[摘要]肌脂肪變性是指肌肉中病理性脂肪浸潤,隨著年齡的增長而增加,與肌肉質(zhì)量、力量和流動性呈負(fù)相關(guān),是一種不同于肌少癥和少肌性肥胖的疾病。肌脂肪變性與許多衰老相關(guān)的不良結(jié)局有關(guān),如活動能力障礙、代謝障礙和死亡率增加。胰島素抵抗、線粒體氧化磷酸化受損、肌肉中脂質(zhì)氧化減少以及年齡相關(guān)的肌肉干細(xì)胞向脂肪細(xì)胞的分化都被認(rèn)為是導(dǎo)致肌脂肪變性的潛在機(jī)制。本文就肌脂肪變性的診斷與評估、與老年相關(guān)疾病的關(guān)系、預(yù)防及治療的最新進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。
[關(guān)鍵詞]肌脂肪變性;脂肪浸潤;疾病
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-7593.2023.03.024
Research Progress of Myosteatosis in the Elderly
Li "Rui1,Li "Miao1,Cheng Xinchun2**
1Graduate School of Xinjiang Medical University,Urumqi830001;2Geriatrics Center,The People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uighur AutonomousRegion,Urumqi830001
**Corresponding author:Cheng Xinchun,email:2272871234@qq.com
[Abstract]Myosteatosis is the pathological lipid accumulation in muscle.The morbidity increases with aging and is negatively correlate with muscle mass,strength and mobility.It is not the same disease as sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity.It is associated with many age-related negative consequences,such as obstacles to mobility,metabolic disorder and increasing mortality.Insulin resistance, impaired mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation,diminished lipid oxidation in muscle and age-related differentiation of muscle stem cells into adipocytes have been suggested as potential mechanisms contributing to myosteatosis.This paper reviews the research progress of myosteatosis diagnosis and evaluation,the relationship with elderly diseases,and its prevention and therapy.
[Key words]Myosteatosis;Lipid accumulation;Disease
肌脂肪變性是指肌肉中病理性脂肪浸潤,脂肪累積在肌肉間和肌肉內(nèi)脂肪組織,或者以脂滴形式累積于肌細(xì)胞內(nèi),在CT圖像上顯示為低肌肉放射密度[1-2]。也可用肌間脂肪組織(Intermuscular adipose tissue,IMAT)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化放射密度或橫截面積來定義[3]。肌脂肪變性的機(jī)制尚未完全闡明,隨著年齡的增長,肌脂肪變性更為普遍[4]。胰島素抵抗、線粒體氧化磷酸化受損以及年齡相關(guān)的肌肉干細(xì)胞向脂肪細(xì)胞的分化異常是導(dǎo)致肌脂肪變性的潛在機(jī)制[5]。本文對肌脂肪變性的評估與診斷、與疾病的關(guān)系以及對某些疾病預(yù)后的影響等進(jìn)行綜述,為臨床提供參考依據(jù)。
1肌脂肪變性的評估及診斷
通過CT評估肌脂肪變性主要基于肌肉放射密度。肌肉放射密度隨著肌肉脂肪浸潤的增加而降低,故可使用平均肌肉放射密度評估肌脂肪變性。然而,測量腹部肌肉總面積(Total abdominal muscle area,TAMA)的肌肉放射密度并不能反映肌肉和脂肪的詳細(xì)解剖信息。因此,最近有研究提出對IMAT進(jìn)行區(qū)域分割來評估肌脂肪變性[6]。在此基礎(chǔ)上構(gòu)建肌肉質(zhì)量圖,顯示IMAT分段區(qū)域、低衰減肌肉區(qū)域(Low attenuation muscle area,LAMA)和正常衰減肌肉區(qū)域(Normal attenuation muscle area,NAMA),進(jìn)一步顯示肌肉質(zhì)量的分布[7]。
CT掃描分析可同時(shí)提供肌肉數(shù)量及質(zhì)量信息,更有助于準(zhǔn)確地評估身體成分和相關(guān)的健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[1]。目前研究主要以L3椎體水平為主,該區(qū)域能很好地反映全身肌肉狀況,從CT圖像中可獲得TAMA或IMAT的平均肌肉放射密度[2]。最近的一項(xiàng)前瞻性隊(duì)列研究顯示,假設(shè)從機(jī)會性胸部CT圖像中獲得的肌肉質(zhì)量和肌肉數(shù)量指標(biāo)可以預(yù)測老年患者的住院死亡率、住院時(shí)間和住院費(fèi)用,測量T12椎體水平下的骨骼肌面積、骨骼肌放射密度和IMAT。骨骼肌指數(shù)(Skeletal muscle index,SMI)采用骨骼肌面積除以身高的平方,結(jié)果顯示SMI與年齡呈負(fù)相關(guān),IMAT與年齡呈正相關(guān)[3]。
肌脂肪變性沒有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的診斷臨界值,一般使用CT值范圍-190~-30 HU來識別L3椎體水平肌肉區(qū)域內(nèi)IMAT的橫截面積[6]。一項(xiàng)橫斷面研究分析顯示,NAMA和NAMA指數(shù)的均值均隨年齡的增長而下降,而LAMA和IMAT指數(shù)及其均值隨年齡增長而增長,進(jìn)而得出男性肌脂肪變性的患病率為5.9%~8.8%,女性為10.2%~20.5%,此研究中開發(fā)的NAMA/TAMA指數(shù)有助于評估肌脂肪變性的發(fā)生率,可能在治療和預(yù)防肌脂肪變性方面起重要作用[7]。
2肌脂肪變性與疾病的關(guān)系
肌脂肪變性是一種復(fù)雜的病理狀態(tài),除了隨著年齡增長而發(fā)生,還可能發(fā)生在多種疾病中,這些不同的病理狀態(tài)可能與不同程度的肌肉損失有關(guān)[4]。
2.1肌脂肪變性與肌少癥
肌少癥是一種與年齡增長相關(guān)的,以漸進(jìn)性全身體質(zhì)量及肌肉含量下降、肌肉功能減退為特征的臨床綜合征,可導(dǎo)致多系統(tǒng)疾病的不良結(jié)局[5]。肌少癥傾向于肌肉含量的減少,而肌脂肪變性更側(cè)重于肌肉質(zhì)量改變。肌脂肪變性和肌少癥是兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的生物學(xué)過程,同時(shí)發(fā)生的概率較低,隨之而來的軀體成分變化以及相關(guān)臨床因素也不同[4]。最近的研究表明,患有肌少癥或肌脂肪變性的患者更容易發(fā)生酒精性肝?。?]。雖然肌脂肪變性及肌少癥都可能是肌肉損失的特征,但關(guān)于兩者之間的相互關(guān)聯(lián)仍存在爭議[9]。
2.2肌脂肪變性與衰弱
骨骼肌質(zhì)量和力量在35~40歲時(shí)達(dá)到最大值,以后隨著年齡增長以0.5%~1.0%的速度下降[10]。衰弱是指與年齡相關(guān)的功能缺陷引起的生理儲備下降和對輕微的內(nèi)部或外部應(yīng)激源抵抗力的喪失,肌肉力量和身體功能下降是衰弱的重要組成部分,也是未來行動障礙、獨(dú)立性喪失和死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加的預(yù)測因素[11]。
2.3肌脂肪變性與2型糖尿病
骨骼肌是人體最大的對胰島素敏感的器官,攝取了大部分葡萄糖,并在維持葡萄糖穩(wěn)態(tài)中起著關(guān)鍵作用。研究表明,2型糖尿?。═ype 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)患者的TAMA和SMA值較高,而NAMA和NAMA/TAMA指數(shù)值較低。NAMA/TAMA指數(shù)偏高與較低的T2DM風(fēng)險(xiǎn)獨(dú)立相關(guān)[12]。
2.4肌脂肪變性與肝脂肪變性
肌脂肪變性和肝脂肪變性都與機(jī)體生理功能障礙和不良健康結(jié)局相關(guān),可以共存[13]。但迄今為止,很少有研究闡明兩者之間潛在的病理生理聯(lián)系[14]。研究顯示,93%的慢性肝病患者有肌脂肪變性[15]。肌脂肪變性主要與慢性肝病晚期有關(guān),與慢性肝病早期的作用目前無明確相關(guān)闡述[16]。
2.5肌脂肪變性與肝硬化
肌脂肪變性影響肝硬化患者并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率[17]。肝硬化患者中,以椎體L3的IMAT值,男性gt;-0.44,女性gt;-0.37來描述肌脂肪變性[18]。在接受肝移植的患者中發(fā)生急性排斥反應(yīng)、移植物丟失、并發(fā)癥和住院時(shí)間延長更為常見[19]。在肝性腦病患者中肌脂肪變性患病率為70%,而在無肝性腦病的患者中肌脂肪變性患病率為45%[20]。一項(xiàng)關(guān)于肌脂肪變性和肌少癥相互作用對肝移植前患者死亡率的累積發(fā)生率的研究結(jié)果顯示,與肌肉正常的患者相比,患有肌脂肪變性的患者有更高的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[21]。近期一項(xiàng)研究分析了肝移植后肌少癥、肌脂肪變性、內(nèi)臟肥胖和肌少性肥胖的預(yù)后價(jià)值,結(jié)果顯示與肌脂肪變性發(fā)病率的相關(guān)性最強(qiáng),其比值為3.407[17]。
2.6肌脂肪變性與腫瘤
肌脂肪變性可影響老年人惡性腫瘤的總生存期、預(yù)后以及術(shù)后并發(fā)癥,許多腫瘤學(xué)研究報(bào)告稱,在不同類型的腫瘤患者中,肌間脂肪浸潤面積較大的患者具有較高程度的化療毒性,腫瘤進(jìn)展及不良結(jié)局的發(fā)生率更高[22]。一項(xiàng)636例轉(zhuǎn)移性胰腺癌患者接受化療的回顧性研究顯示,合并肌脂肪變性的患者發(fā)生化療相關(guān)毒性反應(yīng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加[23]。在Ⅲ期惡性黑色素瘤切除術(shù)術(shù)前通過CT評估肌肉質(zhì)量和數(shù)量結(jié)果顯示,伴有肌脂肪變性的患者術(shù)后總生存期降低[24]。一項(xiàng)薈萃分析顯示,有肌脂肪變性的肺癌患者總生存期顯著低于無肌脂肪變性的肺癌患者,肌脂肪變性可能是肺癌患者總生存期和無病生存期不良生存結(jié)局的獨(dú)立指標(biāo)[25]。
2.7肌脂肪變性與心血管疾病
重要器官和非脂肪組織內(nèi)以及周圍的過量脂肪浸潤是導(dǎo)致心血管疾病的原因之一,一項(xiàng)橫斷面研究發(fā)現(xiàn),較高的腹部骨骼肌脂肪組織體積與亞臨床動脈粥樣硬化相關(guān)[26]。極低密度脂蛋白偏高和高密度脂蛋白偏低與較高的肌肉面積、IMAT面積以及較低的IMAT密度相關(guān)[27]。一項(xiàng)針對4 068例自愿同時(shí)接受腹部和冠狀動脈CT掃描但排除心血管疾病患者的橫斷面研究報(bào)告稱,血壓、血糖、胰島素抵抗和內(nèi)臟脂肪面積較低者,其NAMA/TAMA指數(shù)較高,冠狀動脈鈣化評分較低的患者,肌脂肪變性患病率也較低。因此提示良好的骨骼肌質(zhì)量是亞臨床冠狀動脈粥樣硬化的重要保護(hù)因素[28]。
3肌脂肪變性的預(yù)防和治療
目前關(guān)于肌脂肪變性的許多研究靶點(diǎn)都集中在增加肌肉質(zhì)量上,但需要解決的更重要的問題是肌肉質(zhì)量的變化[29]。即使是健康的老年人也會表現(xiàn)出一定數(shù)量的脂肪浸潤。目前不可能完全恢復(fù)衰老對其的影響,對肌脂肪變性的治療暫無確切的方案。肌脂肪變性在衰老肌肉和代謝性疾病中的作用是復(fù)雜的,并與許多不良臨床結(jié)果相關(guān)。適度的體育活動、熱量的限制等可作為基本的早期干預(yù)措施。多學(xué)科合作,飲食和藥物的組合治療以及個(gè)體化管理至關(guān)重要。這些干預(yù)措施通常作為單獨(dú)的干預(yù)措施進(jìn)行研究,但將它們結(jié)合在一起可能會產(chǎn)生更多有用的信息,并提供新的治療選擇。
4展望
老年人口的增加,不僅會引發(fā)越來越多的衰老相關(guān)疾病,降低老年人的生活質(zhì)量,還會帶來嚴(yán)重的經(jīng)濟(jì)、健康及醫(yī)療等社會問題。為了能更好地了解老年肌脂肪變性,臨床醫(yī)生和研究人員必須對肌脂肪變性的定義和診斷建立普遍共識,并重點(diǎn)關(guān)注肌脂肪變性篩查。需要更多研究闡明肌脂肪變性的發(fā)病機(jī)制,并制定最佳的飲食和運(yùn)動干預(yù)方案,以提供量身定制的治療方案和促進(jìn)健康老齡化。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1]Westenberg LB,Zorgdrager M,Viddeleer AR,et al.Defining sarcopenia and myosteatosis: the necessity for consensus on a technical standard and standardized cut-off values[J].J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle,2022,13(2):1429-1430.
[2]van Dijk D,Bakers F,Sanduleanu S,et al.Myosteatosis predicts survival after surgery for periampullary cancer:a novel method using MRI[J].HPB(Oxford),2018,20(8):715-720.
[3]Shen Y,Luo L,F(xiàn)u H,et al.Chest computed tomography-derived muscle mass and quality indicators,in-hospital outcomes,and costs in older inpatients[J].J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle,2022,13(2):966-975.
[4]Stretch C,Aubin JM,Mickiewicz B,et al.Sarcopenia and myosteatosis are accompanied by distinct biological profiles in patients with pancreatic and periampullary adenocarcinomas[J].PLoS One,2018,13(5):e0196235.
[5]Papadopoulou SK.Sarcopenia:a contemporary health problem among older adult populations[J].Nutrients,2020,12(5).doi:10.3390/nu12051293.
[6]Bot D,Droop A,Lucassen CJ,et al.Both muscle quantity and quality are predictors of waiting list mortality in patients with end-stage liver disease[J].Clin Nutr ESPEN,2021,42:272-279.
[7]Kim HK,Kim KW,Kim EH,et al.Age-related changes in muscle quality and development of diagnostic cutoff points for myosteatosis in lumbar skeletal muscles measured by CT scan[J].Clin Nutr,2021,40(6):4022-4028.
[8]Meister FA,Lurje G,Verhoeven S,et al.The role of sarcopenia and myosteatosis in short- and long-term outcomes following curative-intent surgery for hepatocellular carcinoma in a European cohort[J].Cancers(Basel),2022,14(3).doi:10.3390/cancers14030720.
[9]Ebadi M,Tsien C,Bhanji RA,et al.Myosteatosis in cirrhosis:a review of diagnosis,pathophysiological mechanisms and potential interventions[J].Cells,2022,11(7).doi:10.3390/cells11071216.
[10]Kemmler W,von Stengel S,Schoene D.Longitudinal changes in muscle mass and function in older men at increased risk for sarcopenia-the FrOST-Study[J].J Frailty Aging,2019,8(2):57-61.
[11]Farsijani S,Santanasto AJ,Miljkovic I,et al.The relationship between intermuscular fat and physical performance is moderated by muscle area in older adults[J].J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci,2021,76(1):115-122.
[12]Kim EH,Kim HK,Lee MJ,et al.Association between type 2 diabetes and skeletal muscle quality assessed by abdominal computed tomography scan[J].Diabetes Metab Res Rev,2022,38(4):e3513.
[13]Pasco JA,Sui SX,West EC,et al.Fatty liver index and skeletal muscle density[J].Calcif Tissue Int,2022,110(6):649-657.
[14]Nachit M,Leclercq I A.Emerging awareness on the importance of skeletal muscle in liver diseases:time to dig deeper into mechanisms?。跩].Clin Sci(Lond),2019,133(3):465-481.
[15]Tachi Y,Kozuka A,Hirai T,et al.Impact of myosteatosis on skeletal muscle volume loss in patients with chronic liver disease[J].J Gastroenterol Hepatol,2018.doi:10.1111/jgh.14133.
[16]Cespiati A,Meroni M,Lombardi R,et al.Impact of sarcopenia and myosteatosis in non-cirrhotic stages of liver diseases:similarities and differences across aetiologies and possible therapeutic strategies[J].Biomedicines,2022,10(1).doi:10.3390/biomedicines10010182.
[17]Czigany Z,Kramp W,Bednarsch J,et al.Myosteatosis to predict inferior perioperative outcome in patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation[J].Am J Transplant,2020,20(2):493-503.
[18]Feng H,Wang X,Mao L,et al.Relationship between sarcopenia/myosteatosis and frailty in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis:a sex-stratified analysis[J].Ther Adv Chronic Dis,2021,12:20406223211026996.
[19]Shenvi SD,Taber DJ,Hardie AD,et al.Assessment of magnetic resonance imaging derived fat fraction as a sensitive and reliable predictor of myosteatosis in liver transplant recipients[J].HPB(Oxford),2020,22(1):102-108.
[20]Bhanji RA,Moctezuma-Velazquez C,Duarte-Rojo A,et al.Myosteatosis and sarcopenia are associated with hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis[J].Hepatol Int,2018,12(4):377-386.
[21]Ebadi M,Tsien C,Bhanji RA,et al.Skeletal muscle pathological fat infiltration(myosteatosis) is associated with higher mortality in patients with cirrhosis[J].Cells,2022,11(8).doi:10.3390/cells11081345.
[22]Aleixo G,Shachar SS,Nyrop KA,et al.Myosteatosis and prognosis in cancer:systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Crit Rev Oncol Hematol,2020,145:102839.
[23]Hong S,Kim KW,Park HJ,et al.Impact of baseline muscle mass and myosteatosis on the development of early toxicity during first-line chemotherapy in patients with initially metastatic pancreatic cancer[J].Front Oncol,2022,12:878472.
[24]Youn S,Eurich DT,McCall M,et al.Skeletal muscle is prognostic in resected stage Ⅲ malignant melanoma[J].Clin Nutr,2022,41(5):1066-1072.
[25]Feng S,Mu H,Hou R,et al.Prognostic value of myosteatosis in patients with lung cancer:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Int J Clin Oncol,2022,27(7):1127-1138.
[26]Crawford MA,Criqui MH,F(xiàn)orbang N,et al.Associations of abdominal muscle area and density with coronary artery calcium volume and density: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis[J].Metabolism,2020,107:154230.
[27]Marron MM,Allison M,Kanaya AM,et al.Associations between lipoprotein subfractions and area and density of abdominal muscle and intermuscular adipose tissue: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis[J].Front Physiol,2021,12:713048.
[28]Lee MJ,Kim HK,Kim EH,et al.Association between muscle quality measured by abdominal computed tomography and subclinical coronary atherosclerosis[J].Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol,2021,41(2):e128-e140.
[29]Correa-de-Araujo R,Addison O,Miljkovic I,et al.Myosteatosis in the context of skeletal suscle function deficit: an interdisciplinary workshop at the national institute on aging[J].Front Physiol,2020,11:963.
(2022-08-09收稿)