劉博,陳正樂(lè),袁峰,張青,韓鳳彬,張文高,霍海龍,李季霖,趙同陽(yáng),韓瓊,李平,夏冬,屈夢(mèng)夢(mèng)
摘? 要:中天山北緣剪切帶東段位于東天山地區(qū),是重塑中亞造山帶西南緣演化過(guò)程的關(guān)鍵斷裂之一。在雅滿(mǎn)蘇南,中天山北緣剪切帶東段韌性變形強(qiáng)烈。野外觀測(cè)和鏡下觀察表明,剪切帶具有典型的右旋走滑特征。糜棱巖化片巖的絹云母40Ar/39Ar坪年齡為(211.5±1.3) Ma,說(shuō)明該變形事件發(fā)生在晚三疊世。進(jìn)一步綜合區(qū)域資料分析認(rèn)為,中天山北緣剪切帶東段晚三疊世的韌性走滑是對(duì)中亞造山帶西南緣聚合后再次復(fù)活造山的響應(yīng);中亞造山帶西南緣晚三疊世復(fù)活造山時(shí)限為230~210 Ma,其動(dòng)力主要來(lái)自于NWW方向的波羅的海克拉通的擠壓。
關(guān)鍵詞:中天山北緣剪切帶;中亞造山帶西南緣;40Ar/39Ar定年;晚三疊世;右旋走滑
中亞造山帶是世界上最典型的增生型造山帶之一,由古亞洲洋長(zhǎng)期俯沖-碰撞而聚合形成[1],在其聚合完成后,造山作用并沒(méi)有徹底終止,之后又經(jīng)歷了多期的造山復(fù)活。在造山帶復(fù)活過(guò)程中,剪切帶往往扮演著異?;钴S的角色,例如秦嶺構(gòu)造帶受新生代以來(lái)印度-歐亞大陸碰撞影響而造山復(fù)活,其南部邊界青川剪切帶同時(shí)以強(qiáng)烈走滑的方式響應(yīng)[2]。在中亞造山帶西南緣,剪切帶極為發(fā)育,多條大規(guī)模剪切帶因后期隆升剝蝕而出露良好,為研究中亞造山帶西南緣的造山復(fù)活過(guò)程提供了一個(gè)窗口。在中亞造山帶西南緣的東天山地區(qū),中天山北緣剪切帶東段(阿其克庫(kù)都克斷裂)出露較好,其完整地經(jīng)歷了中亞造山帶西南緣造山過(guò)程中復(fù)雜的多期變形作用[3-12],其活動(dòng)歷史是東天山地區(qū)乃至中亞造山帶西南緣的演化過(guò)程的縮影,對(duì)其研究意義重大。但目前為止,學(xué)者們多關(guān)注其在俯沖-碰撞過(guò)程中的活動(dòng),對(duì)其在后期復(fù)活造山中的活動(dòng)過(guò)程和時(shí)限卻缺乏研究。
本文對(duì)雅滿(mǎn)蘇南中天山北緣剪切帶東段進(jìn)行了研究,通過(guò)詳細(xì)的野外觀測(cè),結(jié)合室內(nèi)微觀構(gòu)造分析,明確了其幾何學(xué)、運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)特征,同時(shí)通過(guò)絹云母40Ar/39Ar年齡測(cè)定,制約了該剪切帶復(fù)活時(shí)限,并進(jìn)一步結(jié)合中亞造山帶西南緣該時(shí)期整體復(fù)活造山運(yùn)動(dòng)特征,探討該剪切帶復(fù)活的動(dòng)力學(xué)背景,為今后研究工作提供了新的視角。
1? 區(qū)域地質(zhì)概況
中亞造山帶位于波羅的海(東歐)克拉通以東、西伯利亞克拉通以南、塔里木克拉通和華北克拉通以北,呈EW向從里海延伸至西太平洋北部,橫跨俄羅斯、哈薩克斯坦、吉爾吉斯斯坦、烏茲別克斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、蒙古和中國(guó)北部(圖1-a)[1,13-19]。中亞造山帶由不同的構(gòu)造單元(包括島弧、弧相關(guān)盆地、蛇綠巖、增生楔、海山、大洋高原及微大陸等)聚合形成[1,20,21]。 寬約300 km的東天山位于北部的吐魯番-哈密盆地和南部的塔里木克拉通之間,在中亞造山帶西南緣占據(jù)重要位置,東天山由北向南主要由覺(jué)羅塔格構(gòu)造帶、中天山地塊和南天山造山帶組成(圖1-b)[22-30]。
中天山北緣剪切帶為一條大型巖石圈斷裂[31],該剪切帶在東天山走向近EW向,延伸1 000 km以上,分隔了北側(cè)覺(jué)羅塔格構(gòu)造帶晚古生代火山-沉積建造與南側(cè)中天山前寒武系變質(zhì)巖系[3-4,25,32-35]。剪切帶主要由綠片巖化和糜棱巖化的早古生代雜砂巖、中—新元古代片巖、石英片巖、片麻巖及花崗質(zhì)片麻巖組成[3-4],并發(fā)育有古生代高壓變質(zhì)巖和蛇綠巖[36-37]。
2? 野外描述與樣品采集
雅滿(mǎn)蘇南出露中新統(tǒng)桃樹(shù)園組、中元古界星星峽群,區(qū)域上侵入巖有二長(zhǎng)花崗巖。中天山北緣韌性剪切帶沿中天山地塊北部邊緣展布,寬500~1 000 m,韌性變形組構(gòu)發(fā)育在中元古界星星峽群糜棱巖化片巖中(圖2-a)。在研究區(qū)進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的糜棱面理和拉伸線理的測(cè)量與統(tǒng)計(jì),并將糜棱面理的法線和拉伸線理進(jìn)行了等面積、下半球赤平投影(圖2-b),糜棱面理產(chǎn)狀穩(wěn)定,傾向SSE向,主體產(chǎn)狀為155°~180°∠55°~85°(圖3-a),拉伸線理近水平,大部分向SWW傾伏,主體產(chǎn)狀為235°~270°∠5°~25°,少數(shù)向NEE傾伏,主體產(chǎn)狀為79°~90°∠5°~10°(圖3-b)。剪切帶內(nèi)發(fā)育有典型的鞘褶皺,樞紐產(chǎn)狀260°∠15°(圖3-c)。樞紐近水平的鞘褶皺和區(qū)域上近水平的拉伸線理均暗示該剪切帶為走滑剪切帶。糜棱巖化片巖中露頭尺度發(fā)育典型的S-C組構(gòu),形成S面理與剪切帶C面理兩種面理,其S面理與C面理夾角明確指示右旋剪切(圖3-d)。
對(duì)糜棱巖化片巖樣品的薄片在鏡下進(jìn)行了觀察,顯微構(gòu)造現(xiàn)象也十分豐富:大量剛性石英或長(zhǎng)石顆粒作為“”型旋轉(zhuǎn)碎斑系,細(xì)小的石英和云母類(lèi)礦物組成拖尾,其拖尾明確指示右旋剪切(圖4-a,b);斜長(zhǎng)石、石英、云母類(lèi)礦物組成礦物集合體,拉伸方向沿S面理展布,與剪切帶C面理組成S-C組構(gòu),指示右旋剪切(圖4-c);細(xì)小的石英組成的S面理,與絹云母組成的C面理共同構(gòu)成S-C組構(gòu),指示右旋剪切(圖4-d)。這些野外和鏡下特征表明,雅滿(mǎn)蘇南中天山北緣剪切帶具明顯的右旋走滑特征。
3? 變形年代學(xué)
3.1? 測(cè)試方法
在河北廊坊市地科技術(shù)服務(wù)有限公司對(duì)糜棱巖化片巖樣品D1923-2(采樣位置見(jiàn)圖2)進(jìn)行測(cè)年單礦物絹云母的挑選,絹云母無(wú)污染,無(wú)氧化,純度大于99%,達(dá)到測(cè)試的要求。
絹云母的40Ar/39Ar測(cè)試在核工業(yè)北京地質(zhì)研究院分析測(cè)試研究中心完成,具體步驟如下:①配置濃度為5%的稀硝酸浸泡樣品,經(jīng)過(guò)去離子水、丙酮分別超聲清洗15 min后,將樣品放置烘箱內(nèi)60℃干燥;②將樣品用鋁箔包好放置石英管內(nèi),同時(shí)將標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì)黑云母ZBH-25放置石英管不同位置用于計(jì)算中子通量梯度,然后將石英管真空熔封,放置鋁制柵格內(nèi),鋁制柵格裹上Cd皮,焊接在5052型合金鋁罐內(nèi),送至反應(yīng)堆輻照孔道內(nèi)進(jìn)行輻照;③照射過(guò)的樣品冷卻至安全放射劑量返回實(shí)驗(yàn)室,采用雙真空鉭片加熱爐階段升溫法釋放樣品中氣體,氣體依次經(jīng)過(guò)液氮U型冷阱,兩組鋯-鋁吸氣劑泵(溫度分別為450℃、室溫)對(duì)氣體進(jìn)行純化,最后僅留惰性氣體進(jìn)入稀有氣體質(zhì)譜儀Argus VI進(jìn)行Ar同位素組成測(cè)試,測(cè)試全流程均為自動(dòng)化控制;④通過(guò)輻照純凈的CaF2 和K2SO4,對(duì)樣品的Ca和K在輻照過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的干擾進(jìn)行校正,通過(guò)全熔石英管內(nèi)黑云母ZBH-25獲得石英管內(nèi)的中子通量梯度,計(jì)算獲得不同位置樣品的輻照常數(shù)(J值),通過(guò)測(cè)試大氣中的氬同位素組成獲得質(zhì)譜的質(zhì)量歧視校正因子,衰變常數(shù)則采用推薦值5.543×10-10[40];⑤采用CALC 2.40軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)處理,獲得樣品年齡譜圖。
3.2? 測(cè)試結(jié)果
D1923-2樣品40Ar/39Ar階段升溫年齡分析結(jié)果見(jiàn)表1。絹云母經(jīng)歷了11個(gè)階段的分步加熱,加熱溫度區(qū)間為700℃~1 300℃,總氣體年齡(tT)為(209.48±0.81) Ma。900℃~1 300℃的8個(gè)溫度階段組成了一個(gè)年齡坪,坪年齡(tp)為(211.5±1.3) Ma(MSWD=7.3),對(duì)應(yīng)了76.08%的39Ar釋放量(圖5-a),相應(yīng)的39Ar/36Ar-40Ar/36Ar等時(shí)線年齡(ti)為(213.0±1.1) Ma,(MSWD=3.5)(圖5-b),反等時(shí)線年齡為(212.9±1.1) Ma(MSWD=3.5)。在該數(shù)據(jù)中,坪年齡包括了3個(gè)以上的連續(xù)溫度階段,對(duì)應(yīng)超過(guò)了50%的39Ar釋放量,且坪年齡、等時(shí)線年齡和反等時(shí)線年齡在誤差范圍內(nèi)一致,數(shù)據(jù)整體質(zhì)量較好,可制約中天山北緣剪切帶東段右旋走滑活動(dòng)的時(shí)限。
4? 討論
4.1? 活動(dòng)時(shí)限探討
一般認(rèn)為,中亞造山帶西南緣的增生造山作用終止于約240 Ma[38],但增生造山作用的終止并不是造山運(yùn)動(dòng)的終結(jié),后期往往有幕式的造山復(fù)活事件。最新的研究表明,在東天山地區(qū),磷灰石裂變徑跡揭示了在230~210 Ma期間存在快速隆升剝蝕[41],且本文得到的絹云母40Ar/39Ar年齡暗示了中天山北緣剪切帶東段在212 Ma再次以右旋走滑的形式復(fù)活,這些證據(jù)表明東天山乃至中亞造山帶西南緣在晚三疊世可能存在一期區(qū)域性的造山復(fù)活事件。造山帶的再次復(fù)活不僅會(huì)造成先存剪切帶的再次活動(dòng),也往往伴隨著逆沖推覆和大規(guī)模的隆升剝蝕。從目前的研究成果來(lái)看,該期構(gòu)造事件在整個(gè)中亞造山帶西南緣都有較好體現(xiàn),本次對(duì)該期構(gòu)造事件的時(shí)限進(jìn)行了整理:①在準(zhǔn)噶爾盆地西北緣,詳細(xì)的地震資料表明,紅山嘴-車(chē)排子、克拉瑪依-百口泉、烏爾禾-夏子街?jǐn)嗔训扰璧剡吘墧嗔严到y(tǒng)在晚三疊世重新活化,發(fā)生了右旋扭壓運(yùn)動(dòng),隨后傾斜的侏羅系覆蓋了變形的二疊—三疊系,形成了區(qū)域不整合[42];②在準(zhǔn)噶爾盆地內(nèi)部,烏倫古坳陷的上三疊統(tǒng)整體沉積厚度較穩(wěn)定,朝著陸梁隆起方向有輕微的減薄,這種生長(zhǎng)地層指示了陸梁隆起從晚三疊世開(kāi)始在擠壓作用下隆升[43] ;③在準(zhǔn)噶爾盆地南緣,地震資料顯示柴窩堡凹陷的三葛莊次凸晚三疊世又遭受了強(qiáng)烈的擠壓運(yùn)動(dòng),在三葛莊次凸表現(xiàn)為三疊系與侏羅系之間的角度不整合[44] ;④在博格達(dá)地區(qū),地震反射特征表明,下侏羅統(tǒng)八道灣組地層明顯超覆于下伏上三疊統(tǒng)郝家溝組地層之上,表明晚三疊世存在大規(guī)模的擠壓隆升[45] ;⑤在準(zhǔn)噶爾盆地西南緣,自晚三疊世開(kāi)始發(fā)育的四棵樹(shù)山前坳陷屬獨(dú)立的小型走滑盆地,與當(dāng)時(shí)中天山北緣大型剪切帶在擠壓同時(shí)兼具一定的走滑活動(dòng)有關(guān)[46] ;⑥在準(zhǔn)噶爾-阿拉套地區(qū),磷灰石裂變徑跡記錄了230~210 Ma的快速隆升剝蝕[47],這與在東天山記錄的隆升剝蝕時(shí)限完全一致 [41]。
綜上所述,諸多證據(jù)表明該期復(fù)活造山運(yùn)動(dòng)發(fā)生在晚三疊世,具體時(shí)限約為230~210 Ma。
4.2? 構(gòu)造背景探討
前文已述,230~210 Ma這期復(fù)活造山運(yùn)動(dòng)在中亞造山帶西南緣均有體現(xiàn),但其動(dòng)力學(xué)背景需進(jìn)一步探討。Xiao Wenjiao et al.和Yi Zhiyu et al.對(duì)中亞造山帶西南緣的古板塊格局進(jìn)行了重建[19,48],結(jié)果表明,中亞造山帶西南緣自晚石炭世開(kāi)始處于西伯利亞、塔里木和波羅的海3個(gè)剛性克拉通的擠壓中心,主要受到近NS向和NWW向的擠壓作用。這種擠壓作用自中亞造山帶西南緣開(kāi)始聚合以來(lái),是表現(xiàn)為多期的、幕式的,在不同時(shí)期所受到的擠壓應(yīng)力方向略有不同,擠壓應(yīng)力強(qiáng)度則處于波動(dòng)狀態(tài),使中亞造山帶西南緣構(gòu)造演化呈現(xiàn)出明顯的階段性。
中亞造山帶西南緣晚三疊世的構(gòu)造運(yùn)動(dòng)過(guò)程表明,中亞造山帶西南緣在230~210 Ma,仍然受到NS向和NWW向擠壓應(yīng)力作用,但這種擠壓應(yīng)力可能更多地來(lái)自于NWW向的波羅的海克拉通,證據(jù)如下:
(1) 烏拉爾造山系是波羅的海克拉通與中亞造山帶西南緣的結(jié)合帶,在烏拉爾造山系中,斷層系統(tǒng)的Rb-Sr同位素測(cè)年表明,與斷層相關(guān)糜棱巖的發(fā)育年齡分為247~240 Ma和229 Ma兩個(gè)階段[49],說(shuō)明至少在約247 Ma,波羅的海克拉通和中亞造山帶西南緣的哈薩克斯坦造山系已經(jīng)發(fā)生碰撞,NNE向的烏拉爾造山系將它們縫合在一起[50],在240 Ma的中亞造山帶西南緣的增生造山作用暫時(shí)中止,這已得到了大量年代學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)的證實(shí)[38]。229 Ma的糜棱巖發(fā)育說(shuō)明烏拉爾造山帶又再度活化,中亞造山帶西南緣再次受到來(lái)自波羅的海克拉通NWW向應(yīng)力的強(qiáng)擠壓,這與本文所認(rèn)為的約230~210 Ma的這期構(gòu)造運(yùn)動(dòng)開(kāi)始時(shí)限相吻合。
(2) 在晚三疊世,西準(zhǔn)噶爾地區(qū)持續(xù)向準(zhǔn)噶爾盆地內(nèi)部擠壓沖斷,構(gòu)造變形主要集中在車(chē)排子凸起南側(cè),逆沖斷層平面上呈NNE向[51],說(shuō)明該時(shí)期擠壓應(yīng)力可能來(lái)自NWW向的波羅的??死?。
(3) 在準(zhǔn)噶爾盆地南緣的柴窩堡凹陷,其內(nèi)部在晚三疊世再次活化的逆沖斷裂呈NNE向[44],暗示該時(shí)期擠壓應(yīng)力來(lái)源于NWW向。
(4) 在準(zhǔn)噶爾盆地的內(nèi)部東緣,晚三疊世明顯受到來(lái)自NWW向應(yīng)力的強(qiáng)擠壓。該地區(qū)的東南部在擠壓應(yīng)力作用下處于抬升剝蝕狀態(tài),同時(shí)該地區(qū)的西北部開(kāi)始活動(dòng),形成了NNE向展布的帳北斷褶帶的雛形[46]。
綜上,中亞造山帶西南緣在230~210 Ma的動(dòng)力學(xué)模式得以還原(圖6)。中亞造山帶西南緣在該階段處于西伯利亞、波羅的海和塔里木克拉通的擠壓作用下,但來(lái)自NWW向波羅的??死ǖ臄D壓應(yīng)力占主導(dǎo)作用。在這種強(qiáng)擠壓背景下,中亞造山帶西南緣以斷裂走滑、逆沖或區(qū)域上的隆升剝蝕等多種方式響應(yīng)。中天山北緣剪切帶東段走向?yàn)榻麰W向或NEE向,與來(lái)自于NWW向的擠壓應(yīng)力存在一定交角,擠壓應(yīng)力在靠近剪切帶時(shí)會(huì)分解成垂直剪切帶的擠壓分量和平行剪切帶的走滑分量,使中天山北緣剪切帶東段再次以右旋走滑形式復(fù)活。
5? 結(jié)論
(1) 對(duì)雅滿(mǎn)蘇南中天山北緣剪切帶東段的運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)研究表明,該剪切帶具明顯右旋走滑的特征。糜棱巖化片巖絹云母40Ar/39Ar坪年齡為(211.5±1.3) Ma,說(shuō)明該期變形事件發(fā)生在晚三疊世。
(2) 中天山北緣剪切帶東段晚三疊世的右旋走滑是對(duì)中亞造山帶西南緣增生造山結(jié)束后再次復(fù)活造山的響應(yīng),中亞造山帶西南緣的復(fù)活造山時(shí)限為230~210 Ma,其動(dòng)力來(lái)自于NWW向的波羅的??死ǖ臄D壓。
致謝:十分感謝審稿人和編輯部對(duì)本文提出的諸多寶貴意見(jiàn)和建議,對(duì)提高本文質(zhì)量起到很大作用,在此一并表示衷心感謝!
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Late Triassic Dextral Strike-Slip Deformation in the Eastern Segment of the North Central Tianshan Shear Zone: Response to an Orogenic Revival Event in the Southwestern Margin of the
Central Asian Orogenic Belt
Liu Bo1,2,Cheng Zhengle1,3,Yuan Feng2,Zhang Qing1,Han Fengbin1,Zhang Wengao1,Huo Hailong1,Li Jilin1,2,Zhao Tongyang4,Han Qiong4,Li Ping4,Xia Dong4,Qu Mengmeng3
(1.Key Laboratory of Paleomagnetism and Tectonic Reconstruction of Ministry of Land and Resources,
Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing,100081, China;2.School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, , Anhui 230009, China;3.State Key Laboratory of nuclear resources and environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang , Jiangxi ,330013, China;
4.Xinjiang Institute of Geological Survey, Urumqi,Xinjiang,830000, China)
Abstract: The eastern segment of the North Central Tianshan Shear Zone, located in the Eastern Tianshan area, is one of the key faults to understand the evolution processes of the southwestern margin of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. In southern Yamansu, the eastern part of the shear zone in the northern margin of the Middle Tianshan Mountains has strong ductile deformation. Field and microscopic observations show that the shear zone is characterized by dextral strike-slip deformation. The 40Ar/39Ar dating of sericite from a mylonitic schist yields an age of 211.5 ± 1.3Ma, indicating that the deformation event occurred in the Late Triassic. Further analyses of regional data suggest that the Late Triassic strike-slip in this shear zone should be a response to an orogenic revival event in the southwestern margin of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt.The Late Triassic revival orogeny time in the southwest margin of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt is 230 ~ 210 Ma.Its driving force mainly comes from the compression of the Baltic craton in the NWW direction.
Key words: 40Ar/39Ar dating; late Triassic; dextral strike-slip; Shear Zone in northern margin of Central Tianshan; The southwestern margin of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt