張德俐,王 芳,易維明,李志合,李永軍,柳善建
·農(nóng)業(yè)生物環(huán)境與能源工程·
木質(zhì)纖維素生物質(zhì)厭氧發(fā)酵沼渣熱化學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)化利用研究進(jìn)展
張德俐,王 芳※,易維明,李志合,李永軍,柳善建
(1. 山東理工大學(xué)農(nóng)業(yè)工程與食品科學(xué)學(xué)院,淄博 255000; 2. 山東省清潔能源工程技術(shù)研究中心,淄博 255000)
厭氧發(fā)酵技術(shù)可以將木質(zhì)纖維素生物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化為沼氣,并伴隨副產(chǎn)物沼渣產(chǎn)生。隨著大型沼氣工程的發(fā)展,大量沼渣排放已成為厭氧發(fā)酵技術(shù)推廣應(yīng)用的主要限制因素之一,亟須對沼渣進(jìn)行快速有效處理。其中,沼渣的熱化學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)化利用符合大型沼氣工程發(fā)展趨勢,是當(dāng)前的研究熱點(diǎn)之一。首先分析木質(zhì)纖維素沼渣的原料特性與熱化學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)化潛力;再對沼渣成型燃料、熱解以及水熱炭化等領(lǐng)域的研究現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行分析,著重對沼渣衍生產(chǎn)物特性、熱化學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)化過程中存在的問題以及與厭氧發(fā)酵結(jié)合的潛在優(yōu)勢等方面進(jìn)行討論;最后,對沼渣熱化學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)化的發(fā)展趨勢進(jìn)行了展望。木質(zhì)纖維素生物質(zhì)厭氧發(fā)酵與沼渣熱化學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)化結(jié)合的應(yīng)用模式研究對大型沼氣工程推廣應(yīng)用具有一定的科學(xué)意義。
生物質(zhì);厭氧發(fā)酵;熱解;沼渣;燃燒;水熱炭化
生物質(zhì)資源的開發(fā)利用是實(shí)現(xiàn)循環(huán)農(nóng)業(yè)和低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)的重要途徑,更是達(dá)成碳中和目標(biāo)的重要助力,因此,中國大力發(fā)展生物質(zhì)綜合利用技術(shù)[1]。其中,通過厭氧發(fā)酵技術(shù),可以對生物質(zhì)廢棄物進(jìn)行有效的資源化利用[2-3]。隨著中國“十三五”期間沼氣工程轉(zhuǎn)型升級戰(zhàn)略實(shí)施,大規(guī)模沼氣工程得到了快速發(fā)展,出現(xiàn)了一批日產(chǎn)1萬m3以上生物天然氣的大型沼氣工程[4]。以秸稈為代表的纖維素類生物質(zhì)具有甲烷產(chǎn)量高、含硫量低、價(jià)格低廉、資源豐富、便于儲(chǔ)存等優(yōu)勢,能夠滿足大型沼氣工程對原料供應(yīng)的需求,是未來厭氧發(fā)酵技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)化發(fā)展的方 向[5]。然而,隨著沼氣工程迅速發(fā)展,伴隨產(chǎn)生大量沼渣的處置問題已成為厭氧發(fā)酵技術(shù)推廣應(yīng)用的主要限制因素之一[6]。
由于富含植物生長所需的營養(yǎng)元素并含有大量小分子腐殖質(zhì),現(xiàn)階段沼渣最主要的利用方式為土地施肥與土壤改良[7]。但是,隨著厭氧發(fā)酵殘余物總量的提升,沼渣供給與農(nóng)用土地消納能力的時(shí)空矛盾凸顯:一方面殘余物連續(xù)產(chǎn)出,而土地施肥、土壤改良等屬于間歇式需求。一旦進(jìn)入肥料需求淡季,沼渣、沼液等儲(chǔ)存會(huì)占用大量空間并存在潛在環(huán)境污染。研究表明,沼渣、沼液儲(chǔ)存期間會(huì)釋放N2O、CO2、CH4、NH3等溫室氣體與有害氣體[8-9],而且,CH4的析出也降低了生物質(zhì)能的利用效率[10];另一方面,如若大型沼氣工程周邊沒有足夠的土地對其進(jìn)行消納,高含水率沼渣的遠(yuǎn)途運(yùn)輸將會(huì)耗費(fèi)大量的人力和物力資源[11]。
此外,沼渣施肥對周邊環(huán)境以及農(nóng)作物產(chǎn)品的潛在危害也不能忽視,包括氮磷富集、重金屬沉積、病原體附著等問題[12-14]。尤其隨著人們對食品安全及環(huán)境保護(hù)等方面的逐漸重視,許多國家與地區(qū)提高了土地施肥或土壤改良的準(zhǔn)入標(biāo)準(zhǔn),這也在一定程度上限制了沼渣作為有機(jī)肥料與土壤改良劑的應(yīng)用[15]。因此,在大型沼氣工程的發(fā)展背景下,亟需一種新的技術(shù)手段對厭氧發(fā)酵過程伴隨產(chǎn)生的沼渣進(jìn)行快速有效的處理,緩解沼渣處置問題。
其中,沼渣的熱化學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)化利用符合大型沼氣工程的發(fā)展趨勢,可能實(shí)現(xiàn)木質(zhì)纖維素沼渣的無害化處理與資源化利用,已成為當(dāng)前的研究熱點(diǎn)之一。以沼渣為紐帶,可以將厭氧發(fā)酵技術(shù)與熱化學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)化技術(shù)有機(jī)結(jié)合。因此,本文將基于國內(nèi)外木質(zhì)纖維素生物質(zhì)厭氧發(fā)酵沼渣熱化學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)化技術(shù)的最新研究成果,對沼渣熱化學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)化的研究情況進(jìn)行歸納。分析木質(zhì)纖維素沼渣的熱轉(zhuǎn)化潛力,分別對沼渣成型燃料、沼渣熱解以及沼渣水熱炭化等領(lǐng)域的研究現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行綜述,分析沼渣熱化學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)化過程中存在的問題及其與厭氧發(fā)酵技術(shù)相結(jié)合的潛在優(yōu)勢,并展望沼渣熱化學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)化技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢。該項(xiàng)研究對于以木質(zhì)纖維素生物質(zhì)為主要原料的沼氣工程推廣應(yīng)用具有一定的科學(xué)指導(dǎo)意義。
厭氧發(fā)酵產(chǎn)甲烷的過程實(shí)際上是微生物物質(zhì)代謝和能量轉(zhuǎn)換的過程[16]。由于纖維素的結(jié)晶性與木質(zhì)素的存在,甲烷細(xì)菌無法對木質(zhì)纖維素生物質(zhì)進(jìn)行有效降解,降低了生物質(zhì)的整體轉(zhuǎn)化效率[17]。由表1[18-22]所示,木質(zhì)纖維素生物質(zhì)在厭氧發(fā)酵后,原料中僅有23.2%~45.8%的能量流入到沼氣,其物質(zhì)和能量利用效率較低。相比較,厭氧發(fā)酵后沼渣的質(zhì)量產(chǎn)率較高,在70%~90%左 右[18-19,23],碳元素和能量所占比例也較高,在60%左右。同時(shí),沼渣本身碳元素含量與熱值也比較可觀,一般約在35%~50%和14~22 MJ/kg之間[18-27]??梢姡举|(zhì)纖維素沼渣中仍保留著發(fā)酵前原生物質(zhì)中的大部分能量,有必要對沼渣進(jìn)行合理的利用。
在木質(zhì)纖維素生物質(zhì)發(fā)酵沼渣中,纖維組分的含量也非常可觀。由表2[24-28]可見,秸稈類沼渣中纖維組分含量在67.55%~84.80%之間,牛糞沼渣中纖維組分含量也達(dá)到了52.67%。與發(fā)酵前的原料相比,沼渣中纖維素與半纖維素相對含量降低明顯,木質(zhì)素與灰分含量則有明顯增加。但是,從纖維組分含量來看,沼渣仍具有較大的熱化學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)化潛力。
表1 木質(zhì)纖維素生物質(zhì)厭氧發(fā)酵能量與沼渣碳元素分布
表2 木質(zhì)纖維素生物質(zhì)及其發(fā)酵沼渣纖維組分含量
根據(jù)國內(nèi)外厭氧發(fā)酵沼渣熱化學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)換技術(shù)的文獻(xiàn)調(diào)研,相關(guān)研究內(nèi)容主要集中在沼渣成型燃料燃燒、沼渣熱解和沼渣水熱炭化3個(gè)領(lǐng)域,如圖1所示。
圖1 木質(zhì)纖維素生物質(zhì)沼渣熱轉(zhuǎn)化技術(shù)路線
生物質(zhì)成型燃料是指干燥粉碎后的生物質(zhì)在成型設(shè)備中被加工成一定形狀、一定密度的固體燃料[29]。研究表明,沼渣的成型性能明顯優(yōu)于其發(fā)酵前原材料[30-31]。在不添加粘結(jié)劑的條件下,木質(zhì)纖維素發(fā)酵沼渣即可實(shí)現(xiàn)顆?;尚?,且表現(xiàn)出良好的機(jī)械耐久性[30]。楊世關(guān)等[31]將厭氧發(fā)酵過程作為一種秸稈類生物質(zhì)制備成型燃料的預(yù)處理手段,相比于玉米秸稈原料,發(fā)酵沼渣制備的成型燃料松弛密度提高了12.86%,同時(shí),也降低了成型過程中設(shè)備的磨損損耗。閆芳等[32]對比研究了玉米秸稈及其沼渣與褐煤的混合成型特性,結(jié)果表明,在相同制備條件下,沼渣型煤的抗壓強(qiáng)度最高是玉米秸稈型煤的3倍。王雅君等[33]研究表明,僅以沼渣與生物炭摻混部分水即可直接成型,并表現(xiàn)出良好的抗跌落強(qiáng)度和疏水性。沼渣成型性能提升的主要原因是沼渣中木質(zhì)素相對含量的增加。木質(zhì)素作為一種天然黏結(jié)劑,能夠增強(qiáng)成型過程中的固體架橋作用,提高機(jī)械強(qiáng)度[34]。此外,木質(zhì)素相對含量的增加也使得秸稈類沼渣的成型燃料熱值有所提高,其低位熱值能夠達(dá)到15.8 MJ/kg(9.2%含水率),接近松木成型顆粒的熱值[30]。Li等[35]在沼渣與褐煤混合成型研究中表明,沼渣摻混比例為20%時(shí)可制備高品質(zhì)的成型燃料,熱值能夠達(dá)到20.2 MJ/kg。
在燃燒污染氣體排放特性方面,發(fā)酵沼渣也與其發(fā)酵原料有所不同。表3列出了幾種沼渣以及典型生物質(zhì)成型燃料燃燒的氣體排放水平[30,36-38],并對比了國內(nèi)相關(guān)的排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。其中,GB 13271-2014為鍋爐大氣污染物排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn),NB/T 34006-2011為國內(nèi)小于50 kW的生物質(zhì)爐具燃燒排放的行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[39]。與原料相比,沼渣基成型燃料燃燒過程中SO2的排放非常少,幾乎檢測不到[30]。這是由于在發(fā)酵過程中會(huì)伴隨部分H2S的析出,降低了沼渣中S元素含量。但是,沼渣燃燒過程中NOx排放量明顯升高,是玉米秸稈等典型生物質(zhì)成型燃料的3~4倍,超出了新建鍋爐以及小型生物質(zhì)爐具的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求。這是由于發(fā)酵過程中需要補(bǔ)充N源調(diào)控發(fā)酵底物的C/N比,導(dǎo)致沼渣中N元素含量升高。因此,沼渣基成型燃料的氣體排放指標(biāo)中應(yīng)重點(diǎn)檢測與關(guān)注NOx的排放水平。此外,沼渣燃燒的煙塵排放值也較高,但通過增設(shè)靜電除塵裝置可使其濃度降低到40~43 mg/m3[30],滿足標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求。
表3 幾種沼渣與典型生物質(zhì)成型燃料燃燒的排放水平
注:①為經(jīng)過靜電除塵裝置處理后的煙塵濃度。
Note:①is the dust concentration after treatment by electrostatic filter.
在燃燒灰分特性方面,沼渣基成型燃料的結(jié)渣現(xiàn)象較為明顯。纖維素類原料經(jīng)過厭氧發(fā)酵后,其灰分相對含量增加,而且,灰分中含有較大比例的堿/堿土金屬,可能會(huì)在較低溫度下發(fā)生熔融現(xiàn)象。Chen等[40]分析纖維素類沼渣的灰熔融軟化溫度為1 180℃,Kratzeisen等[30]分析得到沼渣基成型燃料的灰熔融軟化溫度在1 090~ 1 110℃之間,都遠(yuǎn)低于松木燃燒灰分的軟化溫度 (1 370~1 430℃)。Pedrazzi等[36]研究表明,由于聚團(tuán)、結(jié)渣等原因,無法利用小型燃燒爐對木質(zhì)纖維素沼渣成型燃料進(jìn)行超過1 h的穩(wěn)定燃燒。付成果[41]等研究表明,即使經(jīng)過水洗處理,秸稈類發(fā)酵殘?jiān)娜紵蕴幱趪?yán)重結(jié)渣水平。因此,降低沼渣灰分中非水溶性的低熔點(diǎn)組分含量是其進(jìn)行燃燒應(yīng)用的關(guān)鍵因素之一。研究表明,將沼渣與木材按照一定比例制備成型燃料或與煤混燒可以降低堿/堿土金屬在燃燒過程中的影響,緩解聚團(tuán)、結(jié)渣等現(xiàn)象[36]。此外,通過酸洗或水熱等預(yù)處理手段也可以有效降低生物質(zhì)灰分中堿/堿土金屬含量,有助于提高其燃燒特性[42-44]。
整體來看,沼渣的成型性能好,具有較高的制備固體燃料的轉(zhuǎn)化潛力。但是,需要在NOx排放與結(jié)渣控制等方面作進(jìn)一步深入研究,以提高沼渣基成型燃料的燃燒特性。
生物質(zhì)熱解是在惰性氣氛下使生物質(zhì)發(fā)生熱分解生成可冷凝揮發(fā)分、固體產(chǎn)物和不可冷凝氣體的技術(shù)[45]。通常改變熱解參數(shù),可以對不同的目標(biāo)產(chǎn)物(生物油、熱解炭和熱解氣)進(jìn)行調(diào)控。木質(zhì)纖維素沼渣的熱解研究現(xiàn)狀如表4所示[25,40,46-61]。
在制取生物油液體燃料方面,沼渣表現(xiàn)出一定的優(yōu)勢。為了提高生物油的品質(zhì),楊昌炎等[46]將固態(tài)發(fā)酵作為一種預(yù)處理手段,對發(fā)酵后的小麥秸稈進(jìn)行了快速熱解液化試驗(yàn),結(jié)果表明其產(chǎn)出的生物油熱值由發(fā)酵前的16~17 MJ/kg提升到22~24 MJ/kg,并降低了49%的乙酸含量;Neumann等[47]通過異位催化熱解木質(zhì)纖維素發(fā)酵沼渣制備的生物油熱值達(dá)到了35.2 MJ/kg,黏度與總酸值也都有所降低。Hossain等[48]對沼渣進(jìn)行催化熱解得到的生物油,可以與丁醇以及餐廚廢油等進(jìn)行混合直接應(yīng)用于柴油機(jī)中,最大配比為30%。此外,厭氧發(fā)酵過程還可以明顯增加熱解生物油中酚類化合物的含量,尤其是4-乙烯基苯酚。Wang等[50]利用PY-GC-MS,對厭氧發(fā)酵前后的玉米秸稈進(jìn)行了熱解生物油的對比分析,在250℃時(shí),發(fā)酵后其酚類化合物含量由42.25%增加到79.32%,4-乙烯基苯酚的含量則由28.6%增加到60.9%。但隨著熱解溫度逐漸升高到500℃,其生物油中酚類化合物的含量不斷降低。Liang等[25]對稻桿發(fā)酵沼渣的研究也得到了類似的規(guī)律,在330℃時(shí),生物油中4-乙烯基苯酚的含量由發(fā)酵前的29.33%增加到發(fā)酵后的34.93%;而在650℃時(shí),4-乙烯基苯酚的含量則僅從5.76%增加到7.68%。
在厭氧降解過程中,隨著纖維素與半纖維素的去除,木質(zhì)素相對含量增加,有助于生物油中酸類化合物含量的降低與酚類化合物含量的升高,提高生物油燃料品質(zhì)。同時(shí),經(jīng)過發(fā)酵后,三組分交聯(lián)結(jié)構(gòu)變得松散,使得更多的木質(zhì)素結(jié)構(gòu)暴露出來,在相對較低的溫度即可降解產(chǎn)生大量4-乙烯基苯酚[25]。可見,經(jīng)過厭氧發(fā)酵后的沼渣在熱解轉(zhuǎn)化制取生物油液體燃料和提取酚類化合物等方面具有一定的優(yōu)勢。
在沼渣基熱解炭方面,對其吸附特性的研究相對較多,吸附目標(biāo)包含無機(jī)污染物(氨氮、磷)、有色染料(剛果紅)、抗生素(四環(huán)素)以及重金屬(Pb2+、Cu2+、 Ni2+、Cd2+)等[54-57, 62]。由表4可見,許多沼渣基熱解炭能夠媲美甚至優(yōu)于商業(yè)活性炭的吸附效果。根據(jù)文獻(xiàn),沼渣基熱解炭優(yōu)良的吸附特性主要?dú)w因于其與吸附質(zhì)的絡(luò)合反應(yīng)或共沉淀作用。Yao等[54]研究認(rèn)為甜菜發(fā)酵沼渣對磷酸鹽優(yōu)異的吸附特性是由其表面存在的納米方鎂石膠質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)導(dǎo)致的;Inyang等[55]研究認(rèn)為沼渣基熱解炭中富含的碳酸鹽和磷酸鹽能夠通過共沉淀反應(yīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)重金屬離子的吸附??梢?,沼渣基熱解炭的吸附特性與其自身的灰分結(jié)構(gòu)、組分等密切相關(guān),有必要加強(qiáng)發(fā)酵過程中無機(jī)組分的演變規(guī)律研究,進(jìn)一步明確其與吸附行為之間的關(guān)聯(lián)性。
表4 木質(zhì)纖維素厭氧發(fā)酵沼渣熱解研究現(xiàn)狀
此外,鄭楊清等[57]以沼渣基熱解炭為前驅(qū)體,通過氫氧化鉀活化方式制備的活性炭(KOH-CC)對氨氮的最大吸附容量達(dá)到120 mg/g。以此為依據(jù),一個(gè)500 m3的生物產(chǎn)甲烷示范裝置產(chǎn)生沼渣制備的KOH-CC足夠用于處理其每天排放的沼液,循環(huán)工藝如圖2所示[54]。這為沼渣基熱解生物炭在沼氣工程中的循環(huán)利用途徑提供了一種新的思路,會(huì)更加直觀地提高沼氣工程的能量、經(jīng)濟(jì)以及環(huán)境效應(yīng)。
圖2 KOH-CC處理沼液循環(huán)工藝示意[57]
沼渣基熱解炭在土壤改良方面也展現(xiàn)出一定的優(yōu)勢,包括較高的pH值、表面負(fù)電荷、離子交換能力以及營養(yǎng)元素含量等。Monlau等[63]對沼氣工程中的沼渣及其熱解炭進(jìn)行了對比分析,結(jié)果表明熱解炭中營養(yǎng)元素P和K的含量大幅增長,能夠部分取代無機(jī)肥料的使用;而且其孔隙結(jié)構(gòu)更加發(fā)達(dá)(49~88 m2/g),具有更好的持水能力,表現(xiàn)出優(yōu)良的土壤改良性能。但是,由于厭氧發(fā)酵底物源頭復(fù)雜,沼渣基熱解炭的施用對生態(tài)環(huán)境的影響也引起了學(xué)者們的關(guān)注[64]。Stefaniuk等[65]研究表明,木質(zhì)纖維素沼渣基熱解炭中鎘金屬含量最高達(dá)到 8.8 mg/kg,超標(biāo)嚴(yán)重,需進(jìn)行重點(diǎn)防控。Garlapalli等[66-67]研究表明沼渣基熱解炭中多環(huán)芳烴(PAHs)含量隨著熱解溫度的升高而升高,在800℃制得的沼渣基熱解炭中PAHs的含量達(dá)到4.7 mg/kg,遠(yuǎn)高于中國農(nóng)用污染物控制標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。因此,在關(guān)注沼渣基熱解炭在土壤改良領(lǐng)域正向效應(yīng)的同時(shí),也應(yīng)在重金屬與多環(huán)芳烴的遷移規(guī)律等方面做重點(diǎn)研究,嚴(yán)格評估其潛在的生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
在生物質(zhì)熱解氣化領(lǐng)域,纖維素類沼渣的轉(zhuǎn)化也引起了眾多學(xué)者們的關(guān)注,如表4所示。相較于生物質(zhì)原料,發(fā)酵沼渣的揮發(fā)分含量較低,導(dǎo)致其熱解氣低位熱值(LHV)與冷氣化效率(CGE)相對較低[40,58-60]。研究表明,共氣化技術(shù)可有效改善沼渣的熱解氣化性能。Chang等[61]研究表明,沼渣與褐煤共氣化,可有效提高其熱解氣LHV。Yao等[68]將沼渣以20%摻混比例與木屑進(jìn)行氣化,其能量轉(zhuǎn)化效率可達(dá)70.8%。此外,Chen等[69]研究表明,適度調(diào)控發(fā)酵時(shí)間等參數(shù)也能夠有效提高氣化產(chǎn)物L(fēng)HV和CGE。而且,輕度的發(fā)酵預(yù)處理后,熱解氣中H2含量增幅達(dá)63%,提高了H2/CO摩爾比,這將有利于其作為合成氣原料做進(jìn)一步化工合成。Marchese等[70]的對比研究也表明,相較于生物質(zhì)原料,發(fā)酵沼渣制備的熱解氣更適合作為費(fèi)托合成等合成原料。
在氣化副產(chǎn)物方面,沼渣的應(yīng)用顯著降低了氣化過程中初級焦油的產(chǎn)生。Chen等[40]研究表明,沼渣氣化過程中的焦油含量可低至1.61 g/Nm3,約為常規(guī)生物質(zhì)原料氣化焦油產(chǎn)量的1/3。即使經(jīng)過輕度的厭氧發(fā)酵預(yù)處理,其焦油含量降幅也能夠達(dá)到30%~35%[69],這將有利于其簡化下游凈化過程。而且,沼渣氣化的灰渣中P2O5含量(26.96%)明顯高于常規(guī)生物質(zhì)氣化灰渣中的含量(3.48%~9.76%),其在緩釋肥應(yīng)用方面具有一定潛 力[69]。但是,沼渣氣化灰渣的農(nóng)田應(yīng)用與熱解炭相似,也同樣面臨著潛在的生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。郭祥[71]研究表明,沼渣氣化灰渣中鉻含量(296.48 mg/kg)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于有機(jī)肥的農(nóng)用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(150 mg/kg),需要進(jìn)行重點(diǎn)關(guān)注??梢?,沼渣氣化在合成氣化工合成、焦油控制和灰渣農(nóng)用等方面表現(xiàn)出一定的獨(dú)特優(yōu)勢。但還需要進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)沼渣氣化工藝以提高熱解氣LHV和CGE等關(guān)鍵指標(biāo)。
整體來看,木質(zhì)纖維素沼渣通過熱解制取生物油燃料、酚類化合物、碳基吸附劑、土壤改良劑和合成氣等方面均呈現(xiàn)出一定的應(yīng)用潛力。而且,在反應(yīng)動(dòng)力學(xué)方面,厭氧發(fā)酵過程也降低了沼渣的熱解活化能,有利于沼渣的熱解轉(zhuǎn)化[24,72-74]。但是,有研究表明,由于厭氧發(fā)酵工藝的要求,即使經(jīng)過固液分離的沼渣中含水率依然達(dá)到了 70%[75]。沼渣高濕特性導(dǎo)致的干燥能耗在一定程度上制約了其熱解轉(zhuǎn)化應(yīng)用。同時(shí),由于發(fā)酵底物多元化,組分極為復(fù)雜,相關(guān)農(nóng)藥、重金屬以及多環(huán)芳烴等有害組分在沼渣中具有一定的累積效應(yīng),也需要進(jìn)一步探究沼渣熱解過程中這些有害組分的演變規(guī)律。
生物質(zhì)水熱炭化(Hydrothermal Carbonization,HTC)技術(shù)是指生物質(zhì)與水在一定的溫度(180~250℃)與自生壓力(或高于自生壓力)下,生成富碳固體產(chǎn)物的過程[76]。同時(shí),還伴隨部分有機(jī)相轉(zhuǎn)移為水相產(chǎn)物,小部分物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化為氣體。由于HTC過程中水的存在,其非常適合處理高含水率的生物質(zhì)廢棄物,無需在反應(yīng)前對原料進(jìn)行干燥處理。而且,水熱炭也呈現(xiàn)出較大的應(yīng)用潛力。因此,木質(zhì)纖維素發(fā)酵沼渣的水熱炭化處理是現(xiàn)階段的研究熱點(diǎn)之一,如表5[21,26,66,77-81]所示。
表5 木質(zhì)纖維素厭氧發(fā)酵沼渣水熱炭化研究現(xiàn)狀
許多學(xué)者對不同水熱炭化工況下,沼渣基水熱炭產(chǎn)率與理化特性的變化規(guī)律進(jìn)行了研究,其關(guān)鍵參數(shù)主要包括水熱溫度、反應(yīng)時(shí)間、初始pH值與液固比等[82]。水熱溫度無疑是影響HTC行為的最主要因素。根據(jù)Arrhenius公式,化學(xué)反應(yīng)速率常數(shù)與反應(yīng)溫度和反應(yīng)時(shí)間分別呈正比例指數(shù)關(guān)系和線性直線關(guān)系。水熱溫度相較于反應(yīng)時(shí)間,對水熱炭產(chǎn)率具有更加明顯的影響。pH值則主要通過催化作用影響水熱反應(yīng)。但是,由于多數(shù)研究中用于調(diào)控pH值的檸檬酸在高壓高溫下會(huì)降解為丙酮和乙酸等物質(zhì),影響了其催化效果[81]。同時(shí),半纖維素等組分在水熱炭化過程中也會(huì)產(chǎn)生乙酸等酸性物質(zhì),降低了初始pH值對HTC特性的影響[81]。因此有必要加強(qiáng)初始pH值以及反應(yīng)過程中pH值的變化對沼渣HTC催化機(jī)制的研究。此外,液固比不僅能影響水熱炭的性質(zhì),還與反應(yīng)的能耗以及水相副產(chǎn)物的排放有直接關(guān)系[83]。較高的液固比有利于提高生物質(zhì)的溶解性,但也導(dǎo)致能耗升高、水相副產(chǎn)物排放增加等問題。因此,需要綜合考慮水熱炭性能、反應(yīng)能耗、副產(chǎn)物排放與處置等因素,調(diào)節(jié)HTC液固比。
現(xiàn)階段沼渣基水熱炭的應(yīng)用研究主要集中在固體燃料與土壤改良方面。木質(zhì)纖維素沼渣經(jīng)過HTC處理后,其燃料品質(zhì)有顯著提升。一方面,HTC降解以脫水和脫羧為主,獲得的水熱炭熱值高于相同溫度慢速熱解制備的生物炭[78,83]。Oliveira等[79]在180℃下獲得的沼渣基水熱炭熱值即接近于褐煤,Mumme等[80]在270℃的水熱溫度下得到的水熱炭熱值甚至達(dá)到了35.7 MJ/kg(干燥無灰基);另一方面,HTC對生物質(zhì)中堿/堿土金屬有一定的脫除效果[84]。作者對玉米秸稈發(fā)酵沼渣在190~240℃的HTC試驗(yàn)研究表明,K和Na的去除率均超過80%,Ca與Mg的去除率在40%~60%之間[77]。堿/堿土金屬的降低能夠有利于緩解本文2.1中所述沼渣燃燒過程中潛在的結(jié)渣現(xiàn)象[85]。同時(shí),沼渣經(jīng)過水熱炭化處理后,其疏水性、可磨性、脫水性與可流化性等均有明顯提 升[26,79,86-87],能夠有效降低其作為固體燃料在粉碎、儲(chǔ)存以及干燥等階段中的物質(zhì)損耗與能量消耗。研究表明,相較于傳統(tǒng)的生物質(zhì)烘焙預(yù)處理,水熱預(yù)處理能夠節(jié)約30%~50%左右的能耗[88]。此外,作者在玉米秸稈發(fā)酵前后的HTC對比研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),厭氧發(fā)酵過程相對富集了秸稈中的不溶性灰分,同時(shí),增加了秸稈沼渣在水熱轉(zhuǎn)化體系中的水解傾向,從而在一定程度上降低與抑制了HTC在較高水熱炭化溫度下的脫灰性能與縮合反應(yīng)[77]。因此,從固體燃料角度看,推薦選擇較低的水熱溫度對秸稈沼渣進(jìn)行水熱炭化處理。
在農(nóng)田施用方面,與熱解炭相似,沼渣基水熱炭也具有兩面性。一方面,沼渣基水熱炭富含N、P等營養(yǎng)元素,具有良好的土壤改良特性。Funke等[21]分析了小麥秸稈發(fā)酵沼渣水熱炭化過程中N、P等營養(yǎng)元素的分布規(guī)律,60%~65%的N元素和77%~80%的P元素留存在水熱炭中,其自身含量遠(yuǎn)高于沼渣中的N、P含量。Mumme等[80]通過分析比表面積與孔隙結(jié)構(gòu)等沼渣基水熱炭結(jié)構(gòu)特性,也肯定了其土壤改良潛力。另一方面,水熱炭的施用對周邊環(huán)境也存在著一定的潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。Busch 等[89]研究表明水熱炭中存在一定的植物性毒素,不利于植物萌芽。Garlapalli等[66]的研究也表明水熱炭含有較多的酚類物質(zhì)和PAHs,直接施用不利于植物的生長。然而,水熱炭經(jīng)過生物處理或者高溫?zé)峤獾确绞教幚砗?,都可以有效消除其毒性[59, 89-90]。可見,水熱炭的后處理過程是其在農(nóng)田中安全施用的重要環(huán)節(jié)之一。
此外,也有學(xué)者對沼渣基水熱炭作為活性炭前驅(qū)體的性能進(jìn)行了研究。Catalina等[81]通過對秸稈、牧草和牛糞混合發(fā)酵沼渣進(jìn)行水熱炭化與KOH高溫活化試驗(yàn),獲得的炭材料在CH4/CO2吸附試驗(yàn)中表現(xiàn)出極佳的選擇吸附性,對CO2吸附量達(dá)到8.8 mol/kg(30℃/1.48 MPa),可以滿足沼氣中去除CO2的工藝需求。這也為沼渣基水熱炭在沼氣工程的“就地應(yīng)用”策略提供了一種新的方式,用于沼氣提純。
整體來看,木質(zhì)纖維素沼渣的HTC具有一定獨(dú)特的優(yōu)勢,可忽略熱轉(zhuǎn)化前的干燥能耗,能夠改善沼渣燃料品質(zhì)和土壤改良特性,并展現(xiàn)出一定制備功能化炭材料的潛力。因此,有必要進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)木質(zhì)纖維素沼渣HTC轉(zhuǎn)化的相關(guān)理論研究,以指導(dǎo)優(yōu)化厭氧發(fā)酵與HTC工藝參數(shù)。同時(shí),HTC過程還會(huì)產(chǎn)出大量的水相產(chǎn)物,富含有機(jī)酸、糠醛等有機(jī)組分,也應(yīng)重視這些副產(chǎn)物的應(yīng)用研究,包括水相循環(huán)利用[91]、生物轉(zhuǎn)化[92]等方式。
根據(jù)上述文獻(xiàn)調(diào)研,沼渣在燃燒、熱解以及水熱炭化等領(lǐng)域均表現(xiàn)出一定的應(yīng)用潛力。針對木質(zhì)纖維素生物質(zhì)廢棄物,可以很好的以沼渣為紐帶將厭氧發(fā)酵技術(shù)與熱化學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)化技術(shù)進(jìn)行有機(jī)結(jié)合。兩種技術(shù)在能源利用效率、規(guī)?;幚硪约爱a(chǎn)物內(nèi)部循環(huán)等方面具有明顯的互補(bǔ)優(yōu)勢。
對木質(zhì)纖維素沼渣進(jìn)行合理的熱化學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)化利用可以有效提高生物質(zhì)的能量利用效率,如圖3[21,26,93]所示。厭氧發(fā)酵結(jié)合沼渣熱解的整體利用效率較高,達(dá)到了85%[93]。然而,在熱解轉(zhuǎn)化過程中,沼渣中含有的大量水分顯著增加了干燥能耗。Kratzeisen等[30]對兩種不同沼渣制備成型燃料的能耗進(jìn)行了估算,包括機(jī)械脫水、干燥與顆粒成型等階段。其中,干燥階段能耗所占比例達(dá)到了92%左右,兩種沼渣基成型燃料的制備能耗與其低位熱值的比值分別為0.74與0.78。Monlau等[75]則基于一個(gè)運(yùn)營中的沼氣熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)項(xiàng)目,對沼渣熱解的可行性進(jìn)行了分析。結(jié)果顯示,耦合沼渣熱解工藝后,可以提高該沼氣工程42%的產(chǎn)電能力。但是,沼渣(23.8 t/d)的日干燥能耗達(dá)到了13 249 kW·h,需要消耗大量的熱能,不利于產(chǎn)電能力的進(jìn)一步提高。相較于燃燒或熱解,厭氧發(fā)酵結(jié)合沼渣HTC的整體能量利用效率相對較低,在65%~72%之間。然而,HTC轉(zhuǎn)化過程中可完全避免前處理過程中的干燥能耗。而且由于水熱炭化反應(yīng)較溫和、水熱炭脫水性能較好等原因,HTC反應(yīng)以及后續(xù)的水熱炭干燥能耗較小,一般占比在水熱炭總能量的7%~20%之間[21,94]。此外,Reza等[26]研究表明小麥秸稈厭氧發(fā)酵結(jié)合沼渣發(fā)酵的能量效率比單獨(dú)HTC處理增加了20%,從能量利用效率來看,相較于原物料,小麥秸稈發(fā)酵沼渣更加適合作為水熱炭化的原料。
圖3 厭氧發(fā)酵與熱轉(zhuǎn)化技術(shù)結(jié)合的生物質(zhì)能利用效率[21,26,93]
高含水率在一定程度上制約了木質(zhì)纖維素沼渣的燃燒與熱解應(yīng)用。但是,沼渣經(jīng)過干燥、成型等預(yù)處理后,燃燒和熱解技術(shù)仍然可以實(shí)現(xiàn)其能量增益。而HTC技術(shù),由于能夠忽略沼渣干燥工藝,在能耗方面具有巨大優(yōu)勢。3.2 厭氧發(fā)酵沼渣規(guī)?;幚?/p>
隨著大型沼氣工程的發(fā)展,沼渣的產(chǎn)量非常巨大。Ravina等[95]研究表明,以牛糞和青貯玉米秸稈為發(fā)酵原料,日產(chǎn)14 000 m3左右沼氣工程的沼渣日產(chǎn)量達(dá)到了80.5 t。傳統(tǒng)的農(nóng)用土地很難對如此巨量的沼渣進(jìn)行消納,亟需其他技術(shù)手段進(jìn)行快速有效的處理。其中,燃燒是最簡便有效的生物質(zhì)能產(chǎn)業(yè)化應(yīng)用方式,相關(guān)燃燒技術(shù)已經(jīng)非常成熟;在熱解方面,固定床、流化床以及下降管等熱解工藝的規(guī)?;D(zhuǎn)化技術(shù)也已經(jīng)相對成熟[96-97]。同時(shí),HTC技術(shù)也表現(xiàn)出足夠的規(guī)?;D(zhuǎn)化潛力[97-98]。
此外,由于木質(zhì)纖維素生物質(zhì)分布廣泛、能量密度低,使得纖維素原料熱化學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)化技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)化過程中的“收、儲(chǔ)、運(yùn)”成本較高,從而導(dǎo)致原本價(jià)格低廉的廢棄生物質(zhì)原料成本提高。以生物質(zhì)熱解液化技術(shù)為例,生物質(zhì)收集半徑的增加直接制約了熱解液化設(shè)備的規(guī)模,原料供應(yīng)問題凸顯[99-100]。如果以大型沼氣工程產(chǎn)生的沼渣為生物質(zhì)熱化學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)化原料,則可大幅降低傳統(tǒng)秸稈等木質(zhì)纖維素生物質(zhì)的收集與運(yùn)輸成本。趙勝雪等[101]研究表明,與常規(guī)生物質(zhì)相比,沼渣成型燃料的生產(chǎn)成本可節(jié)省46.4%,銷售凈利潤增加1倍。節(jié)省的成本主要來自于生物質(zhì)原料的收集、運(yùn)輸與粉碎等環(huán)節(jié)??梢姡谠瞎?yīng)方面與生物質(zhì)熱化學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)化技術(shù)能夠很好地實(shí)現(xiàn)互補(bǔ),有效提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。
由于沼氣工程是對包括玉米秸稈、畜禽糞便等在內(nèi)的生物質(zhì)廢棄物進(jìn)行厭氧處理,其產(chǎn)生的沼渣中含有大量的抗生素、農(nóng)藥、細(xì)菌、寄生蟲和各種病原菌等。如果直接施用于農(nóng)田中,這些有害物質(zhì)會(huì)污染相關(guān)農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)品并對周邊環(huán)境造成危害[14-15]。熱化學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)化過程中高溫處理可以有效去除沼渣中具有生物毒性的物質(zhì)[79]。目前,沼渣的利用主要在農(nóng)業(yè)方面,如若能夠通過熱化學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)化技術(shù),在消除有害物質(zhì)的同時(shí),還能進(jìn)一步提高其肥料或土壤改良特性,將對現(xiàn)階段的沼渣利用具有重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。
對沼渣進(jìn)行合理的熱化學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)化,其產(chǎn)物具有極大的潛力可重新應(yīng)用于沼氣工程中。溫度作為影響厭氧發(fā)酵產(chǎn)氣特性的主要參數(shù)之一,嚴(yán)重制約了沼氣工程在中國北方寒冷地區(qū)的正常運(yùn)行[102]。通過對沼渣的熱轉(zhuǎn)化處理,其產(chǎn)生的高溫?zé)煔饪裳h(huán)應(yīng)用于發(fā)酵罐的保溫,以提高沼氣工程的穩(wěn)定性[103];沼渣燃燒灰渣以及熱解生物炭對于沼液的凈化作用也十分顯著,這將有助于沼液的無害化處理[57,104];沼渣熱解以及HTC過程中的水相產(chǎn)物也表現(xiàn)出良好的厭氧發(fā)酵產(chǎn)甲烷潛力[79,105]。這些沼渣燃燒、熱解以及水熱轉(zhuǎn)化過程中的產(chǎn)物應(yīng)用與厭氧發(fā)酵技術(shù)的結(jié)合,減少了生物質(zhì)能源轉(zhuǎn)化的二次污染,符合現(xiàn)階段低碳循環(huán)的發(fā)展趨勢,也將會(huì)極大地推動(dòng)沼渣熱化學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)化技術(shù)的發(fā)展。
如何實(shí)現(xiàn)沼渣快速有效的規(guī)?;瘧?yīng)用是目前推廣大型沼氣工程運(yùn)營的關(guān)鍵問題之一。木質(zhì)纖維素生物質(zhì)產(chǎn)甲烷技術(shù)符合大型沼氣工程的發(fā)展趨勢,其產(chǎn)生的沼渣也具有極高的熱化學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)化潛力,在成型燃料燃燒、熱解以及水熱轉(zhuǎn)化等領(lǐng)域均表現(xiàn)出一定的優(yōu)勢。而且,沼渣的熱化學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)化一旦與大型沼氣工程形成有機(jī)結(jié)合,可顯著提高生物質(zhì)能利用效率,實(shí)現(xiàn)厭氧發(fā)酵過程中過量沼渣的無害化處理與資源化利用。這種生物質(zhì)廢棄物厭氧發(fā)酵與沼渣熱化學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)化相結(jié)合的應(yīng)用模式將有利于促進(jìn)中國生物質(zhì)能源的產(chǎn)業(yè)化發(fā)展。
但是沼渣熱轉(zhuǎn)化應(yīng)用,還面臨著燃燒結(jié)渣與NOx排放、重金屬和PAHs等有害組分積累以及大量干燥能耗等問題。今后建議在以下幾點(diǎn)對沼渣的熱化學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)化應(yīng)用進(jìn)行研究:
1)優(yōu)化木質(zhì)纖維素生物質(zhì)厭氧發(fā)酵的相關(guān)參數(shù)及工藝流程,以有機(jī)結(jié)合厭氧發(fā)酵過程與熱化學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)化過程。譬如,干發(fā)酵工藝可有效降低沼渣中的含水率,將有利于其燃燒或熱解應(yīng)用;不同的沼氣發(fā)酵工藝及沼渣收集方式對沼渣生物炭特性也有顯著影響[105]。針對不同發(fā)酵工藝的沼渣,在應(yīng)用策略上應(yīng)該有所改變,以提高厭氧發(fā)酵與沼渣熱化學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)化應(yīng)用的適配性。
2)拓展木質(zhì)纖維素類沼渣的熱化學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)化應(yīng)用途徑。建議開展沼渣的水熱處理制備液體燃料或提取精細(xì)化工產(chǎn)品等相關(guān)研究,一方面能夠解決熱解中的干燥能耗問題,另一方面可以提高熱轉(zhuǎn)化產(chǎn)物的附加值。但是,目前沼渣水熱液化研究還相對較少。Biller等[106]研究認(rèn)為由于沼渣水熱的生物油產(chǎn)率非常低(25%左右),厭氧發(fā)酵與水熱液化技術(shù)的結(jié)合還存在一定問題。因此,需要加強(qiáng)沼渣的水熱液化機(jī)理與反應(yīng)過程調(diào)控等方面研究,提高沼渣水熱處理的液相轉(zhuǎn)化率。
3)對厭氧發(fā)酵技術(shù)與沼渣熱轉(zhuǎn)化技術(shù)的結(jié)合進(jìn)行生命周期評估,全面掌握該模式下生物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化過程中的環(huán)境影響,包含燃燒污染氣體或HTC水相產(chǎn)物等廢棄物的排放、物料和能源的消耗以及對環(huán)境可能造成的破壞作用。
4)基于產(chǎn)業(yè)化應(yīng)用,開發(fā)新型規(guī)?;b置,加大專用設(shè)備研發(fā)力度。包括專用于木質(zhì)纖維素沼渣沼液的分離裝置,高效便捷的沼渣干燥、成型裝置以及沼渣基生物質(zhì)燃燒鍋爐、連續(xù)式高溫高壓反應(yīng)器等,并重點(diǎn)關(guān)注相關(guān)技術(shù)工業(yè)化產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈上下游的發(fā)展。同時(shí),加深沼渣熱化學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)化產(chǎn)物的應(yīng)用研究,包括將其轉(zhuǎn)化為高品質(zhì)的清潔能源、提取高附加值的化學(xué)品以及制備高性能的生物炭基材料等。
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Thermochemical conversion and utilization of digestates from anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic biomass
Zhang Deli, Wang Fang※, Yi Weiming, Li Zhihe, Li Yongjun, Liu Shanjian
(1.255000; 2255000)
Anaerobic digestion can be widely used to convert the lignocellulosic biomass into biogas, particularly with the by-product digestates. A large amount of digestate discharge has been one of the most limiting factors for the promotion and application of anaerobic digestion, with the development of large-scale biogas engineering in recent years. It is highly urgent to rapidly and effectively treat the digestate. Alternatively, the thermochemical conversion can be selected to realize the harmless treatment and resource utilization of lignocellulosic digestates. The digestates still retain most of the carbon elements and energy in the original material before digestion. The content of lignocellulosic is also very considerable for a large potential of thermochemical conversion. Therefore, this review aims to focus on the digestates forming fuel, pyrolysis, and hydrothermal carbonization. The forming performance of digestates was better than that before digestion, but the NOx emission and slagging phenomenon during the combustion were outstanding to be monitored and controlled. In pyrolysis, the lignocellulosic digestates presented the application potential in the preparation of liquid fuels, phenolic compounds, carbon-based adsorbents, soil amendments, and syngas synthesis. Specifically, the digestate derived bio-oil behaved a much higher calorific value while a lower acid content, where the relative content of 4-vinylphenol reached 60.9%. The pore structure of the biochar was also developed to contain more nutrients, such as P and K. The gaseous product presented a more suitable H2to CO molar ratio with less tar. However, the conversion application in the combustion and pyrolysis was confined to the drying energy consumption caused by the high water content of digestates. In comparison, the drying energy consumption was ignored before hydrothermal carbonization. At the same time, hydrothermal carbonization was used to improve the quality of digestates fuel, including the removal of alkali and alkaline earth metals, the higher calorific value, as well as the improved hydrophobicity, grindability, and fluidizability. Another potential was to prepare the functionalized carbon materials for soil improvement. But, there were still some challenges to the disposal of water phase products after hydrothermal carbonization. In addition, the potential ecological hazards of biochar and hydrochar derived from digestates for farmland application also needed to be paid enough attention, including heavy metals, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Overall, the anaerobic digestion and thermochemical conversion presented complementary advantages in energy utilization efficiency, large-scale treatment, and the removal of biotoxicity. Additionally, the thermochemical conversion products of digestates also showed great potential for recycling in anaerobic digestion processes. For instance, the high-temperature flue gas produced by combustion can be recycled to the insulation of the biogas engineering, while the ash residue and biochar can be used to purify the biogas slurry, and the water-phase by-products also have a certain methane production potential. Consequently, a combination of lignocellulosic biomass anaerobic digestion and digestates thermochemical conversion can greatly contribute to the promotion and application of large-scale biogas engineering.
biomass; anaerobic digestion; pyrolysis; digestate; combustion; hydrothermal carbonization
10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.21.026
TK6
A
1002-6819(2021)-21-0225-12
張德俐,王芳,易維明,等.木質(zhì)纖維素生物質(zhì)厭氧發(fā)酵沼渣熱化學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)化利用研究進(jìn)展[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2021,37(21):225-236.doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.21.026 http://www.tcsae.org
Zhang Deli, Wang Fang, Yi Weiming, et al. Thermochemicalconversion and utilization of digestates from anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic biomass[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2021, 37(21): 225-236. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.21.026 http://www.tcsae.org
2021-06-21
2021-10-17
國家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2019YFD1100602);國家自然科學(xué)基金(51536009);山東省自然科學(xué)基金(ZR2019BEE049)
張德俐,博士,講師,研究方向?yàn)樯镔|(zhì)能源與材料。Email:zhangdeli@sdut.edu.cn。
王芳,博士,講師,研究方向?yàn)樯镔|(zhì)能生物化學(xué)與熱化學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)化技術(shù)。Email:wangfang1987711@126.com