馮寶蘭
過去完成時是動詞時態(tài)的基本形式之一,也是中考的一個??純?nèi)容。對此,筆者就過去完成時的形式和主要用法進(jìn)行了分析,以期同學(xué)們能夠準(zhǔn)確把握和運用。
一、過去完成時的形式
過去完成時主要由“had+過去分詞”構(gòu)成,其形式如下:
(1)肯定句:主語+had+過去分詞+其他。例如:
By the end of last year, I had worked in the school for ten years.
到去年年底,我已經(jīng)在學(xué)校工作了十年。
When I called Tom, he had left the hotel.
當(dāng)我打電話給湯姆時,他已經(jīng)離開酒店了。
(2)否定句:主語+hadn t(had not)+過去分詞+其他。例如:
The sun hadn t risen when we got to the top of the mountain.
當(dāng)我們到達(dá)山頂時太陽還沒有升起來。
The little boy sitting next to me on the plane was afraid , because he hadn tflown be- fore.
飛機上坐在我旁邊的小男孩很害怕,因為他以前沒有坐過飛機。
(3)一般疑問句:Had+主語+過去分詞+其他,其肯定回答為“Yes,主語+had”,否定回答則為“No,主語+hadn t”。例如:
—Had the basketball match begun when you got to the playground?
—Yes, it had.
——你到操場的時候籃球比賽已經(jīng)開始了嗎?
——是的,它已經(jīng)開始了。
二、過去完成時的主要用法
1.表示過去某一時刻之前已經(jīng)完成的動作或存在的狀態(tài), 常與by, before,when 等時間狀語連用。例如:
The wind was still blowing, but the rain had stopped.
風(fēng)還在吹著,但雨已經(jīng)停了。(had stopped 發(fā)生在was still blowing之前)
When I got home, my parents had gone out for a walk.
當(dāng)我回家時,我的父母已經(jīng)出去散步了。(had gone out發(fā)生在got home之前)
2.表示從過去某一時間開始一直持續(xù)到過去另一時間的動作或狀態(tài),常與for構(gòu)成的短語或since引導(dǎo)的從句連用。例如:
By the time of last year, I had learnt danc- ing for six years.
到去年的時候,我已經(jīng)學(xué)了六年的舞蹈了。
He had worked in this company since he came here.
自從他來到這里就在這個公司工作。
3.在“It was the first/second/third...time that...”結(jié)構(gòu)中,由于主句使用了一般過去時態(tài),因此that引導(dǎo)的從句中的謂語動詞要使用過去完成時態(tài)。例如:
This was the first time she had seen her mother so furious.
這是她第一次看到母親如此憤怒。
That was the second time that I had visit- ed the Palace Museum.
那是我第二次參觀故宮博物館。
4.在含有賓語從句的主從復(fù)合句中,若
主句用一般過去時態(tài),且賓語從句的動作先于主句的動作,那么賓語從句的謂語動詞應(yīng)使用過去完成時。例如:
She asked me whether I had seen the film last Sunday.
她問我上星期天是否看過那部電影。
He said that he had visited his old class- mates.
他說他已拜訪了他的老同學(xué)。
5.hope, want, mean,plan, intend, expect 等意向動詞, 若使用過去完成時態(tài),則表示過去未能實現(xiàn)的希望、意圖、計劃、打算等,常含有某種遺憾、惋惜。例如:
We had hoped that you would come yes- terday, but you didn t.
我們本希望你昨天能來,但是你沒來。
The girl had meant to take the English book with her, but she forgot.
這個女孩本來打算帶上英語書的,但是她忘記了。
總之,過去完成時態(tài)主要側(cè)重表示“過去的過去”。同學(xué)們要熟知其形式,掌握其基本用法。
【跟蹤訓(xùn)練】
①I?? to see you, but I was too busy.
A.want????? B. wanted
C.has wanted??? D. had wanted
②By the first day of July 2023,the CPC ??? ?for one hundred and two years.
A.founds???? B. found
C. has been founded D. had been founded
③ Jack didn t go to see the film with us last night because he??? it with his father.
A.saw????? B. will see
C.had seen??? D. has seen
【參考答案】① D ② D ③ C