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      馬來(lái)西亞產(chǎn)小果沉香所結(jié)沉香的GC-MS分析

      2021-09-14 14:51:30王軍梅文莉王昊王雅麗段瑞軍黃圣卓戴好富
      熱帶作物學(xué)報(bào) 2021年8期

      王軍 梅文莉 王昊 王雅麗 段瑞軍 黃圣卓 戴好富

      摘 ?要:采用乙醚超聲萃取法提取馬來(lái)西亞產(chǎn)小果沉香所結(jié)沉香的揮發(fā)性成分,運(yùn)用氣相色譜-質(zhì)譜(GC-MS)技術(shù)分析其化學(xué)成分,并與馬來(lái)西亞產(chǎn)白木香、柯拉斯那沉香和近全緣沉香結(jié)香樣品進(jìn)行對(duì)比分析。結(jié)果表明,小果沉香結(jié)香樣品揮發(fā)性成分的組成的主要為5,8-二羥基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮、對(duì)映-4(15)-桉葉烷-11-醇-1-酮、6-甲氧基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮和(1β,4αβ,7β,8αβ)-八氫-7-[1-(羥甲基)乙烯基]-1,8α-二甲基萘-4α(2H)-醇(相對(duì)百分含量均超過(guò)10%),栽培結(jié)香樣品與野生結(jié)香樣品區(qū)別較大,前者倍半萜類化合物相對(duì)百分含量明顯高于色酮類化合物,而后者則是色酮類化合物相對(duì)百分含量高于倍半萜類化合物或相當(dāng),前者倍半萜和色酮種類均較多,其中倍半萜的種類也多于色酮類化合物,其相對(duì)百分含量也較高,色酮的種類較少,其相對(duì)百分含量也較低,而后者倍半萜和色酮的種類均較少,其中倍半萜的種類多于色酮類化合物,但相對(duì)百分含量較低,而色酮的種類少,但相對(duì)百分含量卻較高。另外,有一種倍半萜類化學(xué)成分,即11,13-二羥基-9(10)-烯-8α,12-環(huán)氧艾里莫芬烷只在栽培小果沉香結(jié)香樣品中檢測(cè)到。此外,將小果沉香與白木香、柯拉斯那沉香、近全緣沉香結(jié)香樣品中揮發(fā)性成分對(duì)比分析發(fā)現(xiàn),其種類、相對(duì)百分含量與后三者均具有較大差異,所有樣品中僅有2種共有成分,即5,8-二羥基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮和6-甲氧基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮。

      關(guān)鍵詞:小果沉香;栽培結(jié)香樣品;野生結(jié)香樣品;GC-MS分析

      Abstract: The volatile components of agarwood from Aquilaria microcarpa in Malaysia were extracted by ether ultrasonic extraction and its chemical constituents were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and were compared with those from Malaysia such as A. sinensis, A. crassna and A. subintegra. The results indicated that 5,8-dihydroxy-2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone, ent-4(15)-eudesmen-11-ol-1-one, (1β,4αβ,7β,8αβ)-octahydro-7-[1-(hydrox y m ethyl) ethenyl]-1,8α-dimethylnaphthalen-4α(2H)-ol and 6-methoxy-2-(2-phenylethyl) chromone (the relative percen tages were all above 10%) were the main volatile components of A. microcarpa samples. There was a big difference between the agarwood samples from cultivated and wild tree, the relative percentage contents of sesquiterpenoids was significantly higher than that of chromones in the former, while the relative percentage contents of chromones was higher than that of sesquiterpenoids or equivalent in the latter. There were more kinds of sesquiterpenoids and chromones in the former, among which the kinds and the relative percentage contents of sesquiterpenoids were more than chromones. However, the latter were less, among which the kinds of sesquiterpenoids were more than chromones, but the relative percentage was relatively low, while the relative percentage of chromones was higher. In addition, a sesquiterpenoid of 11,13-dihydroxy- 9(10)-ene-8α,12-epoxyemophilane was only detected in the agarwood samples from cultivated samples of A. microcarpa. Moreover, the volatile components of Agarwood samples from A. microcarpa, A. sinensis, A. crassna and A. subintegra were compared and analyzed. The results showed that the kinds and relative percentage contents of compounds from A. microcarpa were significantly different from those of the latter three. There were only two common components in all samples, namely 5,8-dihydroxy-2-(2-phenylethyl) chromone and 6-methoxy- 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone.

      Keywords: Aquilaria microcarpa; cultivated agarwood samples; wild agarwood samples; GC-MS analysis

      馬來(lái)西亞野生分布有5種瑞香科(Thymel aeaceae)沉香屬(Aquilaria Lam.)植物,分別為小果沉香(A. microcarpa Baill.)、貝卡利沉香(A. beccariana Tiegh.)、馬來(lái)沉香(A. malaccensis Lam.)、毛沉香(A. hirta Ridl.)和絲沉香[A. filaria (Oken) Merr.],其中小果沉香和貝卡利沉香主要分布于東馬來(lái)西亞的砂拉越(Sarawak)地區(qū),而后3種則主要分布于西馬來(lái)西亞[1]。據(jù)調(diào)查與實(shí)地考察,近年來(lái),還有從其他國(guó)家引種至馬來(lái)西亞種植栽培的種類主要有白木香[A. sinensis (Lour.) Spreng.]、柯拉斯那沉香(A. crassna Pierre ex Lecomte)和近全緣沉香(A. subintegra Ding Hou)等。

      小果沉香被認(rèn)為是砂拉越地區(qū)重要的硬木之一[2],其為大喬木,高可達(dá)40?m,生于海拔低于200?m的低地雨林中,在馬來(lái)西亞砂拉越州廣布[3]。該種與馬來(lái)沉香形態(tài)特征相近,但其果實(shí)較小,雄蕊等于或短于花瓣,可與之區(qū)別[4]。到目前為止,有關(guān)其研究主要包括解剖學(xué)研究[2]、栽培生理[5-7]、營(yíng)養(yǎng)繁殖[8]、組織培養(yǎng)[9]、生殖生態(tài)學(xué)[10]、生物合成[11]、分子生物學(xué)與代謝組學(xué)[12-14]、與微生物互作[15-19]、微生物結(jié)香[20-21]、聲波層析成像技術(shù)探測(cè)沉香[22]等,而對(duì)其相關(guān)的化學(xué)成分和藥理活性的研究報(bào)道較少,如接菌結(jié)香小果沉香葉片甲醇提取物的抗氧化活性成分[23];小果沉香莖皮中的酚類化合物(phenolic)[24];小果沉香莖皮中的黃酮類化合物(flavonoid)[25];小果沉香結(jié)香樣品乙醇提取物對(duì)金黃色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)和奇異變形桿菌(Proteus mirabilis)的抗菌活性實(shí)驗(yàn)[26];酚類物質(zhì)在小果沉香中作用[27];小果沉香的接菌結(jié)香樣品提取物(Kemedangan)抗氧化活性研究[28]。而有關(guān)小果沉香結(jié)香樣品中化學(xué)成分方面未有報(bào)道,因此,本文在前期調(diào)查取樣的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)小果沉香結(jié)香樣品的揮發(fā)性成分進(jìn)行了GC- MS分析,并與馬來(lái)西亞產(chǎn)白木香、柯拉斯那沉香和近全緣沉香的結(jié)香樣品揮發(fā)性成分進(jìn)行了對(duì)比分析,旨在為小果沉香的進(jìn)一步深入研究提供依據(jù)。

      1 ?材料與方法

      1.1 ?材料

      1.1.1 ?材料與試劑 ?9份樣品中有6份采自東馬來(lái)西亞砂拉越州,其中2份購(gòu)自砂拉越與印度尼西亞邊境小鎮(zhèn)Serikin市場(chǎng),2份樣品采自西馬來(lái)西亞柔佛州(Johor),1份采自森美蘭州(Sembilan),樣品信息見(jiàn)表1。S1~S6樣品由砂拉越森林局(Sarawak Forest Bureau)Dawend jiwaN(大文吉灣)先生鑒定其基源植物為小果沉香(Aquilaria microcarpa Baill.),S7~S9由王軍博士和馬來(lái)西亞鐘楠貴先生共同依次鑒定其基源植物為白木香[A. sinensis (Lour.) Spreng.]、柯拉斯那沉香(A. crassna Pierre ex Lecomte)和近全緣沉香(A. subintegra Ding Hou)。所有輸液法結(jié)香技術(shù)均為中國(guó)熱帶農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院熱帶生物技術(shù)研究所研發(fā)的整樹(shù)結(jié)香技術(shù)。憑證標(biāo)本均存放于中國(guó)熱帶農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院熱帶生物技術(shù)研究所。

      使用的試劑均為分析純。

      1.1.2 ?儀器與設(shè)備 ?Agilent 7820A-Agilent 5977E氣質(zhì)聯(lián)用儀,美國(guó)安捷倫公司;色譜柱為HP-5MS 5% Phenyl Methyl Siloxane(30?mm×0.25?mm× 0.25?μm)彈性石英毛細(xì)管柱;EN2062電子秤,上海民僑精密科學(xué)儀器有限公司;B5510E-MT超聲波清洗儀,美國(guó)Bransonic公司。

      1.2 ?方法

      1.2.1 ?樣品制備 ?選取6份小果沉香與各1份的白木香、柯拉斯那沉香和近全緣沉香(共9份)體積相同的結(jié)香樹(shù)干,分別去除白木,將沉香和其余部位分開(kāi)。將沉香塊分別粉粹后,再均勻混合,各取20?g,分別加入60?mL乙醚溶劑進(jìn)行超聲提取3次,每次超聲30?min,靜置5?min后過(guò)濾得到乙醚提取液,合并3次提取液,揮干后得到油狀提取物。分別取油狀提取物適量,配制成1?mg/mL的待測(cè)樣品溶液。

      1.2.2 ?GC-MS分析條件 ?(1)色譜條件。色譜柱為HP-5MS 5% Phenyl Methyl Siloxane(30?m× 0.25?mm×0.25?μm)彈性石英毛細(xì)管柱。升溫程序:柱溫50?℃,以5?℃/min升溫至310?℃,保持10?min。汽化室溫度250?℃;載氣為高純He(99.999%);載氣流量1.0?mL/min;不分流進(jìn)樣;溶劑延遲時(shí)間4.0?min。

      (2)質(zhì)譜條件。電子轟擊(EI)離子源;電子能量70?eV;離子源溫度230?℃;四極桿溫度150?℃;接口溫度280?℃;發(fā)射電流34.6?μA;倍增器電壓1612 V;質(zhì)量掃描范圍40~800?m/z。

      2 ?結(jié)果與分析

      9份沉香樣品乙醚提取物的總離子流圖見(jiàn)圖1,對(duì)總離子流圖中的各峰經(jīng)質(zhì)譜數(shù)據(jù)系統(tǒng)檢索及核對(duì)Nist2005和Wiley275標(biāo)準(zhǔn)質(zhì)譜圖,并借鑒前人的鑒定方法[29-32],結(jié)合質(zhì)譜圖與文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行對(duì)照,并用峰面積歸一化法測(cè)定色譜峰在樣品中的總相對(duì)含量分別為小果沉香S1~S6:67.81%、82.83%、96.44%、96.66%、100.00%、68.49%和白木香(98.87%)、柯拉斯那沉香(100.00%)和近全緣沉香(94.16%),具體見(jiàn)表2。所檢測(cè)和鑒定的倍半萜和色酮個(gè)數(shù)和相對(duì)百分含量分別為S1:倍半萜10個(gè)(34.39%)、色酮3個(gè)(30.93%),其中含量最大的成分為5,8-二羥基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮(28.35%),其次為奇楠愈創(chuàng)木酮(8.23%);S2:倍半萜19個(gè)(63.38%)、色酮4個(gè)(18.42%),其中含量最大的成分為對(duì)映-4(15)-桉葉烷-11-醇- 1-酮(20.04%),其次為5,8-二羥基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮(13.69%);S3:倍半萜19個(gè)(76.50%)、色酮3個(gè)(17.83%),其中含量最大的成分為對(duì)映- 4(15)-桉葉烷-11-醇-1-酮(20.96%),其次為5,8-二羥基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮(16.87%);S4:倍半萜17個(gè)(61.67%)、色酮6個(gè)(34.99%),其中含量最大的成分為5,8-二羥基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮(14.96%),其次為(1β,4aβ,7β,8aβ)-八氫-7-[1-(羥甲基)乙烯基]-1,8a-二甲基萘-4a(2H)-醇(14.45%);S5:倍半萜11個(gè)(30.51%)、色酮4個(gè)(69.49%),其中含量最大的成分為5,8-二羥基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮(40.09%),其次為6-甲氧基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮(12.40%);S6:倍半萜6個(gè)(21.55%)、色酮4個(gè)(39.78%),其中含量最大的成分為5,8-二羥基- 2-(2-苯乙基)色酮(29.70%),其次為6,7-二甲氧基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮(8.43%);S7:倍半萜10個(gè)(34.39%)、色酮7個(gè)(60.12%),其中含量最大的成分為6,7-二甲氧基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮(39.10%),其次為瓦倫-1(10),8-二烯-11-醇(9.67%);S8:倍半萜11個(gè)(31.57%)、色酮6個(gè)(65.38%),其中含量最大的成分為6-甲氧基- 2-(2-苯乙基)色酮(22.96%),其次為2-(2-苯乙基)色酮(21.40%);S9:倍半萜12個(gè)(53.87%)、色酮5個(gè)(38.22%),其中含量最大的成分為6-甲氧基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮(16.21%),其次為(+)-9-羥基-芹子-4,11-二烯-14-醛(14.61%)。

      3 ?討論

      倍半萜類成分和色酮類成分是沉香中2類特征性成分,也是沉香的主要成分[33-35]。本研究通過(guò)GC-MS分析發(fā)現(xiàn),9份沉香樣品中倍半萜類和色酮類成分的總相對(duì)百分含量為68.49%~ 100.00%。所有樣品中只有2種成分為共有成分,即5,8-二羥基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮和6-甲氧基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮,其中前者在小果沉香中的相對(duì)百分含量均較高,超過(guò)10.00%,最高可達(dá)40.09%(S5),而在白木香、柯拉斯那沉香和近全緣沉香均較低,分別為8.40%,12.15%和3.42%。楊峻山等[36]報(bào)道了5,8-二羥基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮在國(guó)產(chǎn)白木香所產(chǎn)沉香中首次分離得到。

      楊錦玲等[37]曾報(bào)道越南產(chǎn)柯拉斯那沉香中的黃熟香和吊口香中也有5,8-二羥基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮,且相對(duì)百分含量也較高。另外,邵杭等[38]在柳葉擬沉香中也分離得到該化合物,并發(fā)現(xiàn)其對(duì)乙酰膽堿酯酶具有一定的抑制活性,抑制率為38.0±1.0(50?μg/mL)。雷智東[39]報(bào)道該化合物對(duì)金黃色葡萄球菌有較強(qiáng)的抑制作用。趙桐[40]用茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)氣霧成功誘導(dǎo)白木香產(chǎn)生2種色酮,其中包括6-甲氧基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮,表明該化合物可由人工誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生,但目前對(duì)其生物活性方面研究未見(jiàn)報(bào)道。

      6份小果沉香結(jié)香樣品中揮發(fā)性成分變化較大,但野生沉香與栽培沉香結(jié)香樣品具有較大差別,其中野生樣品(S1、S5、S6)中的倍半萜和色酮的種類均較少,二者之和分別為14種、15種和10種,其中倍半萜的相對(duì)百分含量較低(<40%),而色酮的種類少,但相對(duì)百分含量較高(>30%)。而栽培樣品(S2、S3、S4)中的倍半萜和色酮種類均較多,二者之和分別為23種、22種和23種,其中倍半萜的相對(duì)百分含量較高(>60%),而色酮相對(duì)百分含量較低(<40%)。所有小果沉香栽培結(jié)香樣品中均有白木香醛(S2為2.69%、S3為13.28%、S4為1.33%)和瓦倫薩- 1(10),8-二烯-11-醇(S2為3.52%、S3為3.42%、S4為1.15%),它們?cè)?種其他種類的沉香中也均含有,其含量分別為(S7為8.11%,9.67%;S8為4.10%,11.23%;S9為0.98%,2.91%),而在小果沉香野生結(jié)香樣品中則未檢測(cè)到。另外,11,13-二羥基-9(10)-烯-8α,12-環(huán)氧艾里莫芬烷(S2為1.23%、S3為1.23%、S4為0.79%)只在栽培小果沉香結(jié)香樣品中檢測(cè)到。野生的自然結(jié)香年限相對(duì)較長(zhǎng),色酮類化合物所占比例較大,而栽培沉香結(jié)香的年限較短,倍半萜類化合物所占比例較大。楊錦玲等[41]建立了白木香結(jié)香樣品的指紋圖譜,研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),倍半萜類化合物以白木香醛為主(相對(duì)百分含量為0.83%-27.20%),色酮類化合物以6,7-二甲氧基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮為主(相對(duì)百分含量為1.40%-31.23%),5,8-二羥基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮也有,但含量較低(2.00%- 6.57%)。而本次試驗(yàn)的白木香結(jié)香樣品中的倍半萜類化合物以瓦倫-1(10),8-二烯-11-醇(9.67%)為主,其次為白木香醛(8.11%),色酮類化合物以6,7-二甲氧基- 2-(2-苯乙基)色酮為主(39.10%),其次為5,8-二羥基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮(8.40%),與楊錦玲等[41]的研究結(jié)果基本一致。

      楊錦玲等[37]曾報(bào)道越南柯拉斯那沉香之紅土沉香、黃熟香和吊口香的乙醚提取物GC-MS分析,結(jié)果表明,紅土沉香和黃熟香均以色酮類成分為主,種類也較多,相對(duì)百分含量分別為71.27%(11種)和68.10%(14種),前者又以2-[2-(4-甲氧基)苯乙基]色酮(28.94%)、2-(2-苯乙基)色酮(22.63%)、2-[2-(3-羥基-甲氧基)苯乙基]色酮(14.27%)為主要成分,后者以6,7-二甲氧基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮(39.11%)和5,8-二羥基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮(5.57%)為主。越南吊口沉香以倍半萜類化合物較多,總相對(duì)百分含量為21.31%,其中又以白木香醛(16.00%)為主。而本次研究的柯拉斯那沉香的倍半萜類成分以瓦倫-1(10),8-二烯-11-醇(11.23%)為主,色酮類成分以6-甲氧基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮(22.96%)、2-(2-苯乙基)色酮(21.40%)、5,8-二羥基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮(12.15%)、6,7-二甲氧基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮(5.41%)為主,與越南柯拉斯那沉香之黃熟香相近。

      Pripdeevech等[42]采用固相微萃取的方法,研究了近全緣沉香的揮發(fā)性成分,結(jié)果表明,其相對(duì)百分含量最大的成分為十二酸異戊酯(isoamyl dodecanoate)(38.00%),其次為枯樹(shù)醇(kusunol)(6.40%)和沉香雅藍(lán)醇(jinkoh-eremol)(5.60%)。Monggoot等[43]采用4種內(nèi)生真菌誘導(dǎo)近全緣沉香產(chǎn)生沉香,揮發(fā)性成分研究結(jié)果表明,含量最高的成分為氧化沉香螺旋醇(oxo-agarospirol),其相對(duì)百分含量均超過(guò)50.00%。本次研究結(jié)果與此前的研究有較大差異,其中含量最大的成分為6-甲氧基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮(16.21%),其次為(+)-9-羥基-芹子-4,11-二烯-14-醛(14.61%),這可能跟結(jié)香方法和提取方法等有關(guān)。

      綜上所述,小果沉香結(jié)香樣品油脂的化學(xué)成分組成以5,8-二羥基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮為主,野生結(jié)香樣品與栽培結(jié)香樣品區(qū)別較大,野生樣品中的倍半萜和色酮的種類均較少,其中倍半萜的種類多于色酮類化合物,但相對(duì)百分含量較低,而色酮的種類少,但相對(duì)百分含量卻較高。栽培結(jié)香樣品中的倍半萜和色酮種類均較多,其中倍半萜的種類也多于色酮類化合物,其相對(duì)百分含量也較高,色酮的種類較少,其相對(duì)百分含量也較低。另外,有一種倍半萜類化學(xué)成分,即11,13-二羥基-9(10)-烯-8α,12-環(huán)氧艾里莫芬烷只在栽培小果沉香結(jié)香樣品中檢測(cè)到。另外,將小果沉香與白木香、柯拉斯那沉香、近全緣沉香結(jié)香樣品對(duì)比分析發(fā)現(xiàn),所有種類和樣品中有2種共有成分,即5,8-二羥基-2-(2-苯乙基)色酮和6-甲氧基- 2-(2-苯乙基)色酮。小果沉香與白木香、柯拉斯那沉香、近全緣沉香結(jié)香樣品的種類與相對(duì)百分含量具有較大差異。本研究可以為小果沉香的真?zhèn)舞b定及質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)研究等方面提供重要參考。

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      責(zé)任編輯:崔麗虹

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