盧愛龍

談話人在轉(zhuǎn)述別人的活動時，如一字不改地直接引用別人的話，并把它放在引號內(nèi)，這叫做直接引語；如對原話進行變動，則稱之為間接引語。直接引語和間接引語之間的轉(zhuǎn)化是現(xiàn)行教材中的重點，也是同學(xué)們學(xué)習(xí)時遇到的難點。但同學(xué)們?nèi)绻莆樟酥苯右Z在轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殚g接引語中的“六變”、“三加”和“三不變”，那么突破該語法難點就很輕松了。先請同學(xué)們看“六變”的相關(guān)內(nèi)容。

一、變動詞

1．一般說來，如主句謂語動詞是say to，直接引語部分是陳述句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，say要變?yōu)閠ell，如直接引語部分是一般疑問句或特殊疑問句，則要變?yōu)閍sko例如：

He said to me, “Im sixteen years old.”

→He told me he was sixteen years old.

Simon said to me, “What do you find hardest in English?”

→Simon asked me what I found hardest in English.

2．如直接引語部分的謂語動詞是come，在變?yōu)殚g接引語時要改為go。例如：

Mr Lu said, “I11 come here on time.”

→Mr Lu said he would go there on time.

二、變時態(tài)

1．直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時，如主句中的謂語動詞時態(tài)是一般現(xiàn)在時或一般將來時，則間接引語從句的時態(tài)保持不變。例如：

She says, “I11 do it by myself.”

→She says she will do it by herself.

2．如果主句的時態(tài)是一般過去時，從句的時態(tài)則應(yīng)是與主句時態(tài)相應(yīng)的過去時態(tài)。例如：

Millie said to me, “Im writing a letter.”

→Millie told me she was writing a letter.

三、變代詞

1．直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時，引語中的第一人稱與主句的主語一致，第二人稱與主句的賓語一致，第三人稱保持不變。例如：

He said to me, “Ive left my book in your bedroom.”

→He told me he had left his book in my bedroom.

2．直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時，指示代詞的變化為：this→4that；these→those。

“Why did you buy these books?” he asked me.

→He asked me why I had bought ihose books.

四、變狀語

直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時，時間狀語變化為：ago→before，now→4then，tonight→that niSht，yesterday→the day before，next week→the next week，tomorrow→thenext／followingday等，地點狀語的變化為：here→there。例如：

“What did you Come here for yesterday?” the boss said to the young man.

→The boss asked the young man what he had come there for the day before.

五、變語序

直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時，要將原直接引語中的一般疑問句和特殊疑問句中的疑問語序變?yōu)殛愂稣Z序。例如：

The teacher asked the little boy, “How old are you?”

→The teacher asked the little boy how old he was.

六、變否定形式

如直接引語是否定祈使句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，要將原句中的dont改為not或never。

“Dont make any noise! "the teacher said to the students.

→The teacher asked the students not/never to make any noise.

在了解以上六種變化的基礎(chǔ)上，同學(xué)們還要掌握“三加”的有關(guān)知識。

一、加不定式符號to

直接引語若是祈使句變?yōu)殚g接引語時，在動詞原形前加上不定式符號to。例如：

“Give my love to your parents.”she said to me.

→She asked me to give her love to my parents.

二、加引導(dǎo)詞if或whether

直接引語若為一般疑問句、選擇疑問句或反意疑問句，變?yōu)殚g接引語，要加上引導(dǎo)詞訂或whether。例如：

I asked Kate, “Did you enjoy the movie?”

→I asked Kate if/whether she enjoyed the movie.

三、加引導(dǎo)詞that

直接引語是陳述句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，要加上引導(dǎo)詞that。(注：在口語中也可省略that)例如：

The old man said, “I'm very interested in what you said.”

→The old man said that he was very interested in what I had said.

此外，同學(xué)們還要了解直接引語在轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殚g接引語時，引語部分的時態(tài)有三種不變的情況。

一、若主句的謂語動詞是現(xiàn)在時，引語的時態(tài)無需變化。

Mr Wang often says, “I'11 come and see you.”

→Mr Wang often says that he will come and see me.

二、若直接引語中敘述的是科學(xué)真理、客觀事實、格言等，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，時態(tài)無需變化。The teacher said,“Light travels much faster than sound.”→The teacher said light travels much faster than sound.

三、若直接引語部分所述內(nèi)容是真的，轉(zhuǎn)化為間接引語時，時態(tài)也不需要變化。

總之，引語之間的轉(zhuǎn)化所涉及的內(nèi)容廣而雜。同學(xué)們學(xué)習(xí)該知識點時一定要抓住要害，形成知識網(wǎng)絡(luò)，這樣才能真正地掌握好它。

The little boy said, “I love my mother very much.”

→The little boy said he loves his mother very much.

小試牛刀

填空完成間接引語，每空填一詞。

1. Lana said, “I visited Australia last year.”

Lana said that____ ____ ____Australia____ ____ ____.

2. Marcia asked Eve, “Are you from America?”

Marcia asked Eve____ ____ ____from America.

3. He said, “What are you doing over here?”

He asked____ ____ ____doing over____.

4. I asked her, “Who bought you this new bicycle?”

I asked her____had bought____ ____new bicycle.

參考答案

1. she had visited; the year before 2. if/whether she was3. what I was; there4. who; her that

責(zé)任編輯／張彩萍mirenr＠sina.com