*本文系南京市教學(xué)研究第十三期課題 “群文閱讀影響下的初中英語模塊教學(xué)的實踐研究”(課題編號:2019NJJK13-L33)的階段性研究成果。
【設(shè)計理念】
產(chǎn)出導(dǎo)向法提倡學(xué)用一體,利用輸出驅(qū)動、輸入促成、選擇學(xué)習(xí)和以評為學(xué)四個教學(xué)假設(shè),創(chuàng)設(shè)以教師主動和師生共建為前提的教學(xué)流程。譯林版英語教材中每個單元以輸出任務(wù)為驅(qū)動,經(jīng)過單元內(nèi)容、語言和話語結(jié)構(gòu)的輸入促成,最終通過Task板塊達成寫作輸出。在Task板塊教學(xué)中,教師可以利用產(chǎn)出導(dǎo)向法的“驅(qū)動—促成—評價”循環(huán)鏈設(shè)計教學(xué),通過加強輸入性語言學(xué)習(xí)和產(chǎn)出性語言運用之間的聯(lián)系,克服寫作課中常見的學(xué)用分離問題,提高學(xué)生的寫作能力,進而提升學(xué)生語言能力、思維品質(zhì)等學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)。
【教學(xué)內(nèi)容分析】
本節(jié)課的教學(xué)內(nèi)容是譯林版初中英語八年級上冊Unit 5 Wild animals的Task板塊,主要任務(wù)是用英文完成一篇關(guān)于瀕危動物的報告。本單元屬于本冊教材的第二大模塊,該模塊主題為“Nature and the environment”,旨在通過帶領(lǐng)學(xué)生了解野生動物的習(xí)性與生存現(xiàn)狀,培養(yǎng)其保護野生動物、關(guān)心生態(tài)環(huán)境的意識。
本課以Task板塊中Simon撰寫的一篇關(guān)于熊的報告為示范案例,通過“Simon的寫前構(gòu)思筆記”“依據(jù)寫前構(gòu)思筆記完成的報告”和“同伴討論,自由創(chuàng)作”三部分內(nèi)容幫助學(xué)生達成寫作目標(biāo)。
【教學(xué)目標(biāo)】
經(jīng)過本節(jié)課的學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生能夠:
1. 利用寫前構(gòu)思筆記整理思路,完成一篇關(guān)于瀕危動物的報告。
2. 理解構(gòu)思要點的內(nèi)部拓展以及要點之間的關(guān)聯(lián),并用合適的語言形式進行報告類文體寫作。
3. 在了解瀕危動物的基礎(chǔ)上,思考保護野生動物與生態(tài)環(huán)境對人類社會生活的影響,進而增強環(huán)保責(zé)任意識。
【教學(xué)過程】
一、呈現(xiàn)任務(wù),輸出驅(qū)動
驅(qū)動是產(chǎn)出導(dǎo)向法的首要環(huán)節(jié),包括呈現(xiàn)交際場景、提出產(chǎn)出任務(wù)和學(xué)生嘗試產(chǎn)出,其目的是激發(fā)學(xué)生的產(chǎn)出欲望,調(diào)動學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)積極性。
上課伊始,教師呈現(xiàn)一些瀕危動物的圖片,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生討論其現(xiàn)狀。隨后,教師呈現(xiàn)寫作任務(wù),利用輸出任務(wù)激發(fā)學(xué)生產(chǎn)出的欲望。師生對話如下:
師:There are many wild animals in danger. (出示瀕危動物圖片)Do you know them?
(學(xué)生討論瀕危動物現(xiàn)狀)
師:Wild Animals Club newsletter calls for reports on animals in danger. This will let more people know the animals situations and help save them. Can you write such a report to help? Do you know how to finish a report on animals in danger?
生:We need to introduce the animal, about its name, looks and living environment.
生:We can use some pictures to make the report vivid, but I think a report is difficult to write.
[設(shè)計意圖:單元初始板塊已經(jīng)提出了產(chǎn)出驅(qū)動任務(wù),但是距離本節(jié)課時間已久且交際場景不夠明確。因此,教師通過提問和復(fù)現(xiàn)瀕危動物的圖片,呈現(xiàn)本節(jié)課的交際場景,明確寫作任務(wù),激發(fā)學(xué)生進行產(chǎn)出的積極性和主動性。]
二、分層指導(dǎo),促成產(chǎn)出
促成環(huán)節(jié)是產(chǎn)出導(dǎo)向法的核心。教師需要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生選擇性學(xué)習(xí)書面語篇、視頻等輸入性材料,從中選擇產(chǎn)出任務(wù)所需的文章結(jié)構(gòu)、語言和觀點。
(一)結(jié)構(gòu)促成
為幫助學(xué)生學(xué)會使用筆記構(gòu)思文章結(jié)構(gòu),教師呈現(xiàn)Simon為寫好一份瀕危動物報告而準(zhǔn)備的構(gòu)思筆記,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生掌握報告類文體常見的語篇結(jié)構(gòu)。接著,教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生評價筆記內(nèi)容,分析報告中除了looks、food、abilities、qualities、danger,還能增加哪些要點。師生對話如下:
師:What do you find in Simons notes? How many parts are there?
生:There are 5 parts. They are looks, food, abilities, qualities and danger.
師:Whats the function of these points?
生:They can help Simon write a report.
師:Yes, maybe. Can you organize one paragraph about the first point — looks?
生:Bears are big and heavy. They have large bodies, short and strong legs. They also have large paws and short tails.
師:Excellent! You use the details to describe one point of the bears. Can you guess how many paragraphs are there in Simons report?
生:Five.
師:You are right. Each point can become an independent paragraph. What do you think of Simons notes? Are they perfect? If not, can we make them better?
生:I think we can add one more point, protection, and talk about what we can do to protect bears.
師:You can put this wonderful point into your own report.
[設(shè)計意圖:結(jié)構(gòu)促成聚焦文章的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)和語篇意識。結(jié)構(gòu)促成的訓(xùn)練能夠幫助學(xué)生提升謀篇布局的能力。通過學(xué)習(xí)構(gòu)思筆記的功能、組成部分等,學(xué)生能夠掌握構(gòu)思筆記對于文章結(jié)構(gòu)的規(guī)劃作用。在此基礎(chǔ)之上,教師倡導(dǎo)學(xué)生評價筆記內(nèi)容,以評為學(xué),培養(yǎng)學(xué)生獨立思考能力和批判性思維。]
(二)語言促成
教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生根據(jù)構(gòu)思筆記的內(nèi)容,完成Simon的報告。接著,教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生在語篇情境中理解和識記報告中的新單詞。最后,教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生分析和評價報告中語言表達的邏輯性、連貫性、豐富性及說服力。師生對話如下:
師:Please help Simon finish his report with the information in the notes. There may be some new words. Have a guess of their meanings in the context.
(呈現(xiàn)單詞paw、tail、insect及相應(yīng)圖片)
師:Its good to learn some new words about the bears. Now, please read Simons report carefully again, and find out the meaningful words and phrases that you like best. Lets begin with the first paragraph.
(學(xué)生細讀報告第一段)
生:I think the words are simple, but the writer talks about the bear in whole and then in details.
師:You mean the logic order — from general to specific?
生:Yes.
師:Actually this order makes a report very logical, which is very necessary when you are writing a report.
師:How about the second paragraph? Any word or phrase that you think is perfect?
(學(xué)生細讀報告第二段)
生:I think “but” is good. It tells us there are different kinds of bears and they like different things.
師:Yes. “But” is a very typical conjunction. It can compare or contrast two things and also make the writing cohesive. We should try to use some conjunctions in our writing.
師:Anything special in Paragraphs 3 and 4?
(學(xué)生細讀報告第三與第四段)
生:Simon uses “can do” “be good at” to talk about bears abilities.
師:Thats right. We can use different expressions to make our sentences more colourful. Any other expressions can you think of?
生:Be able to. Bears are able to run very fast.
師:In our daily learning, we can collect the synonyms so we will have more choices in writing. Many of you like the last paragraph best. Which word do you prefer?
(學(xué)生細讀報告最后一段)
生:Sadly, should, otherwise, there may be no left ...
師:What can you feel from these words?
生:The writers strong feelings and opinions.
師:Thats right. We can easily feel the writers emotions about the wild animals in danger. That makes the report more persuasive.
[設(shè)計意圖:語言促成的重點是引導(dǎo)學(xué)生關(guān)注具體的語言表達。詞、句的使用分析不能與文本割裂。教師通過提問、對比、評價等方式,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生在語篇情境中學(xué)習(xí)新單詞的意義及用法,賞析不同的語言表達,體會保護野生動物話題的報告類文體的語言特點。]
(三)觀點促成
寫作不僅要求語言準(zhǔn)確,注重行文內(nèi)在邏輯,還要體現(xiàn)思維含量,關(guān)注學(xué)生思維品質(zhì)的培養(yǎng)。
教師通過之前鋪墊的新增觀點protection,鼓勵學(xué)生結(jié)合文本內(nèi)容,整合本單元觀點,提出保護瀕危動物的具體行為人和相應(yīng)做法。隨后,教師根據(jù)報告內(nèi)容和動物愛護者為金絲猴發(fā)聲的一段留言,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生思考人類和自然的關(guān)系。師生對話如下:
師:Still in the last paragraph, the writer mentions that we should take action to stop this. Maybe we can think further and deeper in this direction. So, who will take action? What actions will they take?
生:The government can make more laws to protect bears.
生:Buyers should refuse to buy things from their fur or bodies.
生:We students can write more reports to tell others about the situation of bears.
師:Wonderful. Maybe you can think more and write them in your reports. Looking at the last sentence of the report, have you ever imagined the world without bears or other wild animals? What will the world without wild animals be like?
生:Humans will feel very lonely.
生:The world will not be colourful as now.
師:Thats right. Maybe we should hear more voices(出示為金絲猴發(fā)聲的動物愛護者留言).
師:What other thoughts do you get from the animal lovers words?
生:More animals are in danger too because of humans behaviours.
生:Humans will hurt themselves if they continue to kill or eat animals.
師:I like your ideas! Can you further explain them?
生:We should protect wild animals not only because they are in danger or may disappear, but also because protecting them is also protecting humans as well. We, the animals, the environment, are as a whole.
[設(shè)計意圖:觀點促成關(guān)注學(xué)生思維品質(zhì)的培養(yǎng)。教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生分析和揣摩文字和圖片中傳遞的信息、觀點、情感和態(tài)度,一方面培養(yǎng)學(xué)生“看”的技能,另一方面促進其發(fā)散思維,提出自己的觀點。]
三、以評促學(xué),產(chǎn)出評價
評價旨在了解學(xué)生的任務(wù)完成情況,檢驗學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)成果,就疑難點和普遍出現(xiàn)的問題進行補救性教學(xué),同時也為下一步教學(xué)方案的制訂和調(diào)整提供參考。
以動物愛護者的留言為鋪墊,教師播放《我們誕生在中國》紀錄片中金絲猴淘淘的一段英文視頻,鼓勵學(xué)生搜集、記錄并整理信息,依據(jù)筆記和本課所學(xué)知識,完成一篇關(guān)于金絲猴的報告。
在產(chǎn)出任務(wù)展示階段,教師首先組織學(xué)生運用英語寫作能力綜合評價表(見表1),完成自評。接著,學(xué)生在小組內(nèi)部交換作品,開展組內(nèi)評價。每個小組選出一名代表,展示評價表,指出一篇習(xí)作的優(yōu)缺點,并給出改進建議。教師根據(jù)學(xué)生的發(fā)言,就一些常見錯誤進行補救性教學(xué),引導(dǎo)學(xué)生根據(jù)建議自主修改作文。最后,教師以一篇學(xué)生作品為例,從內(nèi)容、語言和結(jié)構(gòu)層面進行師生共評。
[ 設(shè)計意圖:《普通高中英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(2017年版2020年修訂)》提出,要突出學(xué)生在評價中的主體地位,提倡學(xué)生開展自評和互評,加強學(xué)生之間、師生之間評價信息的互動交流。運用綜合評價表進行自評與互評,既能檢測學(xué)生寫作任務(wù)的達成程度,又能促進學(xué)生互相交流學(xué)習(xí),在同伴學(xué)習(xí)中取長補短,提升寫作能力。]
【教學(xué)反思】
一、精選材料,提升促成效果
寫作課實施產(chǎn)出導(dǎo)向法具有一定難度,其中促成環(huán)節(jié)的效率至關(guān)重要。時長控制不好,會縮短學(xué)生自主寫作時間,影響寫作產(chǎn)出;促成環(huán)節(jié)質(zhì)量也將影響學(xué)生產(chǎn)出任務(wù)的質(zhì)量。因此,教師要以教材文本為基礎(chǔ),選取合適、精準(zhǔn)的輸入性材料。例如,本課構(gòu)思筆記能夠幫助學(xué)生掌握寫作結(jié)構(gòu),連詞、同義詞組的表達有助于學(xué)生理解語言形式等。同時,除了教材文本,教師也要拓展延續(xù)性的輸入材料。例如,為金絲猴發(fā)聲的動物愛護者的留言以及相關(guān)紀錄片為學(xué)生自主產(chǎn)出搭設(shè)了情境與素材的腳手架。
二、以評促學(xué),關(guān)注學(xué)用一體
產(chǎn)出導(dǎo)向法提倡以評促學(xué),主張在教師專業(yè)引領(lǐng)下,學(xué)生邊評邊學(xué),邊學(xué)邊評,打破“學(xué)”與“評”的界限,將評價作為學(xué)習(xí)的強化、深入階段。以評促學(xué),不應(yīng)只停留在最后的評價階段,而應(yīng)貫穿整節(jié)課。例如,在結(jié)構(gòu)促成環(huán)節(jié),教師有意識地引導(dǎo)學(xué)生評價Simon的構(gòu)思筆記;在語言促成環(huán)節(jié),教師以學(xué)生點評報告語言為主要形式,開展語言賞析活動。學(xué)生在評價中學(xué)習(xí)、分析與欣賞,思維品質(zhì)與寫作綜合能力不斷提升。產(chǎn)出導(dǎo)向法倡導(dǎo)學(xué)用一體,輸入性學(xué)習(xí)和產(chǎn)出性運用緊密結(jié)合,兩者有機聯(lián)動。本節(jié)課促成階段的學(xué)習(xí)促使學(xué)生邊學(xué)邊評,為寫作產(chǎn)出服務(wù),體現(xiàn)了學(xué)中用、用中學(xué)、學(xué)用結(jié)合的思想。
(鐘潔,江蘇省南京市第一中學(xué)初中部,郵編:210002)