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      肺癌合并具有自身免疫特征間質(zhì)性肺炎的生存分析及預(yù)后因素

      2022-06-12 22:42:01王榕劉紹霞張國(guó)俊
      中國(guó)現(xiàn)代醫(yī)生 2022年14期
      關(guān)鍵詞:間質(zhì)性回顧性肺癌

      王榕 劉紹霞 張國(guó)俊

      [摘要] 目的 間質(zhì)性肺炎(ILD)是肺癌(LC)發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。但具有自身免疫特征的間質(zhì)性肺炎(IPAF)對(duì)肺癌的預(yù)后是否有影響尚不明確。本研究旨在探討IPAF是否影響肺癌的預(yù)后。 方法 回顧性收集2018年1月至2020年12月就診于鄭州大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院的80例合并IPAF的肺癌患者為研究組,選擇80例單純肺癌患者為對(duì)照組,對(duì)研究組臨床特點(diǎn)及生存時(shí)間、預(yù)后因素進(jìn)行觀察分析,采用Kaplan-Meier法及l(fā)og-rank檢驗(yàn)和Cox回歸模型用以評(píng)估不同組的生存差異和死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 結(jié)果 合并IPAF的肺癌患者中的大多數(shù)是老年男性吸煙者,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)76.3%為男性,63.8%為既往吸煙者。病理類型主要為腺癌(42.5%),與未合并IPAF的LC患者相比,合并IPAF的患者總生存時(shí)間更差,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(17個(gè)月vs. 36個(gè)月,Log-rank,P<0.001);Cox多因素分析結(jié)果顯示,IPAF是肺癌患者的獨(dú)立預(yù)后因素(P=0.003);對(duì)肺癌合并IPAF的患者進(jìn)行Cox多因素分析結(jié)果提示,腫瘤病理類型、C-反應(yīng)蛋白是肺癌合并IPAF的獨(dú)立預(yù)后因素(P=0.027;P=0.018)。 結(jié)論 與單純肺癌患者相比,合并IPAF的患者生存期明顯縮短。肺癌合并IPAF的治療具有挑戰(zhàn)性,需要謹(jǐn)慎選擇抗癌方案。

      [關(guān)鍵詞] 肺癌;具有自身免疫特征的間質(zhì)性肺炎;生存分析;預(yù)后因素

      [中圖分類號(hào)] R734.2? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2022)14-0037-07

      Survival analysis of lung cancer complicated with interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features and its prognostic factors

      WANG Rong? ?LIU? Shaoxia? ?ZHANG Guojun

      Department of Respiratory Medicine,the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University,Zhengzhou 450052,China

      [Abstract] Objective Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is an independent risk factor for the onset of lung cancer (LC).However,it is not clear whether interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features (IPAF) has an impact on the prognosis of lung cancer.This paper is intended to discuss whether IPAF affects the prognosis of lung cancer. Methods A total of 80 patients suffering from lung cancer complicated with IPAF treated in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2018 to December 2020 were retrospectively collected as the study group,and 80 patients with simple lung cancer were selected as the control group. The clinical characteristics, survival time and prognostic factors of the study group were observed and analyzed. Kaplan-Meier method,log-rank test and Cox regression model were used to evaluate the survival difference and death risk of different groups. Results Most of the patients suffering from lung cancer complicated with IPAF were elderly male smokers. Our study found that 76.3% of those patients were male and 63.8% were former smokers. The main pathological type was adenocarcinoma(42.5%). The overall survival time of the LC patients with IPAF was shorter than that of the LC patients without IPAF, and the difference was statistically significant(17 months vs. 36 months,log-rank P<0.001). Cox multivariate analysis results showed that IPAF was an independent prognostic factor in patients with lung cancer(P=0.003).The Cox multivariate analysis for the LC patients with IPAF showed that tumor pathological type and C-reactive protein were independent prognostic factors for lung cancer complicated with IPAF(P=0.027;P=0.018). Conclusion The survival time of the LC patients with IPAF is significantly shorter than that of the patients with simple lung cancer.The treatment of lung cancer complicated with IPAF is challenging, and the anticancer regimen needs to be carefully selected.C73FD96A-1540-4816-9711-45BDBA821030

      [Key words] Lung cancer; Interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features; Survival analysis; Prognostic factors

      肺癌(lung cancer,LC)是全世界目前最常見(jiàn)的癌癥(占所有癌癥診斷的11.6%),也是癌癥相關(guān)死亡率的主要原因[1]。在中國(guó)肺癌是最常見(jiàn)的惡性腫瘤之一[2]。間質(zhì)性肺炎(interstitial lung disease,ILD)是一組異質(zhì)性肺病[3],在以往的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),ILD患者患肺癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加[4-6]。ILD最常見(jiàn)的病因之一是結(jié)締組織?。╟onnective tissue diseases,CTD),然而,相當(dāng)一部分繼發(fā)性ILD患者的臨床和實(shí)驗(yàn)室特征表明存在自身免疫性疾病,但不符合特定CTD的分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[7-8]。2015年,歐洲呼吸學(xué)會(huì)和美國(guó)胸科學(xué)會(huì)(ERS/ATS)聯(lián)合會(huì)議創(chuàng)造了具有自身免疫特征的間質(zhì)性肺炎(interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features,IPAF)一詞[9]。此外,有研究人員評(píng)估發(fā)現(xiàn)LC-ILD患者的預(yù)后相比無(wú)ILD的LC患者更差[10-12]。上述研究針對(duì)LC合并IPAF回顧性分析肺癌合并IPAF的臨床特征,評(píng)估IPAF對(duì)肺癌預(yù)后的影響。ILD是LC的主要預(yù)后因素,在LC治療中應(yīng)予以考慮。需要進(jìn)一步的研究以確定LC-ILD人群的最佳治療策略,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。

      1 資料與方法

      1.1 一般資料

      本研究回顧性收集來(lái)自鄭州大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院2018年1月至2020年12月期間80例確診為合并IPAF的LC患者作為研究組,80例單純LC患者為對(duì)照組。收集患者的完整臨床病歷資料,包括患者的性別、年齡、吸煙史等一般情況,實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查結(jié)果,影像學(xué)檢查,病理資料。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①所有患者均經(jīng)病理學(xué)或細(xì)胞學(xué)確診為肺惡性腫瘤,TNM分期參考國(guó)際肺癌研究協(xié)會(huì)第8版標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[13-14]。②具有自身免疫特征間質(zhì)性肺炎[9](interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features,IPAF),診斷符合2015歐洲呼吸學(xué)會(huì)和美國(guó)胸科協(xié)會(huì)(ERS/ATS)公布的分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。以下三個(gè)領(lǐng)域中任意兩個(gè)特征的組合的存在:臨床領(lǐng)域、由特定的胸外特征組成;血清學(xué),由特定的自身抗體組成;和形態(tài)學(xué),由特定的胸部成像、組織病理學(xué)或肺部生理特征組成。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(滿足任意一條):①患有其他原發(fā)惡性腫瘤的患者;②合并慢性阻塞性肺疾病者;③合并心、肝、腎、血液疾病等其他系統(tǒng)嚴(yán)重疾病患者;④患者缺乏完整的病歷資料。

      1.2 研究結(jié)果及隨訪

      本研究隨訪終止時(shí)間為2021年5月,總生存期(overall survival,OS)定義為從肺癌診斷日期至因任何原因引起死亡或最后一次隨訪時(shí)間的時(shí)間間隔,以月為單位,隨訪終止日期仍存活或失訪定義為刪失。

      1.3 觀察指標(biāo)

      應(yīng)用χ2檢驗(yàn)對(duì)各組間臨床特征進(jìn)行比較,采用電話隨訪及門診進(jìn)行隨訪,統(tǒng)計(jì)患者生存情況,對(duì)患者臨床資料如年齡、性別、是否吸煙、腫瘤類型、腫瘤分期、腫瘤大小、實(shí)驗(yàn)室指標(biāo)乳酸脫氫酶(lactic dehydrogenase,LDH)、C-反應(yīng)蛋白(c-reactive protein,CRP)、癌胚抗原(carcinoembryonic antigen,CEA)、神經(jīng)元特異性烯醇化酶(lactic dehydrogenase,NSE)、細(xì)胞角蛋白19(cytokeratin fragment,CYFRA21-1)進(jìn)行單因素生存分析,將與預(yù)后相關(guān)的因素納入多變量回歸模型中進(jìn)一步分析。

      1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

      所有數(shù)據(jù)均采用SPSS 25.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行分析,計(jì)量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,計(jì)數(shù)資料用[n(%)]表示。組間特征比較計(jì)量資料應(yīng)用t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料比較用χ2檢驗(yàn),檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn)α=0.05,Kaplan-Meier法用于生存分析,Log-rank檢驗(yàn)比較兩組之間的差異。用Cox回歸模型進(jìn)行單因素分析得出有意義的臨床病理因素(P<0.10)后,納入Cox回歸模型進(jìn)行多因素分析。生存曲線使用GraphPad Prism 8.0軟件作圖。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

      2 結(jié)果

      2.1 患者臨床特征

      本研究納入80例LC合并IPAF的患者和80例單純LC患者,基本情況見(jiàn)表1。研究組臨床特征:男61例,女19例;平均年齡(68.00±7.46)歲,≥65歲54例,<65歲26例。患者主要癥狀為咳嗽(70%)和胸悶(47.5%)。既往有吸煙史的患者51例(63.7%),無(wú)吸煙史29例(36.3%);臨床分期Ⅰ~Ⅱ期者20例,Ⅲ期者24例,Ⅳ期者36例,最常見(jiàn)的病理類型為腺癌占42.5%,鱗癌占40%,小細(xì)胞癌占17.5%。37例(46.2%)占位位于上肺葉,38例(47.5%)位于下肺葉,5例(6.3%)位于中肺葉。大多數(shù)患者最初的腫瘤治療方案主要為化療(77.5%),早期患者更傾向選擇手術(shù)。

      2.2 患者生存時(shí)間

      LC合并IPAF患者的中位總生存時(shí)間(OS)為17個(gè)月(95%CI:11.457~22.453),單純LC患者的中位OS為36個(gè)月,全部LC患者的中位OS為29個(gè)月,對(duì)兩組進(jìn)行比較,是否合并IPAF的OS比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Log-rank,P<0.001)。見(jiàn)圖1。

      2.3 影響LC合并IPAF患者OS的預(yù)后因素分析

      納入分析LC合并IPAF的預(yù)后因素主要有:性別、年齡、病理類型、腫瘤大小、腫瘤分期以及實(shí)驗(yàn)室指標(biāo)乳酸脫氫酶(LDH)、C-反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)、癌胚抗原(CEA)、神經(jīng)元特異性烯醇化酶(NSE)、細(xì)胞角蛋白19(CYFRA21-1)。見(jiàn)表2。同時(shí)將單因素分析結(jié)果P<0.10(年齡、病理類型、腫瘤大小、腫瘤分期、吸煙、CRP、NSE)納入多變量回歸模型中進(jìn)一步分析,同時(shí)將預(yù)后作為因變量,存活=1,死亡=2,單因素分析有意義的項(xiàng)目作為自變量進(jìn)行賦值。見(jiàn)表3。結(jié)果顯示,腫瘤病理類型、CRP是LC合并IPAF的獨(dú)立預(yù)后因素(P=0.027,95%CI=1.62~23.62;P=0.018,95%CI=1.36~26.83),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表4。C73FD96A-1540-4816-9711-45BDBA821030

      2.4 LC患者預(yù)后因素分析

      影響肺癌患者的預(yù)后因素有:性別、年齡、吸煙、病理類型、腫瘤大小、腫瘤分期、是否合并IPAF及實(shí)驗(yàn)室指標(biāo)CRP、LDH、CEA、NSE、CYFRA21-1,單因素分析結(jié)果顯示,兩組有差異的包括(P<0.10):腫瘤病理類型、腫瘤大小、腫瘤分期、是否合并IPAF及實(shí)驗(yàn)室指標(biāo)CRP、LDH、CEA、NSE、CYFRA21-1。見(jiàn)表5。將預(yù)后作為因變量,存活=1,死亡=2,單因素分析中預(yù)后相關(guān)的因素作為自變量進(jìn)行賦值。見(jiàn)表6。在Cox多因素分析中,是否合并IPAF是LC患者的獨(dú)立預(yù)后因素,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表7。

      3 討論

      目前對(duì)ILD-LC的治療和預(yù)后的描述主要集中于結(jié)締組織相關(guān)性間質(zhì)性肺炎(CTD-ILD)、特發(fā)性肺間質(zhì)纖維化(IPF)的肺癌患者的回顧性研究,IPAF診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提出后,陸續(xù)有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道IPAF的回顧性臨床研究[15-17],為IPAF診斷納入ILD診斷分類提供充分的驗(yàn)證[18]。Guo等[19]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),IPF是ILD最常見(jiàn)的亞組,其次是IPAF和CTD-ILD。而對(duì)于LC合并IPAF的研究不夠充分且有限。在此,本研究對(duì)80例LC合并IPAF的患者進(jìn)行回顧性研究,旨在了解LC合并IPAF患者的臨床特征,預(yù)后因素及生存。

      本研究表明,與單純LC患者相比,LC合并IPAF患者的生存率較低,中位生存期分別為17個(gè)月和36個(gè)月,Tzuvelekis等[20]最近報(bào)道,自LC診斷之日起,LC合并IPF患者的中位生存期為14個(gè)月。Alomaish等[12]報(bào)道LC合并ILD患者與單純LC的中位生存期分別為15個(gè)月和59個(gè)月。先前關(guān)于LC合并ILD的研究(大多數(shù)研究集中于IPF及CTD-ILD的患者)也表明,與單純肺癌相比,肺癌和ILD患者的生存率較低,死亡率較高。

      先前大量關(guān)于LC合并ILD的研究[11,21-26]表明這些患者中的大多數(shù)是老年男性吸煙者,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)76.3%為男性,63.8%為既往吸煙者。病理類型主要為腺癌(42.5%),與其他發(fā)現(xiàn)腺癌(56%)為常見(jiàn)類型的研究相比可發(fā)現(xiàn)類似分布。大部分患者確診時(shí)已經(jīng)有轉(zhuǎn)移,選擇的主要治療方式為化療[27]。對(duì)LC合并IPAF的患者進(jìn)行多因素分析,分析提示腫瘤類型、CRP是獨(dú)立預(yù)后因素。Olszewski等[28]研究提出與腺癌相比,患有鱗狀細(xì)胞癌的LC患者的生存率(無(wú)論是否伴有ILD)更差。同時(shí)有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道小細(xì)胞癌合并ILD患者的生存率比腺癌合并ILD患者差[12]。近期Ueno等[29]發(fā)現(xiàn)血清CRP水平是預(yù)測(cè)ILD急性加重發(fā)生率的獨(dú)立決定因素。無(wú)論肺癌的治療有多有效,一旦先前存在的間質(zhì)性肺炎發(fā)生急性加重,患者的死亡率將很高[30]。這項(xiàng)研究有幾個(gè)局限性。首先,這項(xiàng)研究是在單中心進(jìn)行的回顧性分析,可能導(dǎo)致了選擇偏差。其次DLCO是評(píng)估ILD的重要指標(biāo),而肺功能檢測(cè)缺失數(shù)據(jù)>20%,未能納入研究。在肺癌合并ILD的情況下,抗腫瘤治療后經(jīng)常發(fā)生急性惡化。這提示在治療選擇上需要謹(jǐn)慎。在大多數(shù)臨床試驗(yàn)中,伴有ILD的LC患者被排除在外,因此,關(guān)于這些患者預(yù)后的資料很少。未來(lái)需要更多的臨床試驗(yàn)為患者提供安全有效的治療方案。

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      (收稿日期:2021-11-18)C73FD96A-1540-4816-9711-45BDBA821030

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