鄭力瑋
任務(wù)驅(qū)動(dòng)教學(xué)法是一種以建構(gòu)主義教學(xué)理論為基礎(chǔ)的教學(xué)方法,是以學(xué)生為學(xué)習(xí)主體,以教師為引導(dǎo)者,以情境為教學(xué)支撐,以任務(wù)和問(wèn)題作為教學(xué)動(dòng)力,注重知識(shí)技能、遷移能力的提升,促進(jìn)學(xué)生全面發(fā)展的一種新型教學(xué)方式。牛津譯林版英語(yǔ)教材八(上)Unit7閱讀版塊Seasons of the year的主題為人與自然,體裁為詩(shī)歌,內(nèi)容上呈現(xiàn)了冬、春、夏、秋四季景物的變化。詩(shī)歌雖短但富有韻律美、語(yǔ)言美和意象美。筆者將任務(wù)驅(qū)動(dòng)法運(yùn)用到閱讀版塊Seasons of the year的教學(xué)中,用明確的任務(wù)引導(dǎo)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)詩(shī)歌,通過(guò)任務(wù)的層層推進(jìn),讓學(xué)生真正走近詩(shī)歌,感受詩(shī)歌之美,成為詩(shī)歌的創(chuàng)作者。
【教學(xué)目標(biāo)】
到本節(jié)課結(jié)束時(shí),學(xué)生能夠:
1.熟悉詩(shī)歌中描述四季的詞和短語(yǔ);
2.掌握簡(jiǎn)單的詩(shī)歌朗讀技巧;
3.識(shí)別詩(shī)中的韻律,運(yùn)用韻律完成詩(shī)歌選段的半開(kāi)放創(chuàng)作,以及初步創(chuàng)作出有韻律的詩(shī)歌;
4.識(shí)別出詩(shī)中的擬人修辭手法并初步了解另外兩種修辭手法(重復(fù)和明喻)。
【教學(xué)片段】
一、情境導(dǎo)入,驅(qū)動(dòng)任務(wù)興趣
筆者挑選了能顯示季節(jié)特色的四張圖片,讓學(xué)生從天氣、活動(dòng)、衣著、食物等角度推測(cè)圖片所屬季節(jié),在引入話題的同時(shí)也處理了部分生詞,在情境中激發(fā)了學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣。
T: Which season is it in the first picture?
S: Winter.
T: Why?
S: There is snow.
T: Great. What else can you tell? Are they wearing T-shirt?
S: No. They are wearing warm clothes.
T: Wonderful. They are wearing warm clothes because the temperature drops(生詞). So we can know the season from the weather (板書(shū)).
隨后,筆者呈現(xiàn)古詩(shī)《春曉》的中英文版本,設(shè)置任務(wù)引導(dǎo)學(xué)生關(guān)注韻腳,復(fù)習(xí)韻律的概念。
T: What is special about two poems? Pay attention to the words in red.
Ss: Ya yun(押韻).
T: Excellent! You found rhymes. So we can say lying rhymes with...?
Ss: Lying rhymes with crying.
T: What other rhymes can you find?
Ss: Showers rhymes with flower.
T: What about the Chinese poem?
Ss: 曉rhymes with鳥(niǎo).
T: Good job! So we can say words rhyme if the last syllables make the same or similar sound.
二、以學(xué)生為主體,驅(qū)動(dòng)自主學(xué)習(xí)
首次執(zhí)教時(shí),筆者通過(guò)問(wèn)題鏈的方式引導(dǎo)學(xué)生關(guān)注詩(shī)節(jié)的韻律和修辭手法。朗讀時(shí),教師領(lǐng)讀,學(xué)生模仿。第二次執(zhí)教時(shí),除了常規(guī)的問(wèn)題鏈,筆者還增設(shè)了多樣的任務(wù)。比如,筆者讓學(xué)生根據(jù)文本選擇適合的背景音樂(lè),提高學(xué)生的參與度;在朗讀環(huán)節(jié),筆者邀請(qǐng)學(xué)生朗讀并請(qǐng)學(xué)生點(diǎn)評(píng);在賞析詩(shī)歌時(shí),筆者引導(dǎo)學(xué)生自己逐步總結(jié)出朗讀技巧(read slowly, loudly, clearly, emotionally)。
T: Can you find rhymes here?
S: Days rhymes with shade.
S: Pool rhymes with cool.
T: Wonderful. Would you please try to read the part slowly and loudly?
(Students read together.)
T: You did a good job. After reading it, which music do you think fits the poem better?
Ss: The second.
T: Why? What did you hear?
S1: The quiet stream.
T: How did you feel about this part? Whats summer like in poets eyes? (Can you find some adjectives? )
Ss: Sweet. Lazy. Cool.
T: Pay attention to the word lazy. When will you use the word?
S: I am lazy.
T: Well done. We normally use the adjective to describe a person. When we use it to describe things or animals, we also call it personification. Now close your eyes and feel the season first. This time, try to read emotionally and add your feelings.
三、有效輸入,驅(qū)動(dòng)任務(wù)輸出
首次執(zhí)教時(shí),筆者選取了五段詩(shī)歌選節(jié)挖空,鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生通過(guò)韻律判斷空格內(nèi)需要填寫的詞匯。這樣的方式雖然看起來(lái)輸入量很大,但是角度單一,只涵蓋一種修辭手法。另外,詩(shī)歌選節(jié)無(wú)關(guān)信息較多,涉及的生詞影響了學(xué)生閱讀。第二次執(zhí)教時(shí),筆者選取了四段詩(shī)歌選節(jié)并進(jìn)行適當(dāng)精簡(jiǎn),選節(jié)涵蓋課內(nèi)的擬人修辭手法和新增的比喻、重復(fù)修辭手法。雖是新增內(nèi)容,但任務(wù)難度符合學(xué)情,學(xué)生很快就能完成任務(wù)。
The lonely tree said to himself, “ ”
Woke up to find himself wearing white.
T: Which word should we fill in? Why?
S: Night.
S: Good night! Because it rhymes with white. And the tree woke up next day.
T: Wonderful. Any figure of speech?
S: Personification.
T: How do you know that?
S: The tree is lonely.
T: Great. Any other word to show personification?
S: Woke up. That is what I do every morning.
S: Wearing white.
在學(xué)生正式創(chuàng)作詩(shī)歌之前,筆者還通過(guò)圖片激活學(xué)生腦內(nèi)的四季印象,在導(dǎo)學(xué)案中增補(bǔ)韻腳相同的常見(jiàn)詞匯,通過(guò)提問(wèn)引導(dǎo)學(xué)生運(yùn)用導(dǎo)學(xué)案中的詞匯進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的詩(shī)句創(chuàng)作,為接下來(lái)的詩(shī)歌創(chuàng)作做好鋪墊。
T: What can we do during the summer? Walk by...?
S: Walk by the stream and eat ice cream.
T: Sit on the beach and have a ...? (肢體語(yǔ)言表明睡覺(jué))
S: Have a nice dream!
T: Awesome! We have already created a short poem together!
四、多元評(píng)價(jià),驅(qū)動(dòng)任務(wù)延伸
寫作的完成并不意味著教學(xué)任務(wù)的結(jié)束。首次執(zhí)教時(shí),筆者在詩(shī)歌的展示和評(píng)價(jià)環(huán)節(jié)以教師的評(píng)價(jià)為主,且缺少對(duì)主題意義的思考和串聯(lián)。第二次執(zhí)教時(shí),筆者將評(píng)價(jià)前置,讓學(xué)生有據(jù)可循,并且在評(píng)價(jià)部分采用生生互評(píng)、師生共評(píng)的方式。
Checklist
1.Choose one season to write at least 2 lines.
2.Your poem should at least have one rhyme(押韻).
3.Try to use one figure of speech(修辭手法).
學(xué)生作品1
Summer is like a dream,
With the views of a stream.
Go swimming as a team,
And lose myself in ice cream.
T: Lets look at the checklist and this poem. Does this poem show us the season?
Ss: Summer.
T: Does the poem have any rhymes?
Ss: Dream and stream; team and ice cream.
T: Very good. Lets see the last one. Does the poem have one figure of speech?
Ss: Simile. Summer is like a dream.
T: Awesome. Could we add one more figure of speech? Maybe repetition?
Ss: Just write down the first sentence twice.
T: Well done. Now you know how to use the checklist. Anyone wants to try to assess others poems?
【教學(xué)反思】
英文詩(shī)歌要讀什么?如何讓學(xué)生主動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí)詩(shī)歌甚至創(chuàng)作詩(shī)歌?這些都是執(zhí)教者在教學(xué)前需要思考的問(wèn)題。傳統(tǒng)的英文詩(shī)歌教學(xué)的重點(diǎn)在詞匯、句型和韻律的學(xué)習(xí)上,而忽略了詩(shī)歌的意象美和語(yǔ)言美,學(xué)生較難產(chǎn)生可遷移的結(jié)構(gòu)化知識(shí)。
任務(wù)驅(qū)動(dòng)教學(xué)法是以任務(wù)為明線,以培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的知識(shí)與技能為暗線的教學(xué)方法。運(yùn)用任務(wù)驅(qū)動(dòng)法的課堂可以形成更合理的課堂結(jié)構(gòu),讓學(xué)生有更充足的時(shí)間開(kāi)展自主學(xué)習(xí),從而實(shí)現(xiàn)教與學(xué)的有效配合。
經(jīng)過(guò)具體的教學(xué)實(shí)踐后,筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)任務(wù)設(shè)置、任務(wù)實(shí)施、激勵(lì)評(píng)價(jià)等方面存在問(wèn)題。初次執(zhí)教時(shí),筆者急于求成。在教學(xué)目標(biāo)模糊的情況下,設(shè)置任務(wù)的難度和梯度出現(xiàn)偏差,導(dǎo)致教學(xué)任務(wù)斷層。同時(shí),因?qū)W生主體地位的缺失,產(chǎn)出部分不盡如人意。因此,筆者圍繞文本材料和課堂生成效果進(jìn)行分析和研討,從以下幾個(gè)方面進(jìn)行了改進(jìn):細(xì)化教學(xué)目標(biāo),遞進(jìn)教學(xué)任務(wù);強(qiáng)化學(xué)生主體,多元激勵(lì)評(píng)價(jià);提煉詩(shī)歌主題,提供有效輸入。最終,課堂的互動(dòng)和產(chǎn)出環(huán)節(jié)都呈現(xiàn)出良好的效果。
當(dāng)然,任務(wù)驅(qū)動(dòng)法在實(shí)際運(yùn)用中仍存在一些不足。由于詩(shī)歌的可探討性極強(qiáng),教師很難面面俱到。任務(wù)設(shè)計(jì)流程和流程設(shè)置也容易出現(xiàn)偏差。另外,學(xué)生的層次水平不一,如何設(shè)計(jì)出貼合各個(gè)層次學(xué)生水平的任務(wù)也是一個(gè)難題,如何實(shí)現(xiàn)課堂聚焦也是教師需要關(guān)注的問(wèn)題。
總之,雖然還有需要繼續(xù)探索、改進(jìn)的地方,但運(yùn)用任務(wù)驅(qū)動(dòng)法的初中英語(yǔ)詩(shī)歌教學(xué)可以有效激發(fā)學(xué)生對(duì)詩(shī)歌學(xué)習(xí)的興趣,發(fā)揮學(xué)生主體地位,讓學(xué)生在任務(wù)遞進(jìn)中感受詩(shī)歌美,感悟四季美,感恩生活美。<
(作者單位:江蘇省南京市中華中學(xué)初中部)