徐?!『畏恰埰G梅 許邦龍
[關(guān)鍵詞] 藥物涂層球囊;藥物涂層支架;支架內(nèi)再狹窄;小血管病變;主要不良心血管事件
[中圖分類號] R541.4? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-9701(2021)18-0019-04
Clinical efficacy of drug-coated balloon in treatment of coronary artery in-stent restenosis and small vessel disease
XU Hai? ?HE Fei? ?ZHANG Yanmei? ?XU Banglong
Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei? ?230601, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of drug-coated balloon (DCB) in the treatment of coronary artery in-stent restenosis (ISR) and small vessel disease. Methods Forty-eight patients with coronary heart disease admitted to our hospital for DCB treatment from January 2018 to October 2019 were selected for retrospective analysis, with 22 patients with ISR and 26 patients with small vessel disease. Forty-eight patients with the same gender, diseased blood vessel and type, age, and underlying disease who were treated with drug-eluting stent (DES) were selected as the control group. The primary endpoints were the cardiac death, non-fatal acute myocardial infarction (AMI), target lesion revaseularization (TLR) and other major adverse cardiac events (MACE). The reexamination results of coronary angiography or coronary CT were recorded. Results The average follow-up time was (9.15±5.46) months. The incidence of MACE in the DES group was 8.34%, which was higher than that of (4.17%) in the DCB group , with no statistically significant difference (P>0.05). There was no cardiac death in the two groups. There was no non-fatal AMI in the DCB group, and one non-fatal AMI (2.08%) in the DES group, with no statistically significant difference between the two groups(P>0.05). The number of TLRs undergone in the DCB group was 2 (4.17%), which was lower than that of 4 (8.34%) in the DES group, with no statistically significant difference (P>0.05).? In the DCB group at (9.24±4.02) months, 19 patients had reexamination of coronary angiography and 4 had reexamination of coronary CT, among whom 10 patients were with ISR (1 patient with 85% vascular stenosis), 13 patients were with small vessel disease (1 patient with 90% vascular stenosis). In the DES group at (8.34±5.28) months, 14 patients had reexamination of coronary angiography, among whom 6 patients were with ISR (1 patient with 80% vascular stenosis), and 8 patients were with small vessel disease (1 patient with 99% vascular stenosis as non-fatal AMI, and 2 patients with 75% and 80% vascular stenosis, respectively). Survival curve analysis showed that there was no significant difference in the MACE-free survival rate between the two groups during the follow-up period (P=0.406). Conclusion The clinical efficacy of drug-coated balloons is not inferior to that of drug-eluting stent in the treatment of coronary artery in-stent restenosis (ISR) and small vessel disease. It can be used as an important strategy for clinical coronary revascularization.
[Key words] Drug-coated balloon; Drug-eluting stent; In-stent restenosis; Small vessel disease; Major adverse cardiac event
經(jīng)皮冠狀動脈介入治療(Percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)作為目前經(jīng)典治療冠心病手段取得了巨大的進(jìn)展,從冠狀動脈腔內(nèi)成形術(shù)(Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty,PTCA)到金屬裸支架(Bare metal stent,BMS)再到藥物洗脫支架(Drug eluting stent,DES),極大地改善了冠心病患者的生活質(zhì)量。但支架植入也帶來了新的問題,如DES導(dǎo)致的血管內(nèi)皮愈合延遲、支架內(nèi)再狹窄(In-stent restenosis,ISR)和支架內(nèi)血栓形成等[1],小血管病變植入支架后易發(fā)生管腔丟失和遠(yuǎn)期再狹窄[2]。藥物涂層球囊(Drug-coated balloon,DCB)作為冠脈介入治療的一項(xiàng)創(chuàng)新技術(shù),因其僅輸送抗平滑肌細(xì)胞增殖藥物,無金屬置入物且術(shù)后雙聯(lián)抗血小板治療時間短、并發(fā)癥少等特點(diǎn),為冠心病的治療提供了新的方法?;诖?,DCB得到了中外指南和共識推薦[3-5],并將DCB治療ISR列為ⅠA類推薦,但其在中國人群中的應(yīng)用相關(guān)報(bào)道并不多見,且在小血管病變中的療效并不確切。因此本研究搜集和隨訪我院使用DCB治療ISR和小血管病變的患者48例,并得到部分患者復(fù)查冠脈造影和冠脈CT的結(jié)果,希望進(jìn)一步說明DCB在我國人群中治療ISR和小血管病變的療效,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1一般資料
回顧性分析2018年1月至2019年10月入住我院行DCB治療的冠心病患者48例,其中ISR 22例,小血管病變26例。另選取性別、病變血管及類型相同且年齡、合并基礎(chǔ)疾病等相近的行DES治療患者48例作為對照組。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①成年男性或未孕女性;②臨床有胸悶、胸痛等心肌缺血表現(xiàn)且冠狀動脈造影見靶血管病變狹窄超過70%的冠心病確診病例[6],血管類型為ISR、小血管病變;③靶血管直徑≥2 mm,小血管病變定義為血管直徑≤2.75 mm;④預(yù)計(jì)壽命>1年。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①靶血管嚴(yán)重鈣化或扭曲,不適合使用球囊擴(kuò)張的病變者;②伴有嚴(yán)重心力衰竭癥狀不能平臥者或左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(Left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)<35%者;③嚴(yán)重肝腎功能不全者;④有嚴(yán)重出血傾向或抗血小板藥和抗凝藥使用禁忌證者等;⑤合并惡性腫瘤或其他嚴(yán)重疾病,預(yù)計(jì)壽命<1年者。所有患者均簽署手術(shù)知情同意書。
1.2 方法
DCB組行冠脈造影確定病變部位后使用傳統(tǒng)或半順應(yīng)性球囊預(yù)擴(kuò)張,球囊/血管直徑比率0.8~1.0,確認(rèn)無血管夾層或僅限于A、B型夾層(NHLBI分型),TIMI血流Ⅲ級且殘余狹窄<30%[3],經(jīng)指引導(dǎo)絲送入DCB(Se Quent Please,B. Braun Melsungen AG,Germany)覆蓋預(yù)處理部位長度并超出邊緣各2~3 mm,定位完成后擴(kuò)張30~60 s。若術(shù)中出現(xiàn)C型及以上夾層,則補(bǔ)救性植入DES。術(shù)后均服用阿司匹林100 mg/d(Bayer S.p.A,國藥準(zhǔn)字 J20130078,規(guī)格:100 mg/片)、氯吡格雷75 mg/d(Sanofi Winthrop Industrie,國藥準(zhǔn)字 J20180029,規(guī)格:75 mg/片)或替格瑞洛90 mg/bid(AstraZeneca AB,國藥準(zhǔn)字J20171077,規(guī)格:90 mg/片),持續(xù)1~3個月,其他治療藥物及額外抗血小板治療時間由主治醫(yī)師決定。DES組病變血管經(jīng)預(yù)擴(kuò)張?zhí)幚砗笾踩胫睆胶烷L度合適的支架,術(shù)后雙聯(lián)抗血小板治療12個月。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
搜集患者臨床基線資料及造影數(shù)據(jù)。所有患者均以門診或電話或住院方式進(jìn)行隨訪。記錄心源性死亡、非致死性急性心肌梗死(Acute myocardial infarction,AMI)、靶病變再次血運(yùn)重建(Target lesion revaseularization,TLR)等主要不良心血管事件(Major adverse cardiac events,MACE),對有臨床心肌缺血證據(jù)或有意愿復(fù)查造影患者進(jìn)行冠脈造影或冠脈CT并記錄復(fù)查結(jié)果。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 18.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,組間比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料以[n(%)]表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)或Fisher確切概率法,Kaplan Meier曲線用于生存分析,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組患者基礎(chǔ)資料比較
DCB組和DES組各納入48例患者,兩組患者在性別、年齡、吸煙史、飲酒史、合并高血壓病、糖尿病、穩(wěn)定型心絞痛比例、總膽固醇、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(High density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(Low density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)、肌酐、左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(LVEF)及服用藥物方面比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表1。
2.2 兩組患者冠脈病變情況比較
兩組患者均經(jīng)由橈動脈行冠脈介入治療,DCB組和DES組中ISR患者22例,小血管病變患者26例。兩組患者在血管病變類型、血管病變支數(shù)、病變部位、病變血管直徑和長度、A/B型夾層和植入DCB/DES數(shù)量上比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表2。兩組手術(shù)過程中均未出現(xiàn)C型及以上夾層,即刻手術(shù)成功率為100%,住院期間無心肌梗死等不良事件發(fā)生。
2.3兩組患者隨訪結(jié)果比較
平均隨訪(9.15±5.46)個月,DES組MACE發(fā)生率(10.42%)高于DCB組(4.17%),但差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);兩組均未發(fā)生心源性死亡病例,DCB組無非致死性AMI,DES組發(fā)生1例(2.08%),差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);DCB組行TLR 2例(4.17%),低于DES組4例(8.34%),但差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。DCB組在(9.24±4.02)個月有19例患者復(fù)查冠脈造影和4例復(fù)查冠脈CT,ISR患者10例(1例血管狹窄85%),小血管病變13例(1例血管狹窄90%);DES組在(8.34±5.28)個月有14例復(fù)查冠脈造影,ISR患者6例(1例血管狹窄80%),小血管病變8例(1例血管狹窄99%的非致死性AMI,2例血管狹窄75%和80%)。見表3。生存曲線分析顯示,兩組在隨訪過程中無MACE生存率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.406)。見封三圖1。
3 討論
本研究結(jié)果提示,藥物涂層球囊在臨床上應(yīng)用具有良好的療效,與既往研究結(jié)果[7]相仿。目前臨床上多用的是紫杉醇涂層球囊,將紫杉醇和碘普羅胺混合的藥物涂層方法,可顯著減少PCI后的血管狹窄率[8]。在PCI治療過程中,DCB在血管狹窄部位擴(kuò)張時快速撕裂病變血管內(nèi)膜,短時間內(nèi)抗細(xì)胞增殖藥物可釋放到病變血管壁并被組織吸收,從而可恢復(fù)腔內(nèi)血管直徑,同時治療動脈粥樣硬化、預(yù)防支架內(nèi)再狹窄及發(fā)揮長期抗血管內(nèi)膜增生的作用[9]。
DCB治療ISR的效果是最先得到公認(rèn)的。21世紀(jì)初,有學(xué)者[8]首先發(fā)表了研究結(jié)果,表明DCB在輸送抗細(xì)胞增殖藥物后可預(yù)防PTCA引起ISR的有效性,隨后開啟積累DCB治療ISR循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù)歷程。PEPCAD China ISR研究[10]結(jié)果顯示,DCB相比于DES治療組在9個月再狹窄發(fā)生率和12個月復(fù)合臨床事件發(fā)生率無顯著差異,2年后隨訪結(jié)果證實(shí)DCB治療ISR仍然是安全和有效的[11]。最近的一項(xiàng)Meta[12]分析也表明,使用DCB和DES治療ISR患者在長達(dá)2年的隨訪中發(fā)生MACE均較低,其差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。本研究納入22例ISR患者行DCB治療,隨訪(9.15±5.46)個月時行TLR發(fā)生率為4.17%,與謝秀峰等[13]研究結(jié)果DES治療ISR隨訪至1年行TLR發(fā)生率相近,表明DCB在治療ISR時是一種有效策略。2020年發(fā)表的共識[5]再次將DCB治療ISR推薦為IA類方案也直接證明了其臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值。
目前對冠脈小血管病變沒有明確定義,一般認(rèn)為冠脈小血管的內(nèi)徑≤2.75 mm或<3 mm[5],本研究納入小血管病變內(nèi)徑一般為2.00~2.75 mm,由于冠脈小血管管徑小,支架植入后更容易發(fā)生遠(yuǎn)期管腔丟失,ISR發(fā)生率仍然很高。PEPCAD等研究[14]結(jié)果顯示,隨訪(6.4±1.3)個月時DCB組和DCB加裸支架組比較,晚期管腔丟失分別為[(0.16±0.38)mm和(0.62±0.73)mm,P<0.0001],再狹窄發(fā)生率分別為(6%和45%,P<0.0001),在接下來的1~3年隨訪過程中[15],DCB組沒有重大MACE發(fā)生,且與對照組相比降低了靶病變的再狹窄率,表明DCB治療小血管病變的有效性和安全性,另一項(xiàng)納入了230例患者的多中心隨機(jī)對照研究[16]結(jié)果顯示,DCB治療小血管病變的療效與DES無明顯差異。本研究入選26例小血管病變患者,僅有1例在(9.24±4.02)個月出現(xiàn)心絞痛癥狀,復(fù)查造影提示靶血管狹窄90%,與DES治療小血管病變患者結(jié)果相比,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),提示在治療小血管病變時,DCB擴(kuò)張術(shù)可能成為重要的替代方式。我國專家[3]認(rèn)為單純DCB治療小血管病變可能是一種優(yōu)選方案。但DCB相對于DES來說還不能有效解決血管彈性回縮問題,其應(yīng)用條件還需根據(jù)臨床實(shí)際情況和積累更多的臨床證據(jù)。
綜上所述,本研究對比了DCB和DES在治療ISR和小血管病變的臨床療效并隨訪了部分患者的復(fù)查冠脈造影資料,結(jié)果表明DCB在治療ISR和小血管病變的療效不劣于DES,可作為臨床冠脈血運(yùn)重建的一種重要策略。但本研究也存在一定的不足之處,首先入組樣本量較少,相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)的比較不排除研究結(jié)果與事實(shí)存在一定程度偏倚的可能,本研究為單中心試驗(yàn)且僅用SeQuent Please DCB,尚需多中心的臨床數(shù)據(jù)和不同品牌DCB治療效果的對比;其次由于DCB擴(kuò)張時間不同,藥物的釋放、溶解和血管組織的吸收均不盡相同,短期內(nèi)臨床療效可能無法體現(xiàn),本研究平均隨訪時間為(9.15±5.46)個月,有必要進(jìn)行更長時間的隨訪。
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(收稿日期:2021-02-19)