章傳飛 周炳龍 夏明哲 陳丹利 星東

1. 河南省地質(zhì)礦產(chǎn)勘查開(kāi)發(fā)局第三地質(zhì)勘查院，鄭州 450001

2. 河南省金屬礦產(chǎn)深孔鉆探工程技術(shù)研究中心，鄭州 450001

3. 長(zhǎng)安大學(xué)地球科學(xué)與資源學(xué)院，西安 710054

東秦嶺鉬礦帶位于華北克拉通南緣，是我國(guó)最大的鉬多金屬成礦帶，僅次于美國(guó)Climax-Henderson斑巖型鉬礦帶(李永峰等, 2005; 魏慶國(guó)等, 2009)。東秦嶺鉬金屬儲(chǔ)量約占全國(guó)鉬總儲(chǔ)量的66%(張正偉等, 2001; Maoetal., 2011)，其中以斑巖型鉬礦為主，如金堆城、南泥湖、三道莊、雷門(mén)溝等超大型鉬礦床(圖1a)(Steinetal., 1997; 李永峰等, 2003; 葉會(huì)壽等, 2006)。雷門(mén)溝鉬礦床作為自然資源部找礦突破戰(zhàn)略行動(dòng)優(yōu)秀找礦成果和中國(guó)地質(zhì)學(xué)會(huì)評(píng)選的2017年度十大地質(zhì)找礦成果之一(河南省地質(zhì)礦產(chǎn)勘查開(kāi)發(fā)局第三地質(zhì)勘查院, 2016(1)河南省地質(zhì)礦產(chǎn)勘查開(kāi)發(fā)局第三地質(zhì)勘查院. 2016. 河南省嵩縣雷門(mén)溝礦區(qū)中西段鉬礦詳查報(bào)告)，其礦床地質(zhì)特征、成礦年代、成礦流體和物質(zhì)來(lái)源以及礦床成因等科學(xué)問(wèn)題備受關(guān)注(張正偉等, 2001; 盧欣祥等, 2002; 陳小丹等, 2011, 2012; 李永峰等, 2006; Chenetal., 2014; 曹晶等, 2016; Caoetal., 2017, 2018)。雷門(mén)溝鉬礦的成礦巖體主要由隱爆角礫巖和部分花崗斑巖、二長(zhǎng)花崗斑巖組成(圖1b)，隱爆角礫巖分布在花崗斑巖和二長(zhǎng)花崗斑巖周?chē)?。北美?8個(gè)斑巖型礦床中有70%成礦巖體內(nèi)發(fā)育隱爆角礫巖(翟裕生等, 2011)，顯示隱爆角礫巖在成礦中的重要作用及指示意義。通常隱爆作用形成的角礫巖為成礦流體提供良好的容礦和導(dǎo)礦空間，其成巖過(guò)程往往也伴隨著成礦過(guò)程(McCallum, 1985; 林書(shū)平等, 2012; 陳云杰等, 2012; 高榮臻等, 2014)。隨著發(fā)現(xiàn)越來(lái)越多與隱爆作用有關(guān)的金屬礦床，隱爆角礫巖也成為地質(zhì)勘探的熱點(diǎn)，而且在巖漿熱液型金礦/淺成熱液金礦床(如祁雨溝)和斑巖型鉬銅礦床找礦過(guò)程中，往往把隱爆角礫巖作為重要的找礦標(biāo)志(Sillitoeetal., 2003; 王忠, 2004; 勵(lì)音騏等, 2010; 高榮臻等, 2014)。由此可見(jiàn)，針對(duì)隱爆角礫巖開(kāi)展深入研究，對(duì)指導(dǎo)找礦、探究成礦規(guī)律等極為必要。因此，本文選擇雷門(mén)溝隱爆角礫巖為研究對(duì)象，通過(guò)對(duì)其巖相學(xué)、地球化學(xué)研究，探討隱爆角礫巖的成巖環(huán)境以及與成礦的關(guān)系，希望對(duì)今后斑巖鉬礦床的找礦勘查有所指導(dǎo)。

1 區(qū)域地質(zhì)背景

雷門(mén)溝鉬礦床位于華北克拉通南緣秦嶺造山帶后陸逆沖斷裂褶皺帶(張正偉等, 2001)，其北部以三寶斷裂為界與華北克拉通相鄰，南部以黑溝-欒川斷裂為界與北秦嶺中-新元古界寬坪群接觸(圖1a)。研究區(qū)內(nèi)地層具有克拉通結(jié)晶基底、蓋層雙重結(jié)構(gòu)。結(jié)晶基底由新太古界太華群TTG(英云閃長(zhǎng)巖-奧長(zhǎng)花崗巖-花崗閃長(zhǎng)巖)片麻巖和斜長(zhǎng)角閃巖組成(胡受奚等, 1997; 羅錚嫻等, 2018; Jiaetal., 2019)，蓋層主要由元古界熊耳群、官道口群和欒川群等組成(河南省地質(zhì)礦產(chǎn)局, 1989)。區(qū)內(nèi)燕山期花崗質(zhì)巖漿活動(dòng)廣泛發(fā)育，包括正長(zhǎng)斑巖脈、石英斑巖脈、二長(zhǎng)花崗斑巖脈、花崗斑巖巖株及隱爆角礫巖，其中花崗斑巖的LA-ICP-MS鋯石U-Pb年齡為131±1Ma(Caoetal., 2018)，石英斑巖脈的LA-ICP-MS鋯石U-Pb年齡為127±1Ma(陳小丹等, 2011)。主要以?xún)煞N形式產(chǎn)出，一類(lèi)為大巖基，如花山、五丈山、娘娘山、文峪、華山、老牛山等(圖1a)；另一類(lèi)為小的斑巖體，如雷門(mén)溝、南泥湖、金堆城等(圖1a)，這些小斑巖體與鉬等多金屬礦化關(guān)系密切，呈現(xiàn)“小巖體成大礦”的特點(diǎn)(湯中立和李小虎, 2006; 王曉霞等, 2011)，其成礦年齡為132±2Ma(ICP-MS輝鉬礦Re-Os同位素年齡，李永峰等, 2006)。區(qū)內(nèi)地層、巖漿巖和構(gòu)造等均受南坡嶺-花山背斜控制，呈近東西向展布。背斜軸面傾向195°～220°，傾角26°～38°。核部出露巖石為混合巖化斜長(zhǎng)角閃巖，翼部出露為黑云母角閃斜長(zhǎng)片麻巖。

雷門(mén)溝鉬礦床西側(cè)發(fā)育花山和五丈山巖基(圖1a)?；ㄉ交◢弾r基位于礦區(qū)北西側(cè)約6km，出露面積超過(guò)300km2，呈不規(guī)則狀侵位于太華群片麻巖中，局部侵入熊耳群中(范宏瑞等, 1994)，其成巖年齡為132～131Ma(Maoetal., 2010)。五丈山花崗巖基位于礦區(qū)西南部，出露面積約58km2，區(qū)域上呈北西-南東向延伸，其成巖年齡為157±1Ma(Maoetal., 2010)。圍繞花山巖基、五丈山巖基普遍發(fā)育一系列小型花崗巖類(lèi)巖株、巖脈以及與其有成因聯(lián)系的隱爆角礫巖體(圖1b)，如雷門(mén)溝、祁雨溝等(張?jiān)? 2006; 劉征華, 2010)。

圖1 雷門(mén)溝鉬礦大地構(gòu)造位置(a, 據(jù)Mao et al., 2010)及地質(zhì)簡(jiǎn)圖(b, 據(jù)李永峰等, 2006)Fig.1 Simplified sketch map and geotectonic location showing distribution for the Leimengou Mo deposit (a, after Mao et al., 2010; b, after Li et al., 2006)

雷門(mén)溝礦區(qū)內(nèi)共圈定出工業(yè)礦體19個(gè)，鉬金屬資源量63.64萬(wàn)t，其中2號(hào)、40號(hào)礦體為主礦體。雷門(mén)溝2號(hào)礦體規(guī)模大、呈長(zhǎng)圓近環(huán)狀，位于花崗巖體和太華群片麻巖系的內(nèi)外接觸帶附近和隱爆角礫巖中(圖2)，Mo平均品位為0.079%，金屬量近61萬(wàn)t。40號(hào)礦體位于2號(hào)主礦體下部，呈薄層狀、透鏡狀產(chǎn)于花崗斑巖和二長(zhǎng)花崗斑巖體內(nèi)，Mo平均品位為0.096%，金屬量近0.9萬(wàn)t(河南省地質(zhì)礦產(chǎn)勘查開(kāi)發(fā)局第三地質(zhì)勘查院, 2016)。

圖2 雷門(mén)溝鉬礦西段隱爆角礫巖中2號(hào)礦體Ⅰ-Ⅰ′和Ⅱ-Ⅱ′勘探線(xiàn)剖面圖Fig.2 Geological sections along No.Ⅰ-Ⅰ′ and Ⅱ-Ⅱ′ exploration lines of the No.2 ore body in the western Leimengou Mo deposit

2 隱爆角礫巖巖體地質(zhì)和巖相學(xué)

2.1 隱爆角礫巖巖體地質(zhì)

隱爆角礫巖分布在花崗斑巖和二長(zhǎng)花崗斑巖周?chē)?，巖體西側(cè)出露面積最大，其展布方向和分布范圍嚴(yán)格受巖體控制(圖1b)。東部隱爆角礫巖呈孤島狀、半圓狀、橢圓狀、透鏡狀，大小不一，一般數(shù)百米，寬數(shù)十米。西部隱爆角礫巖長(zhǎng)1500m，寬約500m，呈拳頭狀分布在巖體西側(cè)，剖面上多呈筒狀、漏斗狀分布，少量呈樹(shù)枝狀分布(嚴(yán)正富等, 1986)。根據(jù)隱爆角礫巖在巖體空間內(nèi)的產(chǎn)出位置，可劃分為頂蓋角礫巖、邊部角礫巖和內(nèi)部角礫巖(劉征華, 2010)。本文研究對(duì)象為礦區(qū)西部的頂蓋角礫巖，出露較好，呈灰褐色，巖石碎裂明顯(圖3a, b)。角礫巖的北界陡立，南界向內(nèi)傾，傾角50°，延伸約200～400m，局部有二長(zhǎng)花崗斑巖侵入。在角礫巖核心部位，角礫大小多為數(shù)厘米到數(shù)十厘米，次圓狀-次棱角狀；向邊部，角礫逐漸變大，達(dá)數(shù)十厘米至數(shù)米，個(gè)別可達(dá)數(shù)十米，局部與圍巖界線(xiàn)不清晰(劉征華, 2010)。

圖3 雷門(mén)溝西段鉬礦區(qū)隱爆角礫巖野外露頭(a、b)、手標(biāo)本(c、d)及顯微照片(e、f)(a)樣品采集位置，廢棄采礦洞；(b)隱爆角礫巖野外露頭；(c)含脈狀輝鉬礦角礫巖；(d)浸染狀輝鉬礦角礫巖；(e)角礫-膠結(jié)物接觸部顯微照片(單偏光)；(f)膠結(jié)物中脈狀輝鉬礦(單偏光)Fig.3 Field outcrops (a, b), hand specimens (c, d) and micrographs (e, f) of cryptoexplosive breccia in the western part of the Leimengou molybdenum ore area(a) sample collection location, abandoned mining hole; (b) the outcrop of cryptoexplosive breccia; (c) the breccia containing vein-like molybdenite; (d) the breccia containing disseminated molybdenite; (e) micrograph of breccia-cement contact (single polarized light); (f) vein molybdenite (single polarized light)

2.2 巖相學(xué)

隱爆角礫巖顏色變化較大，為灰色-淺肉紅色，主要由角礫及膠結(jié)物組成，角礫成分主要為太華群片麻巖、混合巖以及已固結(jié)的花崗斑巖，呈次圓狀-次棱角狀，礫徑變化較大(圖3c, d)，從數(shù)厘米至數(shù)米，個(gè)別可達(dá)數(shù)十米。膠結(jié)物多為花崗巖類(lèi)巖石(圖3c, e)，局部可見(jiàn)巖粉、巖屑及少量熱液蝕變礦物(劉征華, 2010)。

隱爆角礫巖中普遍具有鉬礦化(圖3e, f)。隱爆角礫巖型礦石呈深灰色，具有自形-半自形粒狀結(jié)構(gòu)、他形粒狀結(jié)構(gòu)、鱗片狀結(jié)構(gòu)、交代殘余結(jié)構(gòu)和包含結(jié)構(gòu)，構(gòu)造有脈狀、浸染狀、角礫狀和塊狀。主要的礦石礦物為輝鉬礦，次為黃銅礦、黃鐵礦、磁鐵礦等；脈石礦物有鉀長(zhǎng)石、石英、斜長(zhǎng)石、黑云母、綠泥石、綠簾石等，含少量的絹云母、螢石、硬石膏等。

3 樣品采集與分析方法

樣品采集位置見(jiàn)圖1b(坐標(biāo)：34°12′17.8″N、11°54′39.0″E)，為廢棄的采礦洞中心及其周邊，洞內(nèi)出露巖石主要為(含礦)隱爆角礫巖。為了更全面、準(zhǔn)確的反映隱爆角礫巖地球化學(xué)特征，利用微鉆技術(shù)在不同部位分別取出角礫(LMG18-1、LMG18-4、LMG18-6)和膠結(jié)物(LMG18-2、LMG18-5)進(jìn)行分析。主量、微量及稀土元素分析測(cè)試工作在廣州市拓巖檢測(cè)技術(shù)有限公司完成，主量元素采用測(cè)試儀器3080E型X-熒光光譜儀，精度優(yōu)于1%；微量元素采用電感耦合等離子質(zhì)譜儀(LA-ICP-MS)進(jìn)行分析，精度高于5%。隱爆角礫巖中角礫和膠結(jié)物的主、微量元素和稀土元素分析結(jié)果見(jiàn)表1。

表1 雷門(mén)溝鉬礦隱爆角礫巖中角礫和膠結(jié)物主量元素(wt%)和微量元素(×10-6)分析結(jié)果Table 1 Major (wt%) and trace (×10-6) elements of the breccia and cement in the Leimengou cryptoexplosive breccia

4 討論

4.1 主量元素特征

隱爆角礫巖中角礫和膠結(jié)物主量元素見(jiàn)表1。角礫SiO2含量較低，為56.61%～64.66%，為中酸性巖類(lèi)，膠結(jié)物SiO2含量較高，為71.62%～72.47%，為酸性巖類(lèi)；角礫Al2O3含量為11.46%～17.67%，膠結(jié)物Al2O3含量為10.86%～12.35%；角礫的全堿含量Na2O+K2O為7.27%～12.90%，平均值為9.57%，具有富堿的特征，且K2O含量高于Na2O含量，K2O/Na2O比值為1.19～25.12，大于0.5，屬鉀質(zhì)系列巖石；A/CNK比值為1.06～1.14，顯示鋁過(guò)飽和；里特曼指數(shù)σ為2.44～10.97，平均值為6.26，屬鈣堿性-堿性系列。膠結(jié)物的全堿含量Na2O+K2O為8.32%～9.00%，具有富堿的特征，且K2O含量高于Na2O含量，K2O/Na2O比值為3.50～6.21，大于0.5，屬鉀質(zhì)系列巖石；A/CNK比值為1.00～1.02，顯示鋁弱過(guò)飽和；里特曼指數(shù)σ為2.35～2.83。

在硅堿圖解中(圖4a)，角礫和膠結(jié)物大部分巖石落入堿性系列，巖石類(lèi)型變化較大。在AFM圖解中(圖4b)，角礫表現(xiàn)出富鐵的趨勢(shì)，屬于鈣堿性巖石系列，而膠結(jié)物落入拉斑系列；在SiO2-K2O圖解中(圖4c)，角礫和膠結(jié)物全部落入鉀玄巖系列中；在A/CNK-A/NK圖解中(圖4d)，巖石角礫均位于過(guò)鋁質(zhì)系列中，膠結(jié)物位于準(zhǔn)鋁質(zhì)-過(guò)鋁質(zhì)分界帶。

圖4 雷門(mén)溝隱爆角礫巖角礫和膠結(jié)物成分TAS圖解(a,底圖據(jù)Middlemost, 1994)、AFM圖解(b,底圖據(jù)Irvine and Baragar, 1971)、SiO2-K2O圖解(c,底圖據(jù)Rickwood, 1989)和A/CNK-A/NK圖解(d,底圖據(jù)Rickwood, 1989)Ir-堿性與亞堿性分界線(xiàn)(Irvine and Baragar, 1971).數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源：雷門(mén)溝礦區(qū)花崗斑巖、二長(zhǎng)花崗斑巖據(jù)Cao et al. (2018)；花山巖體據(jù)聶政融等(2015)；太華群片麻巖據(jù)Jia et al. (2019)；圖5和圖6數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源同此圖Fig.4 TAS (a, after Middlemost, 1994), AFM (b, after Irvine and Baragar, 1971), SiO2 vs. K2O (c, after Rickwood, 1989) and A/CNK vs. A/NK (d, after Rickwood, 1989) diagrams of the breccia and cement in the Leimengou cryptoexplosive brecciaIr: Alkaline and Subalkaline dividing line (Irvine and Baragar, 1971). Data sources: granite porphyry and monzonite porphyry in Leimenggou from Cao et al. (2018); the Huashan granite from Nie et al. (2015); Gneiss of the Taihua Group from Jia et al. (2019); also in Fig.5 and Fig.6

4.2 稀土微量元素特征

隱爆角礫巖中角礫和膠結(jié)物的稀土和微量元素含量見(jiàn)表1。角礫稀土元素總量∑REE變化較大，為69.50×10-6～1408×10-6，平均值為538×10-6，LREE/HREE比值變化較大，為5.09～17.58，說(shuō)明輕、重稀土元素分異明顯；(La/Yb)N值為4.49～28.64，說(shuō)明輕稀土元素呈現(xiàn)出不同程度的右傾配分模式；(La/Sm)N值為2.80～5.54，(Gd/Yb)N值為1.21～3.31，δEu為0.36～0.71，顯示強(qiáng)烈的銪負(fù)異常。膠結(jié)物的稀土元素總量∑REE為395.5×10-6～584.2×10-6，LREE/HREE比值為12.95～17.43，顯示強(qiáng)烈的輕重稀土元素分餾；(La/Yb)N值為19.70～33.60，說(shuō)明輕稀土元素呈現(xiàn)出強(qiáng)烈富集的右傾配分模式；(La/Sm)N值為5.77～7.08，(Gd/Yb)N值為2.49～3.30，δEu為0.37～0.39，顯示強(qiáng)烈的銪負(fù)異常。

隱爆角礫巖中角礫和膠結(jié)物球粒隕石標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化稀土元素配分曲線(xiàn)基本一致(圖5a)。所有巖石均具有明顯的負(fù)銪異常，這與新太古界太華群片麻巖、礦區(qū)內(nèi)花崗斑巖、花山巖體的稀土元素配分曲線(xiàn)是一致的(圖5a, c)，但后兩者稀土元素總量較低，銪負(fù)異常不明顯(圖5c)。從樣品的原始地幔標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化微量元素蛛網(wǎng)圖上(圖5b, d)可以看出，隱爆角礫巖角礫和膠結(jié)物與太華群片麻巖、礦區(qū)內(nèi)花崗斑巖、花山巖體具有相似的微量元素配分模式，表現(xiàn)出富集大離子親石元素(Cs、Rb、Ba、K、Pb)，明顯虧損高場(chǎng)強(qiáng)元素(Nb、Ta、Ti)。其中一件角礫樣品(LMG18-5)除明顯虧損Zr、Hf外，與其他樣品的元素特征基本一致。結(jié)合稀土元素球配分曲線(xiàn)特征，隱爆角礫巖中角礫大部分可能來(lái)自于新太古界太華群片麻巖。

圖5 雷門(mén)溝鉬礦隱爆角礫巖及相關(guān)巖石球粒隕石標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化稀土元素配分圖(a、c)及原始地幔標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化微量元素蛛網(wǎng)圖(b、d)(標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化值據(jù)Sun and McDonough, 1989)Fig.5 Chondrite-normalized REE patterns (a, c) and primitive mantle-normalized trace element spider diagrams (b, d) for the Leimengou cryptoexplosive breccia and related rocks (normalization values after Sun and McDonough, 1989)

4.3 成巖環(huán)境

隱爆角礫巖中膠結(jié)物全堿含量(Na2O+K2O)為8.32%～9.00%，K2O/Na2O比值為3.50～6.21，A/CNK比值為1.00～1.02，里特曼指數(shù)(σ)介于2.35～2.83，屬于過(guò)鋁質(zhì)高鉀鈣堿性-堿性巖石系列。過(guò)鋁質(zhì)巖石多出現(xiàn)在碰撞造山帶，而高鉀鈣堿性-堿性巖石一般代表了碰撞造山的結(jié)束，開(kāi)始向板內(nèi)伸展環(huán)境轉(zhuǎn)變(Harrisetal., 1986; 韓寶福, 2007)，這與東秦嶺地區(qū)中生代晚期花崗巖成巖環(huán)境相同(肖娥等, 2012; 曹晶等, 2016; Lietal., 2018)。膠結(jié)物明顯富集大離子親石元素(Rb、Cs、K、Ba、Pb)和輕稀土元素LREE，相對(duì)虧損高場(chǎng)強(qiáng)元素(Ta、Nb、Ti)，顯示具有島弧環(huán)境的特點(diǎn)，或是出現(xiàn)在與地殼混染作用相關(guān)的造山后伸展環(huán)境(鄧晉福等, 2009; 章邦桐等, 2002; 田敬佺等, 2015)。隱爆角礫巖中角礫Y為16.40×10-6～91.30×10-6，TiO2為0.21%～0.60%，Th/Yb比值為0.23～0.61，這與造山后花崗巖和太華群片麻巖非常相似。隱爆角礫巖的膠結(jié)物Sr為232×10-6～267×10-6，而Yb為3.16×10-6～3.35×10-6。據(jù)張旗等(2006，2008)研究，將該巖石劃分為低Sr、高Yb花崗巖，其形成壓力通常小于1.0GPa，類(lèi)似于浙閩型花崗巖。在Rb-(Yb+Ta)圖解中，角礫和膠結(jié)物全部位于同碰撞花崗巖區(qū)(圖6a)；在Ta-Yb圖解中，除一件角礫樣品(LMG18-1)位于板內(nèi)和大洋脊分界線(xiàn)處，其余樣品位于火山弧環(huán)境中(圖6b)；在Nb-Y圖解中，樣品位于火山弧-同碰撞和板內(nèi)環(huán)境中(圖6c)；在Rb/10-Hf-Ta×3圖解中，所有樣品位于碰撞背景下花崗巖區(qū)(圖6d)。判別圖顯示礦區(qū)花崗斑巖和花山巖體形成于同碰撞環(huán)境，而太華群片麻巖具有火山弧花崗巖的特點(diǎn)(圖6a-d)。由此可知，隱爆角礫巖的成巖環(huán)境可能是碰撞后伸展環(huán)境。

圖6 雷門(mén)溝隱爆角礫巖構(gòu)造環(huán)境判別圖(a) Rb-(Yb+Ta)圖解，(b) Ta-Yb圖解，(c) Nb-Y圖解(Pearce et al., 1984)；(d) Rb/10-Hf-Ta×3圖解(Harris et al., 1986)Fig.6 Discrimination diagrams of tectonic setting for the Leimengou cryptoexplosive breccia(a) Rb vs. (Yb+Ta), (b) Ta vs. Yb and (c) Nb vs. Y diagrams (after Pearce et al., 1984); (d) Rb/10-Hf-Ta×3 diagram (after Harris et al., 1986)

雷門(mén)溝鉬礦隱爆角礫巖中膠結(jié)物與花崗斑巖、二長(zhǎng)花崗斑巖緊密伴生，具有相同或相近的地質(zhì)年齡。雷門(mén)溝花崗斑巖形成年齡為136±2Ma(鋯石SHRIMP U-Pb年齡，李永峰等, 2006)，二長(zhǎng)花崗斑巖年齡為124.0±0.6Ma(鋯石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb，陳小丹等, 2011)。毗鄰的祁雨溝金礦爆破角礫巖的年齡為～130Ma(132.9±1.5Ma，輝鉬礦Re-Os，Wangetal., 2020；132.9±1.4Ma，云母Ar-Ar，Wangetal., 2021)。區(qū)域資料表明：揚(yáng)子克拉通與華北克拉通碰撞匯聚的時(shí)間為218～238Ma(李曙光等, 1989)；緊接著是陸內(nèi)造山階段，結(jié)束于侏羅紀(jì)(陳衍景和富士谷, 1992)。在侏羅紀(jì)晚期和白堊紀(jì)早期，區(qū)域構(gòu)造體制開(kāi)始變化，應(yīng)力場(chǎng)從近N-S變?yōu)镋-W，標(biāo)志著太平洋構(gòu)造演化階段(任紀(jì)舜, 1991)。在這個(gè)階段，華北克拉通南緣進(jìn)入拉張構(gòu)造環(huán)境，以燕山期巖漿強(qiáng)烈活動(dòng)為特征。由此說(shuō)明雷門(mén)溝隱爆角礫巖也形成于碰撞后伸展階段(Maoetal., 2008)。

4.4 隱爆角礫巖成因與成礦

華北克拉通南緣在燕山期處于碰撞后伸展體制，形成了大量的斷裂構(gòu)造及巖石裂隙，為隱爆角礫巖的形成提供了良好的地質(zhì)條件，而且在此期間巖漿熱液活動(dòng)頻繁，帶來(lái)足夠多的成礦物質(zhì)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)東秦嶺中酸性小斑巖體及其附近的隱爆角礫巖的膠結(jié)物形成深度大于30km的下地殼中(王曉霞等, 1986)。因此推測(cè)，幔源或地殼深部的巖漿熱液沿?cái)嗔褬?gòu)造上升，并在其頂部和周?chē)奂舜罅繗怏w和揮發(fā)性組分，由于近東西向斷裂構(gòu)造活動(dòng)，巖漿熱液驟然減壓，在封閉或半封閉條件下發(fā)生了隱爆作用，使得巖漿頂部/邊部的片麻巖、早期固結(jié)的花崗巖等破碎并混入巖漿中形成隱爆角礫巖(劉征華, 2010)。Mo是中度不相容親銅元素，化學(xué)性質(zhì)較活潑，往往以輝鉬礦的形式遷移(圖3c, f)(孫衛(wèi)東等, 2015)。由于整個(gè)成礦過(guò)程是在封閉或半封閉條件下發(fā)生的，含礦熱液未能揮發(fā)，由隱爆作用形成的裂隙和空隙等有利部位很容易就位成礦(McCallum, 1985; 林書(shū)平等, 2012; 陳云杰等, 2012; 高榮臻等, 2014)。雷門(mén)溝西段新探獲的鉬礦區(qū)具有多期巖漿隱爆作用的特征，在破碎帶中常形成了一些Mo礦體，所以，隱爆角礫巖的隱爆作用往往伴隨著成礦過(guò)程，同時(shí)巖漿隱爆作用往往具有多期隱爆及多期成礦的特征(張維根, 1988; McCallum, 1985; 章邦桐等, 2002; 高榮臻等, 2014)。

5 結(jié)論

(1)雷門(mén)溝西段鉬礦區(qū)隱爆角礫巖呈筒狀分布，具有典型的角礫狀構(gòu)造，角礫大小不一，主要呈次圓狀-次棱角狀，角礫巖與花崗斑巖-二長(zhǎng)花崗斑巖緊密伴生。

(2)雷門(mén)溝西段隱爆角礫巖中膠結(jié)物和角礫屬于過(guò)鋁質(zhì)高鉀鈣堿性巖石系列，膠結(jié)物相對(duì)富集大離子親石元素(如K、Rb、Pb)和輕稀土元素，相對(duì)虧損高場(chǎng)強(qiáng)元素(如Ti、Ta、Nb)，呈現(xiàn)輕稀土元素富集的右傾式配分模式特征，具有中等負(fù)銪異常。

(3)雷門(mén)溝西段隱爆角礫巖中膠結(jié)物巖石地球化學(xué)特征顯示其可能形成于碰撞后伸展體制。

(4)雷門(mén)溝西段隱爆角礫巖的成巖過(guò)程伴隨著鉬成礦過(guò)程。

致謝本次研究巖石主微量元素分析測(cè)試得到了廣州市拓巖檢測(cè)技術(shù)有限公司的幫助！感謝兩位審稿人對(duì)本文細(xì)致的評(píng)閱和中肯的建議。

附表1 輝鉬礦中Re的含量與礦床Mo品位數(shù)據(jù)Appendix Table 1 Re concentrations in molybdenite and Mo grades of porphyry deposits

續(xù)附表1Continued Appendix Table 1礦產(chǎn)地礦種組合樣品數(shù)(n)ReMin(×10-6)ReMax(×10-6)ReAve(×10-6)Mo品位(%)參考文獻(xiàn)Michiquillay, CajamarcaCu8127.3735.7494.00.020Marinov,2011Galeno, CajamarcaCu1810.00.020QuestaMo42.00113.068.000.144Berzina et al.,2005;Voudouris et al.,2013Mineral parkCu2250.0290.0270.00.032MajdanpekCu32320355027700.006TongkuangyuCu3172.01280900.00.032KadzharanCu-Au23733.002620245.00.050BorlyCu-Au19250.0550031600.011BoshchekulCu-Au23230.01500825.00.010KounradCu-Au20620.0405015400.010KalmakyrCu-Au20700.0200015000.005ToquepalaCu3387.01496790.00.040ElyCu1250284020200.010Castle DomeCu1200175015500.006EsperanzaCu-Mo90.001800610.00.028MorenciCu-Mo5100.0410011800.095MiamiCu-Mo600.00.010Santa RitaCu5200.01100750.00.008Silver BellCu-Mo18340.0620.0470.00.013Twin ButtesCu-Mo1600.00.023ClimaxMo11.0080.0035.000.240copper creekCu31200420023000.005ChuquicamataCu-Mo3194.0245.0220.00.040CollahuasiCu-Mo2368.0448.0410.00.040El SalvadorCu570.00.010El TenienteCu6182.01154390.00.016EscondidaCu-Au113550.006Los PelambresCu-Mo3450.0820.0600.00.016Erdenetuin-OboCu-Mo3104.0199.0163.70.012ShakhtamaMo-Cu49.0024.0016.750.150AksugCu-Mo1460.00.015ZhirekenMo-Cu712.0057.0029.000.099SoraMo-Cu96.0018.0014.000.058Red BirdMo26.0043.0025.000.065Sinclair et al.,2009carmiMo310.00139.058.000.064cassiar molyMo23.0014.009.000.026lucky shipMo141.000.067storie molyMo315.0022.0020.000.078tidewaterMo213.00109.061.000.060catfaceCu159.000.007AdanacMo48.0022.0012.000.069Ajax WestCu-Au131610.006

續(xù)附表1Continued Appendix Table 1礦產(chǎn)地礦種組合樣品數(shù)(n)ReMin(×10-6)ReMax(×10-6)ReAve(×10-6)Mo品位(%)參考文獻(xiàn)BergCu-Mo467.00215.0152.00.031Sinclair et al.,2009BethlehemCu3190.0980.0553.00.005Boss MountainMo749.00157.080.000.074BrendaCu-Mo1295.00145.0115.00.037Bronson SlopeCu-Au1180.00.006Endako 1Mo1215.0067.0035.000.070Endako 2Mo3204.0397.0302.00.070GibraltarCu4238.0750.0443.00.006Glacier Gulch(Davidson)Mo234.0041.0038.000.177GranisleCu4522.0528.0526.00.006HuckleberryCu2247.0258.0253.00.014IngerbelleCu-Au116200.002IslandCopperCu21704186317840.009KemessSouthCu-Au23106460938580.008KitsaultMo257.00102.079.500.115LomexCu1345.00.050MaggieCu-Mo1643.00.029McIntyre-Copper ZoneCu-Au111920.010McLeod LakeCu-Mo1184.00.050Ryan LakeCu-Mo1104.00.039Schaft CreekCu-Mo1590.00.019TominskoeCu110800.004

附表2 斑巖型礦床輝鉬礦Re含量與成礦時(shí)代數(shù)據(jù)Appendix Table 2 Re concentrations in molybdenite and ages of porphyry deposits

續(xù)附表2Continued Appendix Table 2礦產(chǎn)地礦種組合樣品數(shù)(n)ReMin(×10-6)ReMax(×10-6)ReAve(×10-6)年齡(Ma)參考文獻(xiàn)呼扎蓋吐Mo-Cu1222.5180.0劉瑞斌,2016石家灣Mo110.1710.1710.17138.0黃典豪等,1994劉生店Mo615.7118.0816.63169.4王輝等,2011銅坑Mo656.43365.2225.4115.7王少懷和黃宏祥,2015撒岱溝門(mén)Mo27.207.507.35142.0代軍治,2008曹四夭Mo40.060.090.07130.0聶鳳軍等,2013納日貢瑪Cu-Mo735.4975.0154.1340.9王召林等,2008石馬洞Mo919.9432.5726.03169.3邵建波等,2016太平溝Mo69.9069.1832.31131.0翟德高等,2009鹿鳴Mo519.0125.1022.78183.4孫慶龍等,2014必魯甘干Mo-Cu467.5685.7374.07237.9李俊建等,2016岔路口Mo81.7088.4828.70147.0聶鳳軍等,2011長(zhǎng)安堡Mo-Cu525.1734.8029.54168.0松權(quán)衡等,2016小東溝Mo62.2010.275.56135.5聶鳳軍等,2007阿林諾爾Mo726.0066.4049.42227.7薛靜等,2010金堆城Mo312.9019.7016.13131.0黃典豪等,1994大銀尖Mo112.89122.1楊澤強(qiáng),2007雞冠山Mo58.1995.6540.92155.0陳偉軍等,2010西沙德蓋Mo911.0821.1217.04226.4侯萬(wàn)榮等,2010大蘇計(jì)Mo43.2610.056.15222.5張彤等,2009東溝Mo24.104.264.18115.1Mao et al.,2008東戈壁Mo525.40131.1074.10233.2吳云輝等,2013福安堡Mo59.9415.1311.74166.9李立興等,2009十二排Mo50.714.512.30151.0王少懷,2013查干花Mo964.50245.7124.9238.6李光耀等,2020沙坪溝Mo52.4110.365.83111.0孟祥金等,2012熊家山Mo50.170.610.45152.0孟祥金等,2007邱埕Mo614.31174.721.94150.1范飛鵬等,2020石門(mén)山Mo41.051.671.3081.8陳沐龍等,2015;李孫雄等,2014大莊科Mo513.2027.6619.29137.6劉舒波等,2012礪山Mo913.4120.0318.3191.7王成輝等,2009b赤路Mo54.2816.1710.13106.0張克堯等,2009溫泉Mo520.4733.5226.23214.0宋史剛等,2008園珠頂Cu-Mo122.69449.492.04151.0鐘立峰等,2010大寶山Cu-Mo530.4676.4762.70163.6向建華等,2018錫坪Mo-Cu40.581.921.0789.9鄭偉等,2017

續(xù)附表2Continued Appendix Table 2礦產(chǎn)地礦種組合樣品數(shù)(n)ReMin(×10-6)ReMax(×10-6)ReAve(×10-6)年齡(Ma)參考文獻(xiàn)大灣Mo69.1524.8219.17137.0丁海洋,2014木吉村Cu-Mo5163.3409.0289.0144.8申志超等,2015安妥嶺Mo553.32104.973.04147.3者萌等,2014大草坪Mo31.1012.606.90140.0代軍治,2008雷門(mén)溝Mo218.4025.9022.15131.6李永峰等,2006千鵝沖Mo415.4618.5717.40127.8楊梅珍等,2010湯家坪Mo123.9611.946.83113.1楊澤強(qiáng),2007;Mao et al.,2008天目溝Mo131.99121.6楊澤強(qiáng),2007多寶山Cu-Mo3303.2567.0469.4506.0趙一鳴等,1997銅山Cu-Mo2497.0822.0659.5506.0趙一鳴等,1997霍吉河Cu-Mo412.0430.9217.39188.0張琳琳等,2014銅山口Cu-Mo2203.6224.3214.0142.9謝桂青等,2006豐山洞Cu-Mo1436.5144.0謝桂青等,2006白鴨山Mo47.2210.909.14100.7陳煒等,2014黃家溝Mo614.7529.1821.76131.3牛志勇等,2017朱砂紅Cu40.401.480.80172.6曲煥春等,2015王塢Mo-Cu53.596.387.15134.8戴盼等,2018金竹坪Mo50.170.870.46135.5張家菁等,2009寶山Cu627.96204.7106.1147.7賈麗瓊等,2015新臺(tái)門(mén)Mo57.2522.1014.88178.0張遵忠等,2009蘭家溝Mo71.5063.47211.7184.6Zeng et al.,2013小狐貍山Mo67.2232.9319.40220.0彭振安等,2011查干德?tīng)査筂o1553.64211.4140.1241.4蔡明海等,2011烏日尼圖Mo-Cu55.2523.3821.97146.5白玨和張可,2013白乃廟Cu-Mo5222.2893.1603.0440.5馮曉曦等,2015烏奴格吐山Cu-Mo6120.5299.4221.0177.4譚鋼等,2010車(chē)戶(hù)溝Mo-Cu957.9995.1969.04250.2孟樹(shù)等,2013八大關(guān)Cu-Mo7170.2487.7316.4228.7康永建,2015白土營(yíng)子Mo-Cu639.6056.6747.43247.0孫燕等,2013勞家溝Mo-Cu524.3871.8754.70235.0Duan et al.,2015敖侖花Mo55.9638.9318.40132.0馬星華等,2009畢力赫Cu-Au647.101688745.9272.7卿敏等,2011烏和爾楚魯圖Mo51.6113.258.25158.0俞礽安等,2016鴨子溝Cu-Mo110.373.611.08224.7何書(shū)躍等,2009八里坡Mo538.40155.967.67155.0焦建剛等,2009桂林溝Mo692.29193.0143.0197.2張紅等,2015

續(xù)附表2Continued Appendix Table 2礦產(chǎn)地礦種組合樣品數(shù)(n)ReMin(×10-6)ReMax(×10-6)ReAve(×10-6)年齡(Ma)參考文獻(xiàn)吉如Cu-Mo547.9587.3370.2849.0龔福志等,2008崗講Cu-Mo12155.9171.1162.913.6楊震等,2017廳宮Cu-Mo7225.7922.7485.816.0李光明等,2005驅(qū)龍Cu-Mo6306.71218616.216.0孟祥金等,2003沙讓Mo736.1974.2354.1251.0唐菊興等,2009a玉龍Cu-Mo566.91352.2173.241.6唐菊興等,2009b多不雜Cu6286.1623.4445.4118.0佘宏全等,2009達(dá)巴特Cu-Mo70.150.680.25287.0張作衡等,2006萊歷斯高爾Cu-Mo518.5073.5036.80379.9朱明田等,2010土屋-延?xùn)|Cu-Mo718.261665525.3322.0芮宗瑤等,2002白山Cu-Mo784.04273.6158.3223.2涂其軍等,2014馬廠(chǎng)箐Mo-Cu734.1061.4049.0635.0王登紅等,2004金平銅廠(chǎng)Cu-Mo92.27134.9052.1635.0王登紅等,2004銅廠(chǎng)Cu-Mo5416.915711138171.0Guo et al.,2012富家塢Mo-Cu5180.1652.5346.5171.0Guo et al.,2012

附表3 輝鉬礦Re含量與成礦巖體平均SiO2含量、分異指數(shù)及TiO2和FeOT含量Appendix Table 3 Re concentrations in molybdenite and SiO2 content, DI, TiO2 and FeOT contents for ore-forming porphyries

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