高潔
考點(diǎn)詳解
在復(fù)合句中修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞的從句稱為定語(yǔ)從句,定語(yǔ)從句一般緊跟在它所修飾的名詞或代詞后面。定語(yǔ)從句是中考必考考點(diǎn)之一,主要考查的是時(shí)態(tài)及賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序,有時(shí)也會(huì)考查定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞。其中,關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句最為常見(jiàn),也是考試重點(diǎn)??疾榈闹饕问绞菃雾?xiàng)填空、完形填空、短文填空和完成句子,閱讀理解和書(shū)面表達(dá)中也會(huì)考查到定語(yǔ)從句。因此,我們要熟練掌握定語(yǔ)從句的用法。
一、關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
1. 定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞
定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的名詞或代詞稱為先行詞。引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞,常見(jiàn)的關(guān)系代詞包括 that、which、who(賓格 whom,所有格 whose)等,關(guān)系副詞包括 where、when、why 等。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞放在先行詞及定語(yǔ)從句之間起連接作用,同時(shí)又是定語(yǔ)從句的重要成分。如:
2. 定語(yǔ)從句的分類
根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞的關(guān)系,定語(yǔ)從句可分為限制性定語(yǔ)從句及非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。限制性定語(yǔ)從句緊跟先行詞,主句與從句不用逗號(hào)分開(kāi),從句不可省去;非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的主句與從句之間有逗號(hào)分開(kāi),起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明的作用,從句若省去,意思仍完整。
3. 關(guān)系代詞的基本用法
作主語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)
The man who/that spoke at the meeting is from Hong Kong.
會(huì)上發(fā)言的人來(lái)自香港。
The building which/that is being built will be used as a hospital.
在建的這幢建筑將用作醫(yī)院。
I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the world.
我拜訪了一位世界知名的科學(xué)家。
【典例】—I heard that Shao Yifu passed away.
—Yes, he is a great man ___________ donated billions of dollars to charity,
schools and hospitals.
A. who????? B. whom????? C. which?????? D. /
【答案】A
【解析】句意:——我聽(tīng)說(shuō)邵逸夫去世了?!堑?,他是一個(gè)偉大的人,捐贈(zèng)了數(shù)十億美元給慈善機(jī)構(gòu)、學(xué)校和醫(yī)院。這是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,先行詞是人,故用 who/whom 引導(dǎo),在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)用 who,故選 A。
【注意】
1. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí),從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要與先行詞保持主謂一致。
He is one of the boys who like playing basketball.
他是喜歡打籃球的男孩子之一。
He is the one of the boys who likes playing basketball.
他就是那個(gè)喜歡打籃球的男孩子。
2. 通常在以下七種情況下只能用 that 而不能用 which。
(1)先行詞為 all、much、something、everything、nothing、little、none、the one 等代詞時(shí)。如:
That is all that I want to say.
那就是我想要說(shuō)的。
(2)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)所修飾,或先行詞本身是序數(shù)詞、基數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)時(shí)。如:
He was the first person that passed the exam.
他是第一個(gè)通過(guò)考試的人。
This is the most wonderful film that I have seen.
這是我看過(guò)的最精彩的電影。
(3)以 who 或 which 引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問(wèn)句,為避免重復(fù),只能用 that。如:
Who is the girl that is crying?
正在哭泣的那個(gè)女孩是誰(shuí)?
(4)先行詞被 the only、the very、the same、the last、little、few 等詞修飾時(shí)。如:
Mr. Smith is the only foreigner that he knows.
史密斯先生是他唯一認(rèn)識(shí)的外國(guó)人。
(5)先行詞里同時(shí)含有人或物時(shí)。如:
We were deeply impressed by the teachers and schools that we had visited.
我們?cè)L問(wèn)過(guò)的老師和學(xué)校給我們留下了深刻的印象。
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.
我能清楚記得我在那個(gè)房間見(jiàn)到的人和一些照片。
(6)先行詞在主句中作表語(yǔ),或關(guān)系代詞在從句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)。如:It’s a book that will help you a lot.
這是一本對(duì)你很有幫助的書(shū)。
(7)主句是 there be 結(jié)構(gòu),修飾主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句用 that,而不用 which。如:There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.
桌子上那本書(shū)是湯姆的。
3. 關(guān)系詞只能用 which 而不用 that 的情況。
(1)先行詞為 that、those 時(shí)。如:
What’s that which is under the desk?
在桌子底下的那個(gè)東西是什么?
(2)關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時(shí)。如:
This is the room in which he lives.
這是他居住的房間。
(3)引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)。如:
Tom came back, which made us happy.
湯姆回來(lái)了,這使我們很高興。
二、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
1. 當(dāng)先行詞為地點(diǎn)名詞時(shí),如果關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),則用 that或 which 引導(dǎo)。
This is the house which/that was built by my grandfather forty years ago.
這是我爺爺在 40 年前建造的房子。(定語(yǔ)從句中缺少主語(yǔ),所以要用which/that,而不用 where)
2. position、point、case、stage、situation、atmosphere 等表示抽象地點(diǎn)的
名詞充當(dāng)先行詞時(shí),若定語(yǔ)從句中缺少狀語(yǔ),則用 where 來(lái)引導(dǎo)。
It’s helpful to put children in a situation where they can see themselves differently.
把孩子們放在一個(gè)能夠讓他們從不同角度看待自己的環(huán)境中對(duì)他們很有幫助。
3. 關(guān)系副詞 why 指原因,代替先行詞并在定語(yǔ)從句中作原因狀語(yǔ),其先行詞一般是 reason。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our help?
這是他拒絕我們幫助的理由嗎?
【典例】We will put off the picnic in the park until next week, ___________ the weather may be better.
A. that????? B. where????? C. which????? D. when
【答案】D
【解析】句意:我們將把公園的野餐推遲到下個(gè)星期,那時(shí)天氣可能會(huì)更好。這是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,先行詞是 next week,定語(yǔ)從句中缺少時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),所以用關(guān)系副詞 when 引導(dǎo),故選 D。
4. 當(dāng)先行詞是時(shí)間名詞時(shí),既可以用 when 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,也可以用that 或 which 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,關(guān)鍵要看關(guān)系詞在從句中作何種成分。若關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ),用 when 引導(dǎo);若關(guān)系詞在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),則用 that 或 which 引導(dǎo)。
Do you remember the days when we chatted with each other all night?
你還記得我們整夜聊天的那些日子嗎?(when 在從句中作狀語(yǔ))
Do you remember the days that/which we spent together on the farm?
你還記得我們?cè)谵r(nóng)場(chǎng)一起度過(guò)的那些日子嗎?(that 或 which 作 spent 的賓語(yǔ))
三、非限制性定語(yǔ)從句
1. 限制性定語(yǔ)從句是不能去掉的,否則剩下的部分就失去意義而不能成立。非限制性定語(yǔ)從句則不然,它只對(duì)所修飾的詞做進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明,去掉之后并不影響整個(gè)句子的含義。在形式上,非限制性定語(yǔ)從句與主句之間通常必須有逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。
Finally we visited the Giant Yangtze Gorges Dam, which is the greatest key water control project in the world at present.
最后我們參觀了長(zhǎng)江三峽大壩,它是目前世界上最大的水利樞紐工程。
2. 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的 which 可以指代前面的先行詞,也可以指代前面整個(gè)句子。
That Peter will marry Alice, which has not been announced yet, has spread around.
彼特要娶愛(ài)麗斯這件事還沒(méi)宣布,卻已被傳得沸沸揚(yáng)揚(yáng)。
3. 除 which 外,還可用 when、where、who、whom 等關(guān)系副詞或關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。
After graduation, I decided to stay in Chongqing, where I spent my childhood and four years of college life.
畢業(yè)后,我決定留在重慶,在那里我度過(guò)了我的童年和四年大學(xué)生活。
【注意】that 不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。
4. 在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中,如果先行詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),引導(dǎo)詞可以省略;但引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞不能省,同時(shí)關(guān)系代詞 whom 不能用 who 替換。
練習(xí)
1. I shall never forget those days _______ I lived on the farm with the local farmers.
A. that????????? B. when?????????????? C. which ??????????????????? D. where
2. There are many works of art in the museum _______ we will visit tomorrow.
A. which????????????? B. who???????????????? C. where?????????????? D. what
3. —The TV show Say Hello to Life is popular recently.
—Yes. It’s the only program _______ I watched this month.
A. that????????? B. who???????????????? C. what??????????????? D. which
4. The attitude you put on life is the attitude you point to yourself. Remember: Attitude does make a difference in everything _______ you do.
A. which????????????? B. what????????? ????? C. that????????????????? D. who
5. In 2020, Ho Hung-sun _______ died at the age of 98 this year. In 2003, he gave away the pig-head statue (雕像) of the Old Summer Palace to the mainland.
A. whom????????????? B. whose???????????????????? C. that????????????????? D. /
6. —What are the girls doing over there?
—They are talking about the boy _______ short videos are very popular on Douyin.
A. whose????????????? B. who???????????????? C. that????????????????? D. /
7. He doesn’t like people in the company _______ talk much but do little.
A. whose????????????? B. which????????????? C. who???????????????? D. that
8. I’m looking for a place _______ I can live.
A. which????????????? B. that with it????????????? C. where?????????????? D. /
參考答案:
CACC BAAC 5~8 1~4