,剔除前后I2和MD的變化均較小,結(jié)果較為穩(wěn)健。該指標(biāo)納入的RCT較少(n=8),未進(jìn)行漏斗圖分析。
2.4 總體認(rèn)知功能 共納入10篇RCT[10-14,16,17,19-21]。各項(xiàng)研究的異質(zhì)性較大(I2=77%,P<0.01),運(yùn)用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型。Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,試驗(yàn)組和對照組的總體認(rèn)知功能差異顯著[SMD=0.26,95%CI(0.03,0.48),P=0.02],見圖3。逐個(gè)剔除Jadad評分較低的RCT,剔除前后I2和MD變化均較小,結(jié)果較為穩(wěn)健。根據(jù)上述10篇RCT繪制的漏斗圖對稱性較差,說明其存在發(fā)表性偏倚,見圖4。
2.5 記憶力 共納入5個(gè)RCT[10-12,14,18]。各項(xiàng)研究的異質(zhì)性適中(I2=50%,P=0.09),為了使結(jié)果保守增加臨床可信度,應(yīng)用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型。Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,B族維生素試驗(yàn)組與對照組的記憶力差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[SMD=0.04,95%CI(-0.20,0.29),P=0.72],見圖5。逐個(gè)剔除Jadad評分較低的RCT,剔除前后I2和MD的變化均較小,結(jié)果較為穩(wěn)健。該指標(biāo)納入的RCT較少(n=5),未進(jìn)行漏斗圖分析。
3 討論
本文共納入12篇RCT,研究對象共計(jì)1 698例。Meta分析結(jié)果顯示B族維生素可顯著降低血漿Hcy濃度,同時(shí)可改善老年認(rèn)知障礙患者的總體認(rèn)知功能,但對記憶力的影響不顯著。
有研究證明,血漿Hcy濃度升高和B族維生素含量降低是導(dǎo)致老年MCI和AD發(fā)生的潛在危險(xiǎn)因素[22-23]。葉酸、維生素B6和維生素B12在Hcy代謝通路中起重要作用,如果沒有足夠的維生素供應(yīng),Hcy會在細(xì)胞內(nèi)和血液中積聚。Tucker等[24]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)高水平Hcy可通過激活N-甲基-D-天門冬胺酸受體(NMDAR)而具有神經(jīng)細(xì)胞毒性引起神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞損傷和海馬萎縮,同時(shí)過量的Hcy會降低低甲基化電位,導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)、髓鞘的合成受損,并增加β-淀粉樣蛋白(Aβ)沉積,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致認(rèn)知障礙的發(fā)生。本Meta分析發(fā)現(xiàn),補(bǔ)充B族維生素可以通過降低Hcy改善老年認(rèn)知障礙患者的總體認(rèn)知功能,這一發(fā)現(xiàn)與文獻(xiàn)[25]相一致。de Jager等[12]的研究表明,B族維生素可能延緩MCI患者的記憶衰退,特別是那些Hcy濃度高的患者。然而,在這項(xiàng)Meta分析中納入的試驗(yàn)數(shù)量較少,需要更多的隨機(jī)對照試驗(yàn)來評估記憶力。
本文存在很多潛在局限性:(1)只評估已報(bào)告的隨機(jī)對照試驗(yàn),并未試圖獲得未發(fā)表的結(jié)果或包括非中英文出版物;(2)本文納入的RCTs在適應(yīng)證和給藥途徑上相似,但在每日劑量、B族維生素的種類、治療時(shí)間上存在差異,這些都可能導(dǎo)致不同的結(jié)果;(3)納入研究的Jadad評分2~5分不等,低質(zhì)量文獻(xiàn)5篇,雖然研究的真實(shí)性變異程度較高,但可能影響結(jié)果的可靠性。
總之,現(xiàn)有的證據(jù)表明補(bǔ)充B族維生素可以通過降低Hcy在一定程度上改善總體認(rèn)知功能,這為今后臨床醫(yī)師和健康教育工作者的預(yù)防和治療提供參考。此外,受納入研究的質(zhì)量和數(shù)量限制,上述結(jié)論還需要更多高質(zhì)量、多中心、大樣本的RCT予以驗(yàn)證。今后可通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)Meta分析篩選維生素B12、維生素B6或葉酸的最優(yōu)組合和最優(yōu)劑量,以獲得對老年認(rèn)知障礙患者認(rèn)知能力改善的最佳療效。
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(收稿日期:2020-08-11) (本文編輯:田婧)