王逢鑫
egg和bird這兩個(gè)詞簡單易記,是中國的英語學(xué)習(xí)者最早學(xué)會(huì)的單詞,記住的意思分別是“雞蛋”和“鳥”。很多年前,我審校一位理工科朋友的譯文,發(fā)現(xiàn)他將“he may have the egg of a species of bird domesticated in Indo-China”誤譯為“他可以吃雞蛋,那是在印度支那馴化的一種鳥下的蛋”。在這里,“鳥下雞蛋”,十分可笑。我的朋友在翻譯時(shí)信手拈來,并未意識(shí)到這個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。
bird的意思是a creature that is covered with feathers and has two wings and two legs,即“禽類”,可能是鳥,也可能是雞。而與bird相關(guān)的egg的第一個(gè)意思是“a small oval object with a thin hard shell produced by a female bird and containing a young bird”,可能是鳥蛋,也可能是雞蛋或其他家禽下的蛋。
這個(gè)定義表示了egg的生育功能。但是人們往往只知道其食物功能,而忽略了其生育功能。例如:
1. The female duck sat on the eggs until they hatched. 這只雌鴨趴伏在蛋上直至小鴨孵出來。
egg的第二個(gè)意思是“a birds egg, especially one from a chicken, that is eaten as food”,指的是作為食物的“蛋”,多指“雞蛋”。因?yàn)槿藗冊(cè)谌粘I钪卸嗍秤秒u蛋,所以我們的英語初學(xué)者就牢牢記住了egg是“雞蛋”的意思。例如:
2. Some people like to eat fried eggs while the others like to eat boiled eggs. 有人喜歡吃煎雞蛋,有人則喜歡吃煮雞蛋。
在美國俚語中,egg常常指a person。good egg的意思是“a person who is good, honest, or reliable”,即“討人喜歡的人”或“大好人”。例如:
3. He is such a good egg that everyone likes him. 他是那樣一個(gè)討人喜歡的人,大家都喜歡他。
反過來,bad egg的意思是“a person who is bad, dishonest, or unreliable”,即“壞蛋”。例如:
4. The bad egg has served several years in prison on a charge of fraud. 這個(gè)壞蛋因詐騙罪已在獄中服刑若干年。
“雙黃蛋”指一個(gè)蛋殼中含有兩個(gè)卵黃的蛋,英語是double-yolked egg或double yolker,在中西文化中具有不同的含義。由于雙黃蛋稀少,漢語中被賦予了美好的意思,預(yù)示好兆頭。例如:
5. As an old Chinese saying goes, good things come in pairs. If you crack an egg to make breakfast with two yolks falling down, it predicts that good luck is on its way. 中國有句老話,好事成雙。如果早餐做雞蛋敲出雙黃,那預(yù)示好運(yùn)將要降臨。
然而,在英語中,double-yolker帶有貶義,意為“雙料壞人”或“雙料壞蛋”。例如:
6. Bad egg as an insult for an “obnoxious person” was popularized in the 1920s. A particularly bad egg was a double-yolker. 20世紀(jì)20年代開始流行用“壞蛋”來羞辱“可惡的人”。特別壞的人是“雙料壞蛋”。
由于蛋殼可以染色或涂色,蛋成為具有文化含義的載體。在中國,紅喜蛋(red-dyed egg)是民間慶賀婚事和添丁生子的饋贈(zèng)禮物。例如:
7. After the woman gave birth to a child, her mother had a basket of eggs dyed red and gave them to their relatives and friends as gifts, which celebrated the birth of their new-born baby. 這個(gè)婦女生了孩子以后,她的母親染了一籃紅雞蛋作為禮物送給親朋好友,慶賀新生嬰兒的誕生。
西方有在復(fù)活節(jié)食用復(fù)活節(jié)彩蛋(Easter egg)的習(xí)俗。例如:
8. An Easter egg is an egg eaten symbolically at Easter to mark the birth of new life and the coming of spring. The egg may be that of a hen, with a painted or decorated shell. 復(fù)活節(jié)彩蛋是在復(fù)活節(jié)象征性食用的蛋,標(biāo)志新生命的誕生和春天的到來。復(fù)活節(jié)彩蛋可以是雞蛋,蛋殼帶有彩繪或裝飾。
由于egg形狀像數(shù)字0,中國和西方的學(xué)生不約而同用其表示“零分”,只是漢語說“大鴨蛋”,而英語說a goose egg(鵝蛋)。例如:
9. The student failed in the math examination, and got a goose egg. 這個(gè)學(xué)生數(shù)學(xué)考試考砸了,得了個(gè)大鴨蛋。
英語習(xí)語 to put all ones eggs in one basket 的字面意義是“把所有的雞蛋放在一個(gè)籃子里”,比喻意義是 to rely on one particular course of action for success rather than giving yourself different possibilities,即“死心眼地寄希望于一種選擇”,漢語有“在一棵樹上吊死”的類似說法。例如:
10. John has thought of several ways to dodge his creditors. To his mind, he doesnt want to put all his eggs in one basket. 約翰已想好了幾個(gè)躲債的辦法。在他看來,他不想在一棵樹上吊死。
這個(gè)習(xí)語常用來比喻“投資單一項(xiàng)目”,意思是“to invest all ones capital, financially or otherwise, in a single enterprise”。例如:
11. Following the advice from a financial expert, the investor put his money in different projects, instead of putting all his eggs in one basket. 這位投資者遵循一位金融專家的建議,把錢投資于不同項(xiàng)目,而不是把所有的雞蛋放在一個(gè)籃子里。
英語習(xí)語to teach ones grandmother to suck eggs的字面意義是“教奶奶吸吮雞蛋”,比喻意義是to try to instruct or show a more knowledgeable or experienced person how to do sth,相當(dāng)于漢語的“班門弄斧”,或“關(guān)公面前耍大刀”。例如:
12. I advised my wife not to show my mother how to knit, as it is simply like teaching your grandmother to suck eggs. 我勸妻子不要給我母親展示如何織毛衣,因?yàn)槟呛喼本褪前嚅T弄斧。
英語習(xí)語as sure as eggs is eggs的字面意義是“像雞蛋就是雞蛋一樣肯定”,常用來表示“絕對(duì)肯定”(absolute certainty)。英語說eggs is eggs,不說eggs are eggs,是為了便于連讀,流暢,不是語法錯(cuò)誤。例如:
13. If he goes on driving at that speed, hell end up in hospital, as sure as eggs is eggs. 如果他開車還那么快,最后肯定會(huì)出車禍進(jìn)醫(yī)院的。