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      外源γ-氨基丁酸和外源褪黑素處理對紅酥寶梨果實品質(zhì)及糖代謝相關(guān)酶的影響

      2024-06-30 07:52:23鄧晗張向展王蘇珂張振修蘇艷麗楊健薛華柏王龍
      果樹學(xué)報 2024年6期
      關(guān)鍵詞:褪黑素氨基丁酸果實品質(zhì)

      鄧晗 張向展 王蘇珂 張振修 蘇艷麗 楊健 薛華柏 王龍

      摘? ? 要:【目的】研究外源γ-氨基丁酸和外源褪黑素處理后,紅酥寶梨果實不同發(fā)育階段的糖代謝相關(guān)酶活性及果實糖含量的變化規(guī)律,明晰影響紅酥寶梨果實糖積累的關(guān)鍵酶類,為紅酥寶梨果實品質(zhì)調(diào)控技術(shù)研發(fā)提供理論依據(jù)?!痉椒ā恳约t酥寶梨為試驗材料,于果實膨大期用5 mmol·L-1、10 mmol·L-1、20 mmol·L-1的γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA)溶液和50 μmol·L-1、100 μmol·L-1、200 μmol·L-1的褪黑素(melatonin,MT)溶液進(jìn)行葉面噴施,對照為葉面噴施蒸餾水,研究其對梨果實發(fā)育過程中果實品質(zhì)相關(guān)指標(biāo)以及糖代謝相關(guān)酶活性的影響?!窘Y(jié)果】適宜濃度的外源GABA處理和外源MT處理顯著提高了紅酥寶梨果實品質(zhì),其中,50 μmol·L-1 MT處理顯著提高了單果質(zhì)量、增強(qiáng)了果實陽面著色效果、果肉硬度和蔗糖、山梨醇、果糖、總糖含量,以及甜度值和糖酸比。適宜濃度外源處理還能顯著提高紅酥寶梨發(fā)育過程中糖代謝相關(guān)酶類的活性,其中10 mmol·L-1 GABA處理對可溶性酸性轉(zhuǎn)化酶(S-AI)活性、5 mmol·L-1 GABA處理對中性轉(zhuǎn)化酶(NI)活性、200 μmol·L-1 MT處理對蔗糖合成酶(分解方向)(SS-Ⅰ)活性、20 mmol·L-1 GABA處理對蔗糖合成酶(合成方向)(SS-Ⅱ)活性、50 μmol·L-1 MT處理對蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性均有顯著提高。【結(jié)論】利用50 μmol·L-1濃度的褪黑素溶液對紅酥寶梨進(jìn)行葉面噴施,可顯著提高單果質(zhì)量、色差、可溶性固形物含量等果實經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀和蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性,提高梨果實中蔗糖、山梨醇、果糖和有機(jī)酸含量、增加糖酸比和果實甜度,進(jìn)而提高果實品質(zhì)。

      關(guān)鍵詞:梨;γ-氨基丁酸;褪黑素;果實品質(zhì);糖酸代謝

      中圖分類號:S661.2 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號:1009-9980(2024)06-1094-17

      A study on the effects of exogenous γ-aminobutyric acid and exogenous melatonin treatment on fruit quality and sugar metabolism-related enzymes in Hongsubao pear

      DENG Han1, ZHANG Xiangzhan1, WANG Suke1, ZHANG Zhenxiu3, SU Yanli1, YANG Jian1, XUE Huabai1, 2, WANG Long1, 2*

      (1Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, Henan, China; 2Chuxiong Yunfruit Industry Technology Research Institute, Chuxiong 675000, Yunnan, China; 3Administration Committee of Shangqiu National Agricultural Science and Technology Park, Shangqiu 476000, Henan, China)

      Abstract: 【Objective】 The economic characteristics of pears, including fruit size, skin color, sugar and acid composition, sugar-to-acid ratio, and fruit firmness, significantly impact the commercial value of pear fruit and are of interest to various stakeholders such as producers, traders, consumers, and researchers. Glucose, fructose, sucrose, and sorbitol are the primary soluble sugars in pears, while malic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, and quinic acid are the major organic acids, with fructose and sucrose playing crucial roles in determining fruit sweetness. Therefore, enhancing these traits is fundamental for pear production. Current strategies for improving fruit quality focus on enhancing environmental conditions like water availability, soil quality, nutrient levels, and light exposure. While studies have explored the use of external agents for foliar application to enhance fruit quality, there remains a research gap concerning the pivotal enzymes that regulate sugar and acid metabolism, impacting sugar and acid levels in the fruit. This research deficiency impedes the development of effective quality enhancement products and the establishment of a robust theoretical framework. γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and melatonin (MT) are naturally occurring compounds with reported potential in regulating fruit quality, yet limited research has been conducted on their exogenous application to enhance red-skinned pear quality. This study investigates the effects of exogenous GABA and MT treatments on Hongsubao red-skinned pears, analyzing changes in the activity of sugar metabolism-associated enzymes (soluble acid invertase, neutral invertase, sucrose synthase, and sucrose phosphate synthase) and sugar content at various fruit development stages. The objective is to elucidate the key enzymes influencing sugar accumulation in Hongsubao pear and provide a theoretical foundation for developing quality control strategies for this pear variety. 【Methods】 Experimental materials in this study consisted of Hongsubao pear fruit sourced from the Zhengzhou Fruit Tree Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, specifically from the National Horticultural Germplasm Resource Library Zhengzhou Pear Sub-library. During the fruit enlargement phase, pear fruit were given treatments with GABA solutions at concentrations of 5 mmol·L-1 (G1), 10 mmol·L-1 (G2), and 20 mmol·L-1 (G3), or with melatonin (MT) solutions at concentrations of 50 μmol·L-1 (M1), 100 μmol·L-1 (M2), and 200 μmol·L-1 (M3) via foliar application. Foliar spraying with distilled water served as the control (CK). The impacts on individual fruit weight, longitudinal and transverse diameters, coloration of the sun-exposed fruit surface, peel firmness, soluble solid content, sugar and acid levels, sugar-to-acid ratio, and activities of sugar metabolism-related enzymes were assessed throughout the developmental stages of pear fruits. 【Results】 The optimal concentrations of exogenous GABA and melatonin (MT) treatments notably improved various characteristics of Hongsubao pears, encompassing individual fruit weight, fruit coloration on the sunlit side, fruit firmness, soluble solid content, sugar and acid contents, and sugar-acid ratio. Particularly, treatment M1 significantly increased individual fruit weight, sunlit side coloration, firmness, sucrose, sorbitol, fructose, and total sugar contents, sweetness value, and sugar-acid ratio by 18.48%, 351%, 12.21%, 176.62%, 52.24%, 57.21%, 50.81%, 54.99%, and 25.54%, respectively. Treatment M2 notably increased soluble solids by 11.79%, while treatment G1 enhanced glucose by 32.74%. Exogenous treatments also substantially elevated the activities of sugar metabolism-related enzymes during the development of Hongsubao pears. For instance, G2 treatment raised soluble acid invertase (S-AI) activity by 69.21% at 66 days after full bloom (DAF); G1 treatment increased neutral invertase (NI) activity by 81.44% at 66 DAF; M3 treatment enhanced sucrose synthase (degradation direction) (SS-Ⅰ) activity by 72.53% at 108 DAF; G3 treatment increased sucrose synthase (synthesis direction) (SS-Ⅱ) activity by 17.77% at 94 DAF; and M1 treatment augmented sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activity by 79.42% at 154 DAF. 【Conclusion】 Foliar application of a 50 μmol·L-1 melatonin solution significantly improved individual fruit weight, color differentiation, and soluble solid content of Hongsubao pears, key economic traits of the fruit. Moreover, it notably increased sucrose phosphate synthase activity, leading to elevated levels of fructose, sorbitol, sucrose, and organic acids in pear fruit, thereby increasing sugar-acid ratio, sweetness, and overall fruit quality.

      Key words: Pear; γ-aminobutyric acid; Melatonin; Fruit quality; Sugar-acid metabolism

      梨(Pyrus L.)是中國第三大水果,除海南省外,全國各省份都有栽培[1]。據(jù)FAO統(tǒng)計,2021年中國梨生產(chǎn)面積和產(chǎn)量分別為98.15萬hm2和1 887.89萬t,分別占世界梨生產(chǎn)面積和產(chǎn)量的70.13%和73.57%。

      果實大小、果皮顏色、糖酸含量、糖酸比、果實硬度等是影響梨果實品質(zhì)的重要指標(biāo),也決定梨果實的商品價值,是生產(chǎn)者、中間商、消費(fèi)者和科研工作者共同關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)。梨果實中主要的可溶性糖為葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、山梨醇,而有機(jī)酸主要為蘋果酸、檸檬酸、莽草酸和奎寧酸,此外還有少量的酒石酸和琥珀酸[2],其中果糖和蔗糖是影響果實甜度的主要糖類,因此研究如何改善這些果實性狀對提高梨果實生產(chǎn)水平具有重要意義。

      目前,在水果生產(chǎn)過程中主要通過利用綜合措施改善水分[3]、土壤[4]、營養(yǎng)[5-6]、光照[7-10]等條件來提高果實品質(zhì);但也有研究表明,采用單一措施,如利用一些外源物質(zhì)在果實發(fā)育關(guān)鍵時期進(jìn)行葉面噴施也能提高果實品質(zhì)。韓春紅等[11]利用0.5 mmol·L-1茉莉酸甲酯和0.5 mmol·L-1二氫茉莉酸丙酯溶液對紅瑪瑙、紅酥寶和紅香酥梨進(jìn)行葉面噴施,可顯著提高花色苷、可溶性糖含量和糖酸比,改善果實著色;胡真[12]在蘋果盛花期噴施250 mg·L-1調(diào)環(huán)酸鈣可顯著提高單果質(zhì)量、果實硬度、可溶性固形物含量,并促進(jìn)了果實著色;蔡莉萍[13]采用30 mg·L-1 Na2SeO3溶液對草莓進(jìn)行葉面噴施,顯著提高了草莓果實的可溶性糖、有機(jī)酸、抗壞血酸含量以及糖酸比、果形指數(shù)和單果質(zhì)量。關(guān)于采用外源物進(jìn)行葉面噴施提升果實品質(zhì)的研究報道較多,但外源物是通過對何種糖酸代謝的關(guān)鍵酶類起調(diào)控作用,從而影響糖酸代謝,最終導(dǎo)致果實中糖酸含量變化的研究較少,研究的廣度和深度不夠,也難以為生產(chǎn)中提高果實品質(zhì)的產(chǎn)品開發(fā)奠定充分的理論基礎(chǔ)。γ-氨基丁酸又稱4-氨基丁酸(GABA),是一種天然存在于動植物體內(nèi)的四碳非蛋白氨基酸[14],褪黑素(MT)是普遍存在于生物體內(nèi)的一種吲哚胺類化合物,目前在葡萄、柑橘、桃等多種果樹中,葉面噴施外源GABA或外源MT在調(diào)節(jié)植物種子萌發(fā)、果實成熟、抗逆、抗氧化、采后果實品質(zhì)等方面已被廣泛報道,同時在果實品質(zhì)調(diào)控方面也有相關(guān)報道,葉面噴施這兩種外源物可以有效改善果實品質(zhì)或維持采后果實品質(zhì)[15-22]。但在利用外源GABA和MT處理改善紅皮梨果實品質(zhì)方面仍鮮有報道。

      紅酥寶梨是中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院鄭州果樹研究所培育的紅皮梨新品種,具有廣闊的市場前景,但其著色面積和糖酸比仍有提升的潛力,這兩個性狀也是提升其商品價值的關(guān)鍵?;诖耍P者以紅皮梨新品種紅酥寶為試驗材料,在紅酥寶梨關(guān)鍵的果實發(fā)育時期進(jìn)行不同濃度的GABA和MT外源噴施處理,調(diào)控果實糖酸含量和果皮顏色,同時測定相關(guān)酶的生物活性,探究梨果實糖酸合成及其積累過程的關(guān)鍵時期和關(guān)鍵酶類,為紅皮梨果實品質(zhì)提升關(guān)鍵技術(shù)的研發(fā)提供理論依據(jù)。

      1 材料和方法

      1.1 試驗材料

      試驗于2023年5—8月在中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院鄭州果樹研究所梨種質(zhì)資源圃(國家園藝種質(zhì)資源庫鄭州梨分庫)開展,供試品種為10年生梨品種紅酥寶梨,樹勢健康,生長勢一致。試驗藥劑為γ-氨基丁酸(BR,純度≥99.0%),上海源葉生物科技有限公司;褪黑素(BR,純度≥99.0%),北京索萊寶科技有限公司。

      1.2 試驗設(shè)計

      試驗共設(shè)計3個MT濃度梯度:50 μmol·L-1、100 μmol·L-1、200 μmol·L-1和3個GABA濃度梯度:5 mmol·L-1、10 mmol·L-1、20 mmol·L-1,以清水處理作為空白對照(CK),每個處理設(shè)置3次重復(fù),每個重復(fù)2株,完全隨機(jī)排列。

      外源物處理于盛花后(DAF)52 d開始,處理選在晴朗無風(fēng)的上午進(jìn)行,采取葉面噴施的方法,以葉片均勻布滿霧狀水滴為止。每隔14 d處理1次,共計5次,成熟期前再處理1次。

      1.3 取樣方法

      在樹冠中部外圍隨機(jī)摘取大小均一、無病蟲危害、無機(jī)械損傷的10個果實,采后立即帶回實驗室,進(jìn)行果實外觀品質(zhì)測定,然后對果肉進(jìn)行取樣,用液氮速凍研磨之后于-80 ℃冰箱保存。

      1.4 試驗方法

      果實單果質(zhì)量用電子天平稱量,記錄結(jié)果,取平均值,單位g。果實縱橫徑用數(shù)顯式電子游標(biāo)卡尺測定,記錄結(jié)果,取平均值,單位mm。

      果實色差采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)黑色白色校準(zhǔn)過的彩譜便攜式色差儀(CS-10,中國科學(xué)院大連化學(xué)物理研究所),測定L*、a*、b*值,其中 L*表示果皮顏色亮度,取值范圍為[l,100],L*值越大,表示果面亮度越高,值越小顏色越暗。a*、b*表示色度空間組分,取值范圍為[-60,60],a*值為正值時代表紅色,負(fù)值為綠色,且絕對值越大顏色越深;b*值為正值時表示黃色,負(fù)值時為藍(lán)色,且絕對值越大顏色越深[23]。

      果實硬度采用物性測試儀(TA-XTplus,英國Stable Micro System公司)測定,P5探頭,測定深度為5 mm,測定速度為1 mm·s-1,在果實赤道處選取等距離的3個點(diǎn)測定果實硬度,以牛頓(N)為單位。使用PAL-1型手持式糖度計測定果實可溶性固形物含量。

      可溶性糖和有機(jī)酸含量的測定參考姚改芳[2]的方法,稱取3.5~4.0 g研磨的果肉,裝入15 mL離心管,加入5 mL dd H2O,搖勻后,98 ℃水浴30 min,室溫超聲提取15 min后4000 r·min-1離心15~20 min,將上清液轉(zhuǎn)移至25 mL容量瓶,3次重復(fù)后定容至25 mL。取2 mL溶液,12 000 r·min-1離心5 min,取上清液過0.45 μm微孔濾膜后進(jìn)行高效液相色譜(HPLC)分析。

      可溶性糖含量測定色譜條件:色譜柱為Waters Sugar-PAK1(6.5 mm×300 mm,10 μm),示差檢測器(Waters 2414,USA),柱溫80 ℃,樣品池溫度30 ℃,流動相為50 mg·L-1 EDTA二鈉鈣溶液,流速0.5 mL·min-1,進(jìn)樣量10 μL??偺呛縖24-25]和甜度值[26]參考前人方法:總糖含量=果糖含量+蔗糖含量+葡萄糖含量+山梨醇含量;甜度值=葡萄糖×0.7+山梨醇×0.4+蔗糖×1.00+果糖×1.75。果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖和山梨醇的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線分別為y=116 432x +15 351,R2=1;y=110 858x+11 533,R2=0.999 9;y=113 933x-822.52,R2=0.999 9;y=151 581x-7 722.4,R2=0.999 1。

      有機(jī)酸含量測定色譜條件:色譜柱為Waters XSelect HSS HPLC(4.6 mm × 250 mm,5 μm),示差檢測器(Waters 2489,USA),柱溫30 ℃,流動相為0.02 mol·L-1磷酸氫二銨溶液(pH=2.4),流速1 mL·min-1,進(jìn)樣量10 μL,檢測波長210 nm。總酸含量參考前人方法[24-25]:總酸含量=蘋果酸含量+檸檬酸含量+草酸含量+莽草酸含量+奎寧酸含量+琥珀酸含量。蘋果酸、檸檬酸、草酸、莽草酸、奎寧酸和琥珀酸的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線分別為y=529 512x-5 406.5,R2=0.998 6;y=655 221x-6 289.8,R2=0.999 7;y=8E+06x-2 358.2,R2=0.999 1;y=3E+07x-44 392,R2=0.999 4;y=296 407x-154.69,R2=0.999 6;y=350 511x-1 912.9,R2=0.999 9。

      可溶性酸性轉(zhuǎn)化酶測定:參照文獻(xiàn)[27-28]中的酶標(biāo)法測定可溶性酸性轉(zhuǎn)化酶(S-AI)活性;參照文獻(xiàn)[29]中的酶標(biāo)法測中性轉(zhuǎn)化酶(NI)活性;參照文獻(xiàn)[30]中的酶標(biāo)法測定蔗糖合成酶(分解方向)(SS-Ⅰ)活性;參照文獻(xiàn)[31]中的酶標(biāo)法測定蔗糖合成酶(合成方向)(SS-Ⅱ)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性。

      1.5 數(shù)據(jù)分析

      采用Excel和IBM SPSS Statistics 27軟件分別進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)整理和分析,通過ANOVA進(jìn)行單因素方差分析,并進(jìn)行鄧肯假定等方差分析。

      2 結(jié)果與分析

      2.1 外源處理對紅酥寶梨果實外觀品質(zhì)的影響

      在紅酥寶果實發(fā)育過程中,果實單果質(zhì)量和縱橫徑隨時間增長而逐漸增加,盛花后52~80 d增長速度緩慢,在盛花后80 ~154 d增長速度最快,在盛花后154 d達(dá)到最大值。

      至紅酥寶梨果實成熟,與對照相比,除10 mmol·L-1 GABA處理外,其他處理均提高了紅酥寶梨果實單果質(zhì)量(圖1-A),其中,50 μmol·L-1 MT處理對果實單果質(zhì)量的提升效果最好,比對照顯著提高18.48%。

      與對照相比,外源物處理對果實縱橫徑無顯著影響(圖1-B~C),其中50 μmol·L-1 MT處理對紅酥寶梨果實縱橫徑提升效果最好,相較于對照,縱徑增加了9.47%,橫徑增加了2.36%。

      50 μmol·L-1 MT處理顯著改善了紅酥寶梨果實色澤(圖1-D~F)。至紅酥寶梨果實成熟,外源物處理均顯著增強(qiáng)了果實陽面色澤,其中50 μmol·L-1 MT處理效果最好,與對照相比,50 μmol·L-1 MT處理的a*顯著提升了3.51倍,且顯著降低了紅酥寶梨的L*值和b*值。

      以上結(jié)果表明,外源GABA和MT處理在果實發(fā)育前期對紅酥寶梨硬度、可溶性固形物含量均無顯著影響,接近成熟期時對果肉硬度和可溶性固形物含量提升效果顯著。

      2.2 外源處理對紅酥寶梨果實硬度、可溶性固形物含量的影響

      在紅酥寶梨果實發(fā)育過程中,隨著果實的生長發(fā)育,果肉果皮硬度下降,盛花后52~80 d下降速度緩慢,在盛花后80~154 d下降速度最快,在盛花后154 d達(dá)到最小值。

      至紅酥寶梨果實成熟,與對照相比,外源處理對紅酥寶梨果實的果皮硬度無顯著影響,50 μmol·L-1 MT和10 mmol·L-1 GABA處理對紅酥寶梨果實的果皮和果肉硬度均顯著提高(圖2-A~B),其中50 μmol·L-1 MT處理對果皮和果肉硬度提升效果最好,相較于對照分別增加了10.68%和12.21%。

      與對照相比,50 μmol·L-1 MT、100 μmol·L-1 MT處理均顯著提高了紅酥寶梨果實可溶性固形物含量(圖2-C)。其中100 μmol·L-1 MT處理對可溶性固形物含量提升效果最為顯著,相較于對照顯著提高了11.79%。

      以上結(jié)果表明,外源處理在果實發(fā)育前期對紅酥寶梨硬度、可溶性固形物含量均無顯著影響,接近成熟期時效果明顯提升。

      2.3 外源處理對紅酥寶梨果實糖酸含量的影響

      至果實成熟,與對照相比,除10 mmol·L-1 GABA處理外,其他處理均提高了果實總糖和總酸含量(表1,表2,圖3,圖4)。

      除10 mmol·L-1 GABA和20 mmol·L-1 GABA處理外,其他處理的蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖、總糖和甜度均有顯著提升,各處理的山梨醇含量在一定范圍內(nèi)波動,無明顯的積累過程。至果實成熟,與對照相比,50 μmol·L-1 MT處理的果實蔗糖、山梨醇、果糖、總糖含量和甜度值分別顯著提高了176.62%、52.24%、57.21%、12.01%、50.81%和54.99%;5 mmol·L-1 GABA處理的果實葡萄糖含量顯著提高了32.74%。在試驗濃度范圍內(nèi),50 μmol·L-1 MT處理對果實糖含量的提升效果好于5 mmol·L-1 GABA處理。

      與對照相比,所有處理均未顯著降低成熟期紅酥寶梨果實總酸含量,各處理成熟期果實的蘋果酸、莽草酸和總酸含量均高于對照,各處理成熟期果實的草酸含量均顯著低于對照。與對照相比,50 μmol·L-1 MT處理的果實糖酸比提高了25.54%,但差異不顯著。

      2.4 外源處理對紅酥寶梨果實糖代謝相關(guān)酶活性的影響

      各個處理的S-AI活性(圖5-A)在盛花后52~66 d較高,活性在250~450 μg·g-1·min-1之間,盛花后80 d后活性呈斷崖式下跌,直至盛花后154 d該酶活性一直處于100 μg·g-1·min-1之下(只有盛花后80 d的50 μmol·L-1 MT處理在100 μg·g-1·min-1之上);在各個時期,只有個別處理與對照有顯著差異,如盛花后66 d的10 mmol·L-1 GABA處理,盛花后80 d的50 μmol·L-1 MT處理,盛花后94 d的200 μmol·L-1 MT處理,盛花后154 d的10 mmol·L-1 GABA處理,分別比對照顯著提高69.21%、948.17%、368.63%、99.08%。

      如圖5-B所示,NI活性總體上一直處于較低水平,整個果實發(fā)育時期酶活性處于25 μg·g-1·min-1以下,說明該酶不是紅酥寶梨果實發(fā)育中糖積累的關(guān)鍵酶。

      紅酥寶梨果實發(fā)育過程中對照處理的SS-Ⅰ活性呈先上升后下降再上升的變化趨勢(圖5-C),SS-Ⅰ活性在盛花后52~80 d無明顯變化,然后在盛花后80~94 d迅速上升,在盛花后94 d達(dá)到最高點(diǎn),除5 mmol·L-1 GABA處理外,其余各處理的活性均達(dá)到果實發(fā)育期最大值,活性在380~600 μg·g-1·min-1之間,隨后盛花后94~108 d活性迅速下降,最后在盛花后108~154 d活性稍有上升,盛花后94 d后SS-Ⅰ的活性始終處于350 μg·g-1·min-1之下。與對照相比,200 μmol·L-1 MT處理的SS-Ⅰ活性在盛花后94 d差異較大,比對照提高17.77%。

      在果實發(fā)育過程中,對照處理的SS-Ⅱ活性呈先上升后下降再上升然后急速下降的變化趨勢,除盛花后154 d外,其余各時期SS-Ⅱ活性始終在500~2000 μg·g-1·min-1之間(圖5-D)。各處理的SS-Ⅱ活性均在盛花后108 d達(dá)到最大值,且外源物質(zhì)處理均顯著高于對照,其中20 mmol·L-1 GABA處理的SS-Ⅱ活性最高,比對照顯著提高72.53%。

      如圖5-E所示,紅酥寶梨果實的SPS活性先下降后上升的變化趨勢:在盛花后52~94 d緩慢下降,然后在盛花后94~154 d期間呈上升趨勢,除盛花后154 d的50 μmol·L-1 MT處理外,其余處理的SPS活性始終處于350 μg·g-1·min-1之下。與對照相比,50 μmol·L-1 MT處理的SPS活性在盛花后154 d差異最為顯著,比對照顯著提高79.42%。

      3 討 論

      果實硬度、可溶性固形物含量、單果質(zhì)量、果皮色澤、可溶性糖含量、有機(jī)酸含量和糖酸比是梨果實重要的品質(zhì)性狀,直接影響果實的商品價值。目前有關(guān)外源物處理對果實品質(zhì)影響的研究較多,前人在番茄[32-35]、蘋果[36-38]、苦蕎[39]、柿[40]、石榴[41]、葡萄[42-43]、桃[44-45]、梨[46-47]、草莓[48]、西瓜[49]等作物中,分別利用MT溶液或GABA溶液進(jìn)行葉面噴施,均顯著提高了上述作物果實的品質(zhì)性狀。筆者使用50 μmol·L-1褪黑素于果實膨大期進(jìn)行葉面噴施也得到了相同的結(jié)果,顯著提高了紅酥寶梨果實單果質(zhì)量、果實色澤、果肉硬度、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量、有機(jī)酸含量和糖酸比。在本試驗中,測定結(jié)果與已有研究相比,果實內(nèi)酸含量有明顯下降、糖酸比有顯著上升,這可能是由于環(huán)境或采收期等因素的不同[50-51],導(dǎo)致其各酸組分、總酸以及糖酸比有明顯變化,其具體的形成機(jī)制有待驗證、挖掘。但其具體調(diào)控的分子通路及其作用機(jī)制仍不清楚,后續(xù)需進(jìn)一步研究。

      SS、SPS、S-AI、NI等蔗糖代謝酶與果實糖分積累相關(guān)[52],確定糖組分的含量與蔗糖代謝酶活性之間的關(guān)系至關(guān)重要。前人研究表明,在果實發(fā)育過程中S-AI、NI、SS-Ⅰ(蔗糖分解酶)共同催化蔗糖的分解,SS-Ⅱ和SPS(蔗糖合成酶)共同催化蔗糖的合成,在果實發(fā)育前期,即盛花后90 d前,果實內(nèi)蔗糖分解酶活性較高,蔗糖合成酶活性較低,蔗糖在蔗糖分解酶的催化下分解為果糖和葡萄糖;果實進(jìn)入快速膨大期(盛花后90~110 d)后,蔗糖分解酶活性與發(fā)育前期相比逐漸下降,蔗糖合成酶活性顯著上升,蔗糖逐漸積累;成熟期(盛花后110 d)果實內(nèi)蔗糖含量顯著上升,SPS活性升高但SS-Ⅱ活性急劇下降;山梨醇無明顯積累過程,含量在一定范圍內(nèi)波動[53-56]。與對照相比,在果實發(fā)育前中期(果實膨大期),200 μmol·L-1 MT處理提高了S-AI、NI和SS-Ⅰ活性;在果實發(fā)育后期(果實膨大期和成熟期),50 μmol·L-1 MT處理顯著提高了SPS活性,5 mmol·L-1 GABA和20 mmol·L-1 GABA處理提高了SS-Ⅱ活性,同時果實內(nèi)可溶性糖含量有顯著上升,但紅酥寶梨果實中蔗糖代謝相關(guān)酶活性與果實內(nèi)糖含量的具體分子調(diào)控機(jī)制仍不明確,需要進(jìn)一步研究。

      4 結(jié) 論

      在本試驗濃度范圍內(nèi),與對照相比,葉面噴施50 μmol·L-1的MT溶液對紅酥寶梨果實大小、果皮顏色、果實硬度等果實品質(zhì)有顯著提升,同時通過提升蔗糖代謝相關(guān)酶和轉(zhuǎn)化酶活性,提高了糖酸含量和糖酸比。

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      收稿日期:2024-01-16 接受日期:2024-03-27

      基金項目:國家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計劃項目(2021YFD1200202);中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院科技創(chuàng)新工程項目(CAAS-ASTIP);國家梨產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系建設(shè)專項(CARS-28-06);河南省重點(diǎn)研發(fā)項目(241111113500)

      作者簡介:鄧晗,男,在讀碩士研究生,研究方向為果實品質(zhì)。E-mail:15639018248@163.com

      *通信作者 Author for correspondence. E-mail:wanglong02@caas.cn

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