陳琦 朱永博
摘 要:目的與方法:對(duì)近年來(lái)國(guó)外有關(guān)膳食硝酸鹽改善運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)及可能生理機(jī)制的相關(guān)研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。結(jié)果與結(jié)論:大部分研究認(rèn)為,補(bǔ)充膳食硝酸鹽可以顯著提高運(yùn)動(dòng)能力,膳食硝酸鹽作為運(yùn)動(dòng)補(bǔ)劑的應(yīng)用前景廣闊。
關(guān)鍵詞:膳食硝酸鹽;一氧化氮;運(yùn)動(dòng)健康
一直以來(lái),飲食中的硝酸鹽對(duì)人體健康的影響具有較大爭(zhēng)議,但是近幾年,大量國(guó)外臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)研究證實(shí),從飲食中攝取適宜膳食硝酸鹽對(duì)人體運(yùn)動(dòng)健康有益。因此,本研究綜述國(guó)外關(guān)于膳食硝酸鹽提升人體運(yùn)動(dòng)健康的生理機(jī)制,為膳食硝酸鹽作為一種營(yíng)養(yǎng)補(bǔ)劑的可能性提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。
1 膳食硝酸鹽概況
20世紀(jì)50—60年代,人們發(fā)現(xiàn)(亞)硝酸鈉可形成致癌化合物二甲基亞硝胺[1-3],自此腌肉中使用(亞)硝酸鹽是否安全開始成為有爭(zhēng)議的話題[4-6]。對(duì)膳食硝酸鹽的改觀始于20世紀(jì)80年代末,科研人員首次發(fā)現(xiàn)一氧化氮是人體內(nèi)一種重要的生物活性信號(hào)分子,參與調(diào)節(jié)大量的人體生理過(guò)程[7-10]。研究表明,除了L-精氨酸途徑以外,硝酸鹽也是人體合成一氧化氮的重要途徑[11-12]。人體吸收硝酸鹽后,在口腔中,舌表面兼性厭氧細(xì)菌將其還原為亞硝酸鹽[11,13],進(jìn)而在胃中轉(zhuǎn)化為一氧化氮[14],在人體生理上有重要意義[12,15-16]。大量臨床研究也證實(shí),從飲食中攝取硝酸鹽對(duì)人體有益。
1.1 膳食硝酸鹽的來(lái)源
人體硝酸鹽的主要來(lái)源仍然是飲食,因此近年來(lái)硝酸鹽的飲食來(lái)源及其對(duì)健康的影響越來(lái)越受到關(guān)注[17-20]。調(diào)查顯示,膳食硝酸鹽是蔬菜中的一種天然無(wú)機(jī)鹽成分,在綠葉蔬菜和根莖類蔬菜中含量尤其豐富,通常蔬菜中硝酸鹽含量為2 000~3 000 mg/kg[21]。大多數(shù)常見的蔬菜其硝酸鹽含量在中間范圍(100~1 000 mg/kg),含硝酸鹽較高(>1 000 mg/kg)的蔬菜多為十字花科(芝麻菜)、藜科(甜菜根、菠菜)、菊科(生菜)、傘形科(芹菜)等,而洋蔥和西紅柿中硝酸鹽含量卻非常低(<100 mg/kg)[22-23]。研究顯示[24],成人每天的硝酸鹽攝入量為93 mg,通常是通過(guò)土豆(33%)、綠色蔬菜(21%)、其他蔬菜(15%)、飲料(8.5%)、肉制品(4.2%)、新鮮水果(3.5%)、乳制品(3.1%)、牛奶(2.9%)、雜糧(2.1%)、面包(1.6%)和其他食物(5.1%)攝入的。對(duì)553名荷蘭運(yùn)動(dòng)員的調(diào)查顯示,運(yùn)動(dòng)員膳食硝酸鹽攝入量略高于普通人,平均為106 mg/d,其中來(lái)源主要是蔬菜、土豆和水果攝入,占總量的74%,生菜和菠菜比例最大,女性運(yùn)動(dòng)員膳食硝酸鹽攝入量顯著高于男性運(yùn)動(dòng)員[25]。
1.2 膳食硝酸鹽的代謝途徑
研究表明,當(dāng)膳食硝酸鹽被攝入時(shí),上消化道迅速將其吸收,吸收率幾乎達(dá)100%[11]。有證據(jù)表明,在補(bǔ)充硝酸鹽后30 min內(nèi),血漿硝酸鹽水平迅速上升,在1.5 h時(shí)達(dá)到峰值,半衰期約為5 h[26-27]。大多數(shù)被吸收的硝酸鹽最終通過(guò)尿液排泄出去,但血漿中仍有25%的硝酸鹽由唾液腺吸收,經(jīng)唾液腺分泌至唾液中,被口腔中的兼性厭氧菌還原為亞硝酸鹽[11,13]。通過(guò)這一途徑,人體內(nèi)亞硝酸鹽含量顯著升高[11,27]。研究表明,當(dāng)人體攝入富含硝酸鹽的飲料后3 h內(nèi)不吞咽唾液,這一循環(huán)被打斷,血漿中亞硝酸鹽含量不升高[27]。亞硝酸鹽在適當(dāng)生理?xiàng)l件下,可以在胃中轉(zhuǎn)化為一氧化氮和其他氮氧化物[12,14]。所以這種硝酸鹽—亞硝酸鹽—一氧化氮通路與經(jīng)典的L-精氨酸—一氧化氮通路分別是人體產(chǎn)生一氧化氮的不同調(diào)控系統(tǒng),與L-精氨酸途徑不同的是,硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)化為一氧化氮的機(jī)制會(huì)在組織缺氧[28]及酸中毒(低pH值)[29-30]條件下增強(qiáng),而L-精氨酸途徑這種條件下形成一氧化氮的能力反而受損[11]。所以由于硝酸鹽途徑的存在,膳食硝酸鹽成為機(jī)體組織缺氧狀態(tài)下一氧化氮的重要來(lái)源,可以調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)體在低氧狀態(tài)下的血管舒張及細(xì)胞對(duì)低氧和缺血的恢復(fù)能力,從而調(diào)節(jié)心血管功能及其他機(jī)體恢復(fù)能力。
2 補(bǔ)充膳食硝酸鹽對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)的生理機(jī)制
2.1 補(bǔ)充膳食硝酸鹽可以降低運(yùn)動(dòng)過(guò)程中機(jī)體的耗氧量
在運(yùn)動(dòng)過(guò)程中,缺氧對(duì)骨骼肌能量代謝以及疲勞發(fā)生影響非常大,運(yùn)動(dòng)性缺氧比環(huán)境性缺氧更影響人體機(jī)體功能,會(huì)導(dǎo)致肌肉中磷酸肌酸以及糖原的加速消耗,并快速積累與疲勞相關(guān)的代謝物(如ADP、Pi、H+),這些代謝物會(huì)導(dǎo)致運(yùn)動(dòng)耐受性變差[31-32],同時(shí)當(dāng)缺氧嚴(yán)重或訓(xùn)練量加大時(shí),在停止運(yùn)動(dòng)后機(jī)體磷酸肌酸恢復(fù)速度也會(huì)減慢[33-35]。因此如果能有效降低在運(yùn)動(dòng)過(guò)程中機(jī)體的耗氧量對(duì)改善人體運(yùn)動(dòng)性缺氧有非常重要的意義。根據(jù)經(jīng)典的運(yùn)動(dòng)生理學(xué)理論,機(jī)體在一定的運(yùn)動(dòng)量下,無(wú)論是訓(xùn)練情況、年齡、體質(zhì)、飲食還是藥物干預(yù),每個(gè)人的耗氧量波動(dòng)都不會(huì)太大[36-37]??墒橇钊梭@訝的是,近年來(lái)多項(xiàng)研究證明,飲食中添加硝酸鹽,會(huì)有效降低機(jī)體運(yùn)動(dòng)過(guò)程中的耗氧量[18,26,38-43]。Larsen等[39]對(duì)9名健康男性的飲食中添加硝酸鈉(0.1 mmol/kg),并讓他們進(jìn)行一定強(qiáng)度的運(yùn)動(dòng),試驗(yàn)進(jìn)行了3 d,結(jié)果表明,與對(duì)照組相比,攝入硝酸鈉的試驗(yàn)組耗氧量顯著降低,而兩組人員其血乳酸濃度、肺通氣量卻沒(méi)有顯著差異,說(shuō)明同樣的運(yùn)動(dòng)量,試驗(yàn)組攝入硝酸鹽會(huì)有效降低機(jī)體耗氧量,提高機(jī)體氧氣的利用率,有氧代謝能力加強(qiáng),一定程度提高了試驗(yàn)組的有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)能力。Bailey等[18]在膳食中添加甜菜根汁也達(dá)到了同樣的效果,試驗(yàn)組攝入含5.5 mmol/d膳食硝酸鹽的甜菜根汁連續(xù)6 d,可以降低耗氧量達(dá)20%,其他研究也證實(shí)了這一點(diǎn)[38,42,44]。以上研究均表明,同樣的運(yùn)動(dòng)量,攝入硝酸鹽可以使機(jī)體肌肉活動(dòng)耗氧量更少,有氧代謝率有所提升,能量生成更加有效。
目前有幾種假說(shuō)試圖解釋膳食硝酸鹽如何降低機(jī)體運(yùn)動(dòng)中的耗氧量。有研究認(rèn)為,攝入的硝酸鹽在缺氧環(huán)境下轉(zhuǎn)化為一氧化氮,直接作用于線粒體。研究人員通過(guò)骨骼肌活檢的方法,檢測(cè)到肌肉細(xì)胞線粒體P/O比值升高(線粒體測(cè)定氧化磷酸化效率的經(jīng)典方法,即每產(chǎn)生1 mol的ATP消耗的氧氣量)[45],線粒體呼吸明顯改善[46],因此運(yùn)動(dòng)過(guò)程中耗氧量的降低可能與攝入硝酸鹽后氧氣消耗成本的降低有直接關(guān)系。還有研究認(rèn)為,一氧化氮可能會(huì)增強(qiáng)機(jī)體對(duì)氧氣利用的有效性,同時(shí)增加氧氣與肌肉代謝的局部匹配作用[47-49],這些作用均使肌肉更加有效利用氧氣,從而降低運(yùn)動(dòng)過(guò)程中的耗氧量。
2.2 補(bǔ)充膳食硝酸鹽對(duì)心肺功能的作用
研究表明,在低氧環(huán)境下,硝酸鹽補(bǔ)充也能提升血氧飽和度。研究人員通過(guò)使用近紅外光譜法監(jiān)測(cè)15名健康男性肌肉組織氧合指數(shù),證明無(wú)論在休息還是最大運(yùn)動(dòng)量條件下,口服硝酸鹽補(bǔ)充劑可以增加動(dòng)脈和肌肉中血氧飽和度[50]。同樣,研究人員在低氧環(huán)境中(氧氣含量為14.5%,約為海拔4 000 m),讓受試者24 h內(nèi)攝入750 mL甜菜根汁(約含9.3 mmol硝酸鈉),能夠減少肌肉代謝紊亂,顯著恢復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)耐受性,機(jī)能狀態(tài)與常氧下基本一致[51]。膳食硝酸鹽的補(bǔ)充還可以在不影響心率的基礎(chǔ)上,有效延長(zhǎng)潛水運(yùn)動(dòng)員呼吸暫停時(shí)間[52]。研究顯示,高原常駐人群體內(nèi)亞硝酸鹽水平更高,是平原地區(qū)人群的好幾倍[53],而且有研究表明,體內(nèi)亞硝酸鹽水平越低或呼氣一氧化氮含量越低,高原地區(qū)人群高原疾病發(fā)生率越高[54-55]。因此有研究人員建議,膳食硝酸鹽可以作為一種平原人群進(jìn)入高原的飲食策略,以確保高原反應(yīng)的減緩[56]。以上這些均表明,膳食硝酸鹽以及其代謝物質(zhì),是低氧運(yùn)動(dòng)及其恢復(fù)過(guò)程中肌肉中氧氣輸送的重要調(diào)節(jié)因子。
膳食硝酸鹽還能影響人體的心肺功能。研究證明,攝入膳食硝酸鹽可以影響鈣處理蛋白在心臟細(xì)胞中的表達(dá),導(dǎo)致心肌細(xì)胞鈣信號(hào)通路增加,從而進(jìn)一步改善左心室的收縮功能[57],增加心血管病人運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)心血管舒張和心輸出量?jī)?chǔ)備,減少動(dòng)脈波的反射,重構(gòu)有功能障礙的左心室的舒張功能[58]。研究認(rèn)為,這些機(jī)制不僅與一氧化氮有關(guān),還可能與膳食硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)化通路中的亞硝酸鹽及其他氮氧化物有關(guān)[58-59]。由于一氧化氮是一種強(qiáng)效的血管擴(kuò)張劑,近年來(lái),膳食硝酸鹽多次被科研人員提出可以作為一種輔助治療高血壓的營(yíng)養(yǎng)補(bǔ)充劑[19-20,27,60-61],有數(shù)據(jù)表明,在正常的飲食中添加富含硝酸鹽的蔬菜汁可以顯著降低血壓,擴(kuò)張血管,且效果能維持15 d以上,具有重要的臨床學(xué)意義[17,27,63-66],對(duì)肺功能影響也是通過(guò)擴(kuò)張肺動(dòng)脈,降低肺動(dòng)脈壓[67-68],從而可能提高肺動(dòng)脈中血氧含量。因此,膳食硝酸鹽的攝入能夠有效提高人體心肺功能。
2.3 補(bǔ)充膳食硝酸鹽對(duì)肌肉功能的作用
補(bǔ)充膳食硝酸鹽還可以提高運(yùn)動(dòng)員或普通人的肌肉力量表現(xiàn)。研究人員讓受試者攝入膳食硝酸鹽,結(jié)果顯示,試驗(yàn)組膝關(guān)節(jié)最大伸展速度提高11%,最大伸肌力量增加6%,說(shuō)明膳食硝酸鹽可以提高健康人群的肌肉速度和力量[69]。因此采用濃縮甜菜根汁補(bǔ)充膳食硝酸鹽,可顯著提高運(yùn)動(dòng)員多關(guān)節(jié)向心運(yùn)動(dòng)的最大力量和收縮速度。膳食硝酸鹽對(duì)高強(qiáng)度間歇運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)也有提升,補(bǔ)充富含硝酸鹽的甜菜根汁后,專業(yè)賽艇運(yùn)動(dòng)員在運(yùn)動(dòng)后期最大力量的槳頻增加[60]。對(duì)小鼠的研究同樣證明,連續(xù)7 d在飲水中加入1 mmol硝酸鈉,小鼠快速收縮肌的收縮能力增強(qiáng)[75]。其他研究也有類似結(jié)果[71-74]。雖然膳食硝酸鹽對(duì)人體肌肉力量影響的確切生理機(jī)制尚不清楚,但不同證據(jù)顯示有以下幾種可能:其一,膳食硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)化產(chǎn)物——一氧化氮的生理靶點(diǎn)主要為線粒體,攝入足夠的硝酸鹽能夠提高骨骼肌線粒體的氧化效率,減少運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)肌肉的耗氧量,在一定程度上提高肌肉細(xì)胞中ATP合成效率[45,50]。其二,有研究表明,膳食硝酸鹽的攝入可能會(huì)減少機(jī)體ATP維持肌漿鈣離子穩(wěn)定的支出量[9,75],從而可以降低收縮肌纖維所需要的ATP成本[38],增加ATP的使用效率。其三,在低氧狀態(tài)下膳食硝酸鹽的補(bǔ)充可以降低磷酸肌酸的降解速度,減少代謝物的積累,從而減緩肌肉疲勞,增加肌肉耐受性,然而在常氧狀態(tài)下補(bǔ)充膳食硝酸鹽并不會(huì)加速磷酸肌酸的恢復(fù)速率,說(shuō)明在肌肉氧氣輸送功能減弱的情況下,補(bǔ)充膳食硝酸鹽才可以有助于改善肌肉功能[76-77]。其四,還有人提出,膳食硝酸鹽的補(bǔ)充可能通過(guò)促進(jìn)運(yùn)動(dòng)過(guò)程中的肌肉血流量來(lái)刺激運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)[78],有研究證明,健康人群在補(bǔ)充硝酸鹽后,使用近紅外光譜法可以檢測(cè)到其骨骼肌血容量明顯增加,改善健康人體肌肉微血管功能,從而加快肌肉組織氧循環(huán),提高肌肉有氧能力[50,79-80]。最后,研究人員對(duì)大鼠進(jìn)行研究顯示,膳食硝酸鹽的攝入,由于一氧化氮的作用,直接加強(qiáng)了乙酰膽堿在肌肉神經(jīng)處的作用,提高神經(jīng)興奮性,提高了肌肉最大收縮速度[81]??偠灾?,適量補(bǔ)充膳食硝酸鹽可以改善人體肌肉功能,增加運(yùn)動(dòng)過(guò)程中的肌肉能力表現(xiàn)。
Breese等[82]研究認(rèn)為,膳食硝酸鹽對(duì)肌肉的作用主要是針對(duì)Ⅱ型肌纖維的靶向作用。相比Ⅰ型肌纖維,Ⅱ型肌纖維有不同的肌纖維蛋白以及肌漿鈣離子處理方式,并且其中細(xì)胞線粒體和毛細(xì)血管密度較低,因此Ⅱ型肌纖維更加依賴以ATP為基礎(chǔ)的能量消耗方式[83]。從運(yùn)動(dòng)生理上看,高強(qiáng)度間歇運(yùn)動(dòng)需要?jiǎng)佑么罅康蘑蛐图±w維,因此,膳食硝酸鹽的攝入對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)員肌肉能力提升作用較明顯。
2.4 補(bǔ)充膳食硝酸鹽對(duì)認(rèn)知功能的作用
膳食硝酸鹽的攝入還可能會(huì)增加機(jī)體腦血流量,提升認(rèn)知功能。研究表明,一氧化氮在腦血管舒張、腦血流量、神經(jīng)傳遞以及神經(jīng)活動(dòng)與局部腦血流的耦合中起關(guān)鍵作用[84]。Presley等[85]研究了富含硝酸鹽的飲食對(duì)75歲左右老年人腦灌注的影響,結(jié)果顯示,這些老年人額葉白質(zhì)區(qū)域腦灌注增強(qiáng),提示膳食硝酸鹽可能具有增強(qiáng)執(zhí)行功能和對(duì)抗認(rèn)知衰退的潛力。在針對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)員的研究中也有同樣的結(jié)果,16名男性集體項(xiàng)目的運(yùn)動(dòng)員在補(bǔ)充膳食硝酸鹽后,可以提高重復(fù)短跑的運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn),并且減緩長(zhǎng)時(shí)間間歇運(yùn)動(dòng)中運(yùn)動(dòng)員可能出現(xiàn)的認(rèn)知功能(特別是反應(yīng)時(shí)間)下降[86]。因此,膳食硝酸鹽的補(bǔ)充有可能改善普通人甚至運(yùn)動(dòng)員腦血管生理機(jī)能,增強(qiáng)認(rèn)知功能。
3 膳食硝酸鹽在運(yùn)動(dòng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)中的應(yīng)用
除了對(duì)普通人運(yùn)動(dòng)能力有提升作用外,越來(lái)越多的研究證明,膳食硝酸鹽的補(bǔ)充可以在耐力項(xiàng)目中延長(zhǎng)運(yùn)動(dòng)員的疲勞時(shí)間,提高運(yùn)動(dòng)員的計(jì)時(shí)賽成績(jī)[18,42,44,87-89]。最近一項(xiàng)雙盲試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),與服用安慰劑相比,連續(xù)6 d補(bǔ)充富含硝酸鹽的甜菜根汁(約8 mmol/d)后,自行車運(yùn)動(dòng)員完成10 km的騎行時(shí)間縮短12 s[90]。對(duì)賽艇運(yùn)動(dòng)員的研究中也顯示,在訓(xùn)練前2 h攝入較高劑量(8.4 mmol),可以有效提高其2 km的賽艇比賽成績(jī)[91]。對(duì)于肌肉力量及高強(qiáng)度間歇運(yùn)動(dòng),攝入膳食硝酸鹽也對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)員運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)有明顯提升[72-74]。研究表明,膳食硝酸鹽的攝入還能增加普通自行車運(yùn)動(dòng)員在多次沖刺時(shí)的輸出功率[92]。研究人員連續(xù)3 d對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)員補(bǔ)充富含硝酸鹽的甜菜根汁后,運(yùn)動(dòng)員高強(qiáng)度間歇運(yùn)動(dòng)能力提升170%,并且間歇跑的重復(fù)次數(shù)明顯高于安慰劑組[71]。而36名運(yùn)動(dòng)員在攝入甜菜根汁(含6.4 mmol硝酸鹽)5 d后,提高了20 m沖刺的能力以及YO-YO測(cè)試成績(jī),提高集體項(xiàng)目?jī)?yōu)秀運(yùn)動(dòng)員短跑和高強(qiáng)度間歇跑的成績(jī)[93]。
雖然大部分研究均認(rèn)為,運(yùn)動(dòng)員在補(bǔ)充膳食硝酸鹽后運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)有所提高[44,74,87,94,96],但有部分研究認(rèn)為,與一般運(yùn)動(dòng)員相比,優(yōu)秀運(yùn)動(dòng)員攝入膳食硝酸鹽后運(yùn)動(dòng)能力的提升并不顯著[62,95]。有兩項(xiàng)研究表明,自行車、越野滑雪運(yùn)動(dòng)員在補(bǔ)充硝酸鹽后,肌肉耗氧量及其運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)沒(méi)有顯著變化[62,95]。而另一項(xiàng)研究認(rèn)為,甜菜根汁的補(bǔ)充顯著提高了中長(zhǎng)跑運(yùn)動(dòng)員在1 500 m項(xiàng)目中的成績(jī),但其10 000 m的成績(jī)卻沒(méi)有顯著提升[97]。究其原因,可能是研究方法不同,研究方案并不完善,優(yōu)秀運(yùn)動(dòng)員營(yíng)養(yǎng)攝入量比普通人大,營(yíng)養(yǎng)比例更均衡,而試驗(yàn)中對(duì)這些優(yōu)秀運(yùn)動(dòng)員膳食硝酸鹽的補(bǔ)充可能不足,運(yùn)動(dòng)能力提升效果不明顯。而且優(yōu)秀運(yùn)動(dòng)員多年從事高強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練,心血管功能、骨骼肌利用率甚至線粒體產(chǎn)能效率具備更高的能力[98],從而使膳食硝酸鹽的對(duì)優(yōu)秀運(yùn)動(dòng)員的補(bǔ)充效果并不明顯,關(guān)于這點(diǎn)還需要進(jìn)一步研究。雖然補(bǔ)充硝酸鹽可能對(duì)優(yōu)秀運(yùn)動(dòng)員的運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)提升并不明顯,但是對(duì)于速度、力量或耐力方面的能力極小的提升都會(huì)使優(yōu)秀運(yùn)動(dòng)員在重要比賽中起到非常重要的作用,不能忽視膳食硝酸鹽補(bǔ)充可能帶來(lái)的影響。
4 結(jié)論
膳食硝酸鹽作為一種運(yùn)動(dòng)補(bǔ)劑已經(jīng)被體育界關(guān)注,如今許多國(guó)外運(yùn)動(dòng)員在訓(xùn)練及比賽前已經(jīng)開始使用含膳食硝酸鹽較高的甜菜根汁作為營(yíng)養(yǎng)補(bǔ)劑,以期提升其在訓(xùn)練或比賽期間的運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)。因此應(yīng)進(jìn)一步研究膳食硝酸鹽作為運(yùn)動(dòng)補(bǔ)劑的可能性。
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Influence of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Human Exercise Health
CHEN Qi,ZHU Yong-bo
(Gansu Research Institute of Sports Science,Lanzhou 730000,China)
Abstract:Objective and Method The paper reviewed research advancements on dietary nitrate how improve the ability of human exercise.Result and Conclusion Most research showed that dietary supplementation with nitrate resulted in significant enhance exercise performance,and dietary nitrate would become a popular sports supplement in the future.
Keywords:dietary nitrate;NO;exercise health
(責(zé)任編輯 李婷婷)