楊開(kāi)成

1. hard, hardly

hard與hardly這兩個(gè)副詞形式上很接近，但意義上相差甚遠(yuǎn)。hard可用作形容詞或副詞。用作形容詞時(shí)意為“困難的，硬的，勤奮的，嚴(yán)厲的，苛刻的”；用作副詞時(shí)，意為“努力地，猛烈地，劇烈地”。hardly是副詞，意為“簡(jiǎn)直不能”，多和can連用，接近almost not；也可表示“幾乎沒(méi)有”的意思，常和any連用，接近almost no。

a. Steel is ____ than wood.

b. He can ____ write a letter in English.

c. Tom is a ____ student.

d. It was raining ____ at that time.

e. Theres ____ any paper left.

答案：a. harder b. hardly c. hard d. hard e. hardly。

2. no, not

no可用作形容詞，也可用作副詞。not只可用作副詞。no用作形容詞，可直接置于名詞前面。no后面的名詞可用單數(shù)形式，也可用復(fù)數(shù)形式，但有時(shí)應(yīng)依實(shí)際情況而定。如果名詞前已有a, the, his, much, any等詞時(shí)，則應(yīng)該在這些詞前面用not。

a. I have ____ much time.

b. There are ____ classes this afternoon.=There are not any classes this afternoon.

c. There is ____ tea in the cup.=There is not any tea in the cup.

d.They are ____playing basketball now.

e. I have ____ radio(s).

f. That dog has ____ tail.

答案：a. not b. no c. no d. not e. no f. no。

3. a lot, a lot of

a lot和a lot of都可以作“許多”解。a lot可以用作名詞，在句子中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)，也可以用作副詞，修飾動(dòng)詞或用來(lái)修飾比較級(jí)。a lot作副詞用時(shí)，也可作“非常，特別”解，用作程度狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于very much。a lot of后接名詞，既可接可數(shù)名詞，又可接不可數(shù)名詞，多用于肯定句中。在疑問(wèn)句和否定句中常用many或much代替a lot of。

a. John has ____ friends.

b. We have ____ to do today.

c. He works ____ at home.

d. There is ____ meat in the shopping basket.

e. She is ____ cleverer than I am.

f. Mary likes bananas ____.

答案：a. a lot of b. a lot c. a lot d. a lot of e. a lot f. a lot。

4. be good at, be good to, be good for

be good for意為“對(duì)……有益處（好處）”，對(duì)應(yīng)的短語(yǔ)是be bad for，意為“對(duì)……有害”；be good to 意為“對(duì)……友善（好）”，相當(dāng)于be friendly to；be good at意為“擅長(zhǎng)；在……方面做得好”。

a. Doing morning exercises ____ our health.

b. Jack ____ always ____ me.

c. Marys brother ____ maths.

答案：a. is good for b. is…good to c. is good at。

5. ago, before

這兩個(gè)詞都作“以前”解。ago是副詞，表示從現(xiàn)在算起的若干時(shí)間以前，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用過(guò)去時(shí)。before可以用作介詞，后面接某點(diǎn)時(shí)間。before也可以用作副詞(如在a few days before短語(yǔ)中)，通常表示從過(guò)去某時(shí)刻算起的若干時(shí)間以前，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。before可用在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)的句子里，不伴有具體的時(shí)間而單獨(dú)使用，表示籠統(tǒng)、不明確的“以前”。before還可用作連詞，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。

a. Ive read the book ____.

b. I bought my first bike two years ____.

c. I met that man ____.

d. We saw the film five days ____.

e. Please come to see me ____ six oclock.

f. When we finally got there, they had left an hour ____.

g. What did your sister do ____ she joined the army?

答案：a. before b. ago c. before d. ago e. before f. before g. before。

6. diet, food

兩者都可作“食物”解。diet指的是習(xí)慣上吃的食物或規(guī)定要吃的食物，特指維持健康的定量或定質(zhì)的食物，如病人的療養(yǎng)飲食。diet既可作可數(shù)名詞，也可作不可數(shù)名詞。表示病人的特殊飲食時(shí)是可數(shù)名詞。food是一般用語(yǔ)，凡能吃喝的具有營(yíng)養(yǎng)的東西都可稱(chēng)food。food泛指“食物”時(shí)是不可數(shù)名詞；表示“一種食物”或“多種食物”時(shí)是可數(shù)名詞。

a. Does he like English ____?

b. Proper ____ and exercise are both important to health.

c. The doctor has ordered me a special ____.

d. The ____ that you buy in hamburger restaurant are high in fat, sugar and salt.

答案：a. food b. diet c. diet d. foods。

7. a few, a little, few, little

few和a few用于修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。few具有否定意味，表示“很少”或“幾乎沒(méi)有”；而a few具有肯定的意味，表示“一些”，“有一些”。注意，not afew=no few=quite a few=many；few受every, last, next, some, very等詞修飾時(shí)，表示的是肯定意義，few前不再用冠詞。little和a little用于修飾不可數(shù)名詞。little具有否定意味，表示“很少”或“幾乎沒(méi)有”；而a little具有肯定的意味，表示“一些”，“有一點(diǎn)”。注意，a little還常用來(lái)修飾形容詞、副詞及其比較級(jí)，也可以修飾動(dòng)詞。

a. ____ people liked taking trains at that time.

b. Look!Youve made ____ mistakes in your homework.

c. In the last ____ minutes, he checked up his paper again.

d. He goes to the countryside to see his grandmother every ____ weeks.

e. Hurry up!We have ____ time left.

f. ——How much wine did he drink last night?

——Just ____.

g. School ended ____ earlier today than usual.

h. All of them felt ____ tired, so they stopped to have a rest.

答案：a. Few b. a few c. few d. few e. little f. a little g. a little h. a little。

8. too much, much too

too much和much too在形式上相近，但用法不一樣。too much作“太多”解，可用作名詞詞組、形容詞詞組，修飾不可數(shù)名詞和副詞詞組，修飾動(dòng)詞。much too意為“太、非?！?，常用作副詞詞組，修飾形容詞或其它副詞。

a. It was ____ hot yesterday.

b. Dont ask ____.

c. I have ____ work to do today.

d. Dont speak ____.

e. The old man walked ____ slow.

答案：a. much too b. too much c. too much d. too much e. much too。