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      研磨和拋光對二硅酸鋰玻璃陶瓷動態(tài)磨損行為影響的研究

      2024-10-20 00:00:00王雪松張少鋒金磊
      中國美容醫(yī)學(xué) 2024年10期

      [摘要]目的:研究模擬口腔環(huán)境下研磨和拋光對二硅酸鋰玻璃陶瓷動態(tài)磨損行為的影響,為口腔臨床操作提供參考。方法:制備直徑3 mm、長8 mm的二硅酸鋰玻璃陶瓷上試件和直徑20 mm、厚4 mm的二硅酸鋰玻璃陶瓷下試件各16個(gè),將上、下試件隨機(jī)分為兩組,一組打磨至600目作為研磨組,另一組打磨至2 000目作為拋光組,每組8個(gè)樣本,在摩擦磨損試驗(yàn)機(jī)將上、下試件組成一對摩擦副,在人工唾液、室溫環(huán)境、20 N載荷、轉(zhuǎn)速100 r/min、回轉(zhuǎn)半徑2.5 mm、勻速圓周運(yùn)動的條件下進(jìn)行50萬次循環(huán)磨損實(shí)驗(yàn)。在整個(gè)磨損周期中選取10個(gè)循環(huán)節(jié)點(diǎn),用三維形貌儀測量每個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)圓盤試件的磨損高度損失量并繪制相應(yīng)磨損曲線,再利用掃描電鏡觀察相應(yīng)磨損階段對應(yīng)的磨損面微觀形貌。結(jié)果:整個(gè)磨損過程中,各節(jié)點(diǎn)測量值顯示研磨組二硅酸鋰玻璃陶瓷的磨損量均大于拋光組二硅酸鋰玻璃陶瓷的磨損量(P<0.05);兩組二硅酸鋰玻璃陶瓷的磨損曲線均呈現(xiàn)“跑合期”和“穩(wěn)定磨損期”兩個(gè)磨損階段,研磨組的“跑合期”較拋光組的“跑合期”長,進(jìn)入“穩(wěn)定磨損期”的時(shí)間比拋光組遲。兩組試件的微觀形貌也呈現(xiàn)出與磨損曲線對應(yīng)的兩階段規(guī)律。結(jié)論:在模擬口腔環(huán)境下,研磨組二硅酸鋰玻璃陶瓷的磨損量顯著高于拋光組,提示臨床應(yīng)重視戴牙時(shí)修復(fù)體的充分拋光以降低磨損、延長修復(fù)體使用壽命。

      [關(guān)鍵詞]表面處理;二硅酸鋰玻璃陶瓷;磨損;微觀形貌;拋光

      [中圖分類號]R783.4 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A [文章編號]1008-6455(2024)10-0138-04

      Wear Performance of Lithium Disilicate Glass-ceramic after Grinding and Polishing Treatments

      WANG Xuesong1,2, ZHANG Shaofeng3,4, JIN Lei1

      ( 1.Department of Stomatology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210016, Jiangsu, China; 2.Department of Stomatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, Anhui, China; 3.Department of Expert, Xi'an Cunji Stomatological Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710000, Shaanxi, China; 4.State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Medical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Stomatology of Shaanxi Province, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, China )

      Abstract: Objective To study the effects of grinding and polishing on the dynamic wear behavior of lithium disilicate glass ceramics in simulated oral environment, and provide reference for oral clinical operation. Methods Sixteen lithium disilicate glass ceramic cylinders with a diameter of 3 mm and a length of 8 mm and lithium disilicate glass ceramic discs with a diameter of 20 mm and a thickness of 4 mm were prepared, and the upper and lower test pieces were randomly divided into two groups. one group was polished to 600 mesh as the grinding group, and the other group was polished to 2 000 mesh with polishing cloth with synthetic leather polishing pad as polishing group, each group of 8 samples, in friction and wear testing machine The friction pair was composed and 500,000 cycles of wear test were carried out under artificial saliva, room temperature environment, 20 N load, rotation speed 100 r/min, radius of gyration 2.5 mm, and uniform circular motion. 10 loop nodes were selected in the whole wear cycle. The wear height loss of each node disc specimen was measured by three-dimensional shape analyzer and the corresponding wear curve was drawn. Then the scanning surface was used to observe the wear surface corresponding to the wear phase. Results During the whole wear process, the measured values of each node showed that the wear amount of the lithium disilicate glass ceramics in the grinding group was larger than that in the polishing group lithium disilicate glass ceramics (P<0.05). The wear curve shows two wear stages: "running period" and "stable wear period". The "running period" of the grinding group is better than the "running period" of the polishing group, the time to enter the "stable wear period" is later than the polishing group. The microscopic morphology of the two sets of specimens also showed a two-stage law corresponding to the wear curve. Conclusion In the simulated oral environment, the wear of lithium disilicate glass ceramics in the grinding group is significantly higher than that in the polishing group, suggesting that the clinical should pay attention to the adequate polishing after the prosthesis is worn to reduce wear and prolong the life of the prosthesis.

      Key words: surface treatment; lithium disilicate ceramics; wear; microscopic morphology; polish

      齒科陶瓷材料因其出色的美學(xué)特性、理想的生物相容性和優(yōu)異的耐磨性能等優(yōu)點(diǎn)已被廣泛應(yīng)用于制作貼面、嵌體和冠橋等各種類型的修復(fù)體[1]。瓷修復(fù)體戴入口內(nèi)后,長期的磨損是造成其崩瓷、折斷和天然牙過度磨損的主要原因[2]。研磨和拋光是臨床椅旁試戴時(shí)常用的兩種表面處理方式,以往關(guān)于表面處理方式對齒科陶瓷材料磨損性能影響的體外研究大多集中在固定循環(huán)節(jié)點(diǎn)下的磨損量對比[3-5],不能準(zhǔn)確評價(jià)瓷修復(fù)體戴入口內(nèi)后長期動態(tài)的磨損行為。因此,本實(shí)驗(yàn)通過多節(jié)點(diǎn)監(jiān)測,探究研磨和拋光對臨床常用的二硅酸鋰玻璃陶瓷動態(tài)磨損行為的影響,以期為椅旁戴牙時(shí)選擇合適的表面處理方式,改進(jìn)二硅酸鋰玻璃陶瓷的磨損性能提供參考。

      1 材料和方法

      1.1 設(shè)備和材料:摩擦磨損實(shí)驗(yàn)機(jī)(CH-2034Peseux,CSM,瑞士),場發(fā)射掃描電鏡(S-4800,日立,日本),三維形貌掃描儀(PS-50,Nanovea,美國),二硅酸鋰鑄瓷(IPS e.max Press HT,Ivoclar Vivadent,列支敦士登),自凝造牙粉(上海醫(yī)療器械),自動拋光機(jī)(UNIPOL-830,沈陽科晶自動化設(shè)備),義齒基托樹脂Ⅱ型(上海二醫(yī)張江生物材料),人工唾液(第四軍醫(yī)大學(xué)口腔醫(yī)院藥劑科)。

      1.2 試件制備:按照熱壓鑄工藝要求,制備直徑20 mm、厚4 mm的有機(jī)玻璃下試件和直徑3 mm、長8 mm的有機(jī)玻璃上試件各16個(gè)。將上、下試件隨機(jī)分為兩組,一組陶瓷試件在自動拋光機(jī)下用SiC砂紙逐級打磨至600目作為研磨組,另一組逐級打磨至2 000目作為拋光組,每組8個(gè)樣本。

      1.3 磨損測試:分別將研磨組和拋光組的二硅酸鋰玻璃陶瓷上、下試件組成一對“摩擦副”(n=6)。將“摩擦副”安裝在摩擦磨損實(shí)驗(yàn)機(jī)的不銹鋼夾具中調(diào)平,使上、下待磨試件完全貼合接觸。在室溫條件下,向磨損容器中加入40 ml人工唾液,測試參數(shù)為加載力20 N、轉(zhuǎn)速100 r/min、回轉(zhuǎn)半徑2.5 mm,運(yùn)動模式為勻速圓周運(yùn)動。在整個(gè)50萬次循環(huán)中,選取10個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn),磨損至相應(yīng)循環(huán)次數(shù)時(shí)暫停磨損試驗(yàn)機(jī),吸走人工唾液,在不拆卸“摩擦副”的情況下沖洗、吹干下試件并用二次印模法制取硅橡膠印模,使用三維形貌儀掃描硅橡膠印模(掃描范圍9 mm×9 mm,掃描步徑20 μm/s),并用分析軟件(Professional 3D,Nanovea)計(jì)算出磨損區(qū)的高度損失量,再根據(jù)磨損速率計(jì)算公式(V= )算出兩組試件相應(yīng)的磨損速率,公式中V為磨損速率,△H為相鄰兩個(gè)測量節(jié)點(diǎn)的高度損失量,△N為兩個(gè)相鄰測量節(jié)點(diǎn)的循環(huán)次數(shù)差值。最后將每個(gè)測量節(jié)點(diǎn)的6個(gè)試件高度損失量、磨損速率的平均值與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差用Origin軟件繪制出隨循環(huán)次數(shù)變化的動態(tài)磨損曲線。

      1.4 微觀形貌觀察:選取研磨組和拋光組二硅酸鋰鑄瓷圓盤試件各2個(gè),分別與二硅酸鋰圓柱試件配副,依據(jù)磨損曲線,分別在磨損“跑合期”“穩(wěn)定磨損期”拆卸圓盤試件,置于去離子水中超聲清洗30 min,干燥、噴金后,掃描電鏡下觀察不同磨損階段下試件的表面微觀形貌。

      1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析:運(yùn)用SPSS 19.0軟件,利用重復(fù)測量資料的方差分析與LSD多重比較檢驗(yàn),比較各組及各個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)間磨損量的差異,采用獨(dú)立樣本的t檢驗(yàn)比較兩組試樣在同一時(shí)間節(jié)點(diǎn)磨損量的差異,檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn)α均設(shè)為0.05(雙側(cè))。

      2 結(jié)果

      2.1 兩組二硅酸鋰玻璃陶瓷磨損行為的宏觀衍化規(guī)律:研磨組、拋光組二硅酸鋰玻璃陶瓷下試件的磨損量見表1~2,動態(tài)磨損曲線如圖1~2。在50萬次磨損循環(huán)后,研磨組二硅酸鋰玻璃陶瓷的磨損量(37.63±1.38)μm顯著大于拋光組的(22.77±0.81)μm(P<0.05)。兩組試件的磨損量隨循環(huán)次數(shù)增加而增加,但其磨損行為在不同時(shí)期表現(xiàn)出不同的階段性特征:對研磨組試件各節(jié)點(diǎn)的磨損速率進(jìn)行LSD檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,10萬次循環(huán)節(jié)點(diǎn)前后的磨損速率差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),而從10萬次循環(huán)節(jié)點(diǎn)之后的各節(jié)點(diǎn)磨損速率差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),結(jié)合磨損曲線,可將研磨組二硅酸鋰玻璃陶瓷磨損曲線分為“跑合期”(0~10萬次)、“穩(wěn)定磨損期”(10~50萬次)兩個(gè)特征性磨損階段。對拋光組試件各節(jié)點(diǎn)的磨損速率進(jìn)行LSD檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,5萬次循環(huán)節(jié)點(diǎn)前后的磨損速率差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),而5萬次循環(huán)節(jié)點(diǎn)之后的各節(jié)點(diǎn)磨損速率比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),結(jié)合磨損曲線,可將拋光組二硅酸鋰玻璃陶瓷磨損曲線分為:“跑合期”(0~5萬次),“穩(wěn)定磨損期”(5~50萬次)兩個(gè)特征性磨損階段。

      2.2 兩組二硅酸鋰玻璃陶瓷磨損行為的微觀形貌分析:研磨組二硅酸鋰玻璃陶瓷在跑合期時(shí)磨損面表現(xiàn)為密集的深犁溝狀弧形磨痕,犁溝間的間隔窄而起伏大,高倍鏡下可見二硅酸鋰玻璃陶瓷表面散在的剝脫及磨屑粘著現(xiàn)象;穩(wěn)定磨損期時(shí)磨損面的犁溝狀磨痕較跑合期稀疏,犁溝間的間隔寬而起伏小。高倍鏡下可見磨損面較跑合期光滑,犁溝狀磨痕深度較淺。拋光組二硅酸鋰玻璃陶瓷高低倍鏡下跑合期的磨損面同樣較穩(wěn)定磨損期的磨痕更為密集、深大。對比兩組的電鏡照片,研磨組因?yàn)樵嚰某跏即植诙却?,所以無論是跑合期還是穩(wěn)定磨損期,其磨損面的磨痕均較拋光組更為密集、深大。

      3 討論

      3.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)條件的設(shè)定:瓷修復(fù)體進(jìn)入口腔服役后,磨損性能是評價(jià)其優(yōu)劣的一項(xiàng)重要指標(biāo)??趦?nèi)評價(jià)瓷修復(fù)體的磨損性能存在耗時(shí)長、影響因素多、失訪率高等缺點(diǎn),相比之下,在體外利用摩擦磨損實(shí)驗(yàn)機(jī)控制磨損實(shí)驗(yàn)條件能夠準(zhǔn)確、高效地研究單一因素對于齒科陶瓷磨損行為的影響[3,6],口腔臨床椅旁戴牙時(shí),常需要對瓷修復(fù)體進(jìn)行調(diào)牙合,常用的表面處理方式即為研磨和拋光處理。有學(xué)者在CSM摩擦磨損實(shí)驗(yàn)機(jī)上用20 N加載力來評價(jià)金屬復(fù)合材料的磨損性能[7],同Preis V等[4-5]對齒科陶瓷磨損性能的研究類似,這些體外磨損實(shí)驗(yàn)都是在固定循環(huán)節(jié)點(diǎn)下進(jìn)行磨損量對比,缺乏系統(tǒng)性和全面性。因此,本實(shí)驗(yàn)共選取10個(gè)循環(huán)節(jié)點(diǎn),研究研磨和拋光對二硅酸鋰玻璃陶瓷動態(tài)磨損行為的影響。

      3.2 動態(tài)磨損行為分析:“機(jī)械摩擦副”理論認(rèn)為,材料的磨損具有時(shí)間依賴性,即隨著磨損周期的延長,摩擦副的動態(tài)磨損行為呈現(xiàn)出“跑合期”、“穩(wěn)定磨損期”、“劇烈磨損期”三個(gè)階段[8]。相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道證實(shí)齒科長石質(zhì)飾瓷在與天然牙(“瓷-牙”配副)以及長石質(zhì)飾瓷與不銹鋼小球(“瓷-球”配副)磨損過程中均呈現(xiàn)出上述的“三階段”規(guī)律,然而在口腔臨床實(shí)踐中,“瓷-瓷”配副的磨損情況也較為常見,因此,本實(shí)驗(yàn)將二硅酸鋰玻璃陶瓷上、下試件組成一對“摩擦副”,模擬口腔中上、下頜均為全瓷牙冠的磨損情況[9]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)中,研磨組二硅酸鋰玻璃陶瓷呈現(xiàn)出跑合期(0~10萬次)、穩(wěn)定磨損期(10~50萬次)的二階段磨損規(guī)律,拋光組二硅酸鋰玻璃陶瓷呈現(xiàn)出跑合期(0~5萬次)、穩(wěn)定磨損期(5~50萬次)的二階段磨損規(guī)律。兩組試件的磨損面微觀形貌在“跑合期”時(shí)表現(xiàn)為均勻密集的深犁溝狀弧形磨痕,進(jìn)入“穩(wěn)定磨損期”,犁溝狀磨痕逐漸變淺,磨損面趨于光滑。兩組試件的宏觀磨損量和微觀磨損形貌隨循環(huán)次數(shù)增加均表現(xiàn)出與“機(jī)械摩擦副”相符的時(shí)間依賴性,但并未出現(xiàn)“劇烈磨損期”,這可能與循環(huán)次數(shù)有關(guān)。隨著循環(huán)次數(shù)的增加,二硅酸鋰玻璃陶瓷磨損面亞表層的微裂紋累積和擴(kuò)展,“劇烈磨損期”有可能會隨之出現(xiàn)。

      3.3 研磨和拋光對動態(tài)磨損行為的影響:國內(nèi)外在特定磨損節(jié)點(diǎn)下關(guān)于研磨和拋光對齒科陶瓷磨損行為影響的研究并不鮮見[10-11]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)通過對臨床常用的二硅酸鋰玻璃陶瓷進(jìn)行研磨和拋光處理,在體外摩擦磨損實(shí)驗(yàn)機(jī)上進(jìn)行50萬次循環(huán),并選取10個(gè)循環(huán)節(jié)點(diǎn)以動態(tài)觀測二硅酸鋰玻璃陶瓷的磨損行為。結(jié)果顯示,研磨組二硅酸鋰玻璃陶瓷(0~10萬次)的“跑合期”較拋光組(0~5萬次)長,進(jìn)入“穩(wěn)定磨損期”后,研磨組和拋光組的磨損速率均維持在較低水平。本實(shí)驗(yàn)中,研磨組試件在前10萬次循環(huán)的“跑合期”內(nèi)產(chǎn)生的磨損量占總磨損量的77.54%,拋光組在“跑合期”(0~5萬次)的磨損量占總磨損量的54.77%。這也與課題組前期針對4 247件二硅酸鋰玻璃陶瓷臨床修復(fù)后5年的回顧性隊(duì)列研究中瓷修復(fù)體的失效主要集中在戴牙后的前3個(gè)月的結(jié)果相吻合[12]。Monasky GE等[13]認(rèn)為隨著磨損循環(huán)的進(jìn)行,瓷修復(fù)體表面會被適應(yīng)性的拋光,進(jìn)而造成磨損速率逐漸降低,即陶瓷表面粗糙度有自限性,在陶瓷表面的上釉、拋光只會影響磨損過程的初期階段。本實(shí)驗(yàn)中“跑合期”階段的高磨損速率和高磨損量在很大程度上決定了兩組二硅酸鋰玻璃陶瓷試件的最終磨損量差異。

      綜上,口內(nèi)咀嚼磨損環(huán)境極為復(fù)雜,受到神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)、顳下頜關(guān)節(jié)、咀嚼肌群及咬合關(guān)系等諸多因素的影響。本實(shí)驗(yàn)中體外磨損實(shí)驗(yàn)所能模擬的實(shí)驗(yàn)條件有限,僅為臨床充分細(xì)致的拋光以降低齒科陶瓷的磨損、延長修復(fù)體的使用年限提供參考。

      [參考文獻(xiàn)]

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      [2]Aboushelib M N, Feilzer A J, Kleverlaan C J. Bridging the gap between clinical failure and laboratory fracture strength tests using a fractographic approach[J]. Dent Mater, 2009,25(3):383-391.

      [3]Mitov G, Heintze S D, Walz S, et al. Wear behavior of dental Y-TZP ceramic against natural enamel after different finishing procedures[J]. Dent Mater, 2012,28(8):909-918.

      [4]Preis V, Behr M, Handel G, et al. Wear performance of dental ceramics after grinding and polishing treatments[J]. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater, 2012,10:13-22.

      [5]Preis V, Weiser F, Handel G, et al. Wear performance of monolithic dental ceramics with different surface treatments[J]. Quintessence Int, 2013,44(5):393-405.

      [6]Preis V, Grumser K, Schneider-Feyrer S, et al. Cycle-dependent in vitro wear performance of dental ceramics after clinical surface treatments[J]. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater, 2016,53:49-58.

      [7]Liu F, Jia J, Yi G, et al. Mechanical and tribological properties of NiCr-Al2O3 composites at elevated temperatures[J]. Tribol Int, 2015,84(1):1-8.

      [8]Kaidonis J A, Richards L C, Townsend G C, et al. Wear of human enamel: a quantitative in vitro assessment[J]. J Dent Res, 1998,77(12):1983-1990.

      [9]田蓓敏,張少鋒,賀林,等.牙科長石質(zhì)玻璃陶瓷與二硅酸鋰玻璃陶瓷磨損性能的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究[J].中華口腔醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2013,48(11):683-688.

      [10]Hara M, Takuma Y, Sato T, et al. Wear performance of bovine tooth enamel against translucent tetragonal zirconia polycrystals after different surface treatments[J]. Dent Mater J, 2014,33(6):811-817.

      [11]馬軍萍,姚月玲,宋應(yīng)亮,等.牙釉質(zhì)與5種牙用烤瓷材料間磨耗性能測試研究[J].實(shí)用口腔醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2001,17(3):206-208.

      [12]Yu J, Yang Y, Gao J, et al. Clinical outcomes of different types of tooth-supported bilayer lithium disilicate all-ceramic restorations after functioning up to 5 years: a retrospective study[J]. J Dent,2016,51:56-61.

      [13]Monasky G E, Taylor D F. Studies on the wear of porcelain, enamel, and gold[J]. J Prosthetic Dent, 1971,25(3):299-306.

      [收稿日期]2022-08-11

      本文引用格式:王雪松,張少鋒,金磊.研磨和拋光對二硅酸鋰玻璃陶瓷動態(tài)磨損行為影響的研究[J].中國美容醫(yī)學(xué),2024,33(10):138-141.

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